{"text_format":"1","workbook":"xlsx","n_sheets":8,"sheets":["Notes","Instructions ","PIVOT-HABITATS","PIVOT-SPECIES","Evidence Database","References within EvidDb","All References sourced","Lists"],"not_rendered":{"charts":0,"images":3,"macros":1,"external_links":1,"defined_names":88,"comments":1,"pivot_tables":4},"unopened":[],"bounds":{"document_bytes":16777216,"sheet_cells":100000,"rows_first":2000,"rows_last":500,"rows_between":2000,"halvings":0,"cell_chars":16384,"cell_head_chars":4096},"cells_cut":0,"cells_raw":0,"read":"whole","date_system":"1900"}

{"sheet":"Notes","index":0,"n_rows":16,"n_cols":2,"rows_kept":16,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[11,0,11,1]]}
["Welsh Fisheries Evidence Database"]
[]
["Version:","11.03.2016"]
["Type:","FINAL V1"]
[]
["Prepared by:","ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd"]
["Authors:","S.F.Walmsley, P.S.Weller, C.A.Roberts"]
[]
["Description:","This Evidence Database provides access to summaries of sources of information on the impacts of fishing gears on Matrix Features. It draws on Natural England's Fisheries Impacts Evidence Database, supplemented by additional sources. "]
[]
["This file forms part of the following report, and should be read in conjunction with it:"]
["ABPmer, (2016).  Assessing Welsh Fishing Activities - Phase 1, Principles and prioritisation report. ABPmer Report No R.2607. A report produced by ABPmer for Welsh Government, March 2016."]
[]
["Version Control"]
["Version number or date","Details of change"]
["11.03.16","Final V1"]

{"sheet":"Instructions ","index":1,"n_rows":40,"n_cols":3,"rows_kept":40,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
["Welsh Fisheries Evidence Database"]
[]
["Brief instructions are included at the top of each tab. "]
["Macros need to be enabled to use the Tool."]
[]
[]
["Overview of the tabs"]
["PIVOT-HABITATS",null,"Two Pivot Tables showing the number of references relevant to each gear-feature interaction for habitat Matrix Features. The first pivot table only shows the Welsh-relevant gear types; the second pivot table (row 37) shows all gear types. Clicking on the numbers in the pivot table opens a new tab with details of the evidence sources and sensitivity assessments that relate to that sub-feature (habitat). Delete the additional tabs that open up with details of the evidence sources using the 'Tidy up!' button (macros need to be enabled)."]
["PIVOT-SPECIES",null,"Pivot tables showing number of references relevant to each gear-feature interaction for mobile species Matrix Features. The first pivot table only shows the Welsh-relevant gear types; the second pivot table (row 37) shows all gear types. Clicking on the numbers in the pivot table opens a new tab with details of the evidence sources and sensitivity assessments that relate to that species. Delete the additional tabs that open up with details of the evidence sources using the 'Tidy up!' button (macros need to be enabled)."]
["Evidence Database",null,"This tab contains the data on which the Pivot Tables draw. There are multiple entries for each reference, as each reference is linked to all the Matrix Features and gear types that it addresses. \nYou can use the filters on the headers to identify entries for specific Matrix Features, gear types, etc. This will provide you with the same information that you get by double-clicking on the numbers in the pivot tables. \nYou can read through the information on each reference to get an overview of each source of evidence, the methodology used, results and data limitations. \nThe Evidence Database draws in data from both Natural England's Fisheries Impacts Evidence Database (FIED) and the Potting Impacts Evidence Tool (PIET) (Defra, 2015) as well as additional sources. Fields have been matched accordingly, but it should be borne in mind that some fields may have slightly different interpretations depending on the source, and not all fields are complete for all references."]
["References within the EvidBb",null,"This tab provides a list of all the references within the Evidence Database."]
["All References sourced",null,"This tab provides a C3It also provides a comment as to why a given reference is not included within the database. "]
[]
["Fields in Evidence Database"]
["Col","Field name","Description"]
["A","Full Source","Full citation of the source/reference."]
["B","Article Summary","Summary of the article or paper."]
["C","Feature (description - free text)","Text - description of the feature addressed, as it appears in the reference."]
["D","Matrix Feature (standardised)","Matrix Feature, according to standardised list."]
["E","Feature (for pivot)","Matrix Feature, specifically coded for the pivot tables."]
["F","Fishing gear (description - free text)","Text - description of the fishing gears addressed, as it appears in the reference."]
["G","Fishing gear (standardised according to matrix)","Fishing gear, according to standardised list, as in the Matrix."]
["H","Fishing Gear (for pivot)","Fishing gear, specifically coded for the pivot tables (gear group and gear type, and prefixed by a number so the gears appear in the correct order in the pivot tables)."]
["I","Pressures considered","Description of pressures considered in the reference. Drawn from FIED therefore may not be complete for all references."]
["J","Evidence Source Type","Type of source, according to standardised list (book, government report, grey literature, peer reviewed journal article etc)."]
["K","Evidence Type","Whether quantitative, qualitative, semi-qualitative etc., taken from FIED."]
["L","FITs developed?","Fishery Impact Thresholds (field from FIED), related to whether levels of fishing intensity have been identified for levels of impact"]
["M","Confidence assessment","Confidence in the evidence source, whether high, medium or low. Predominantly based on the type of evidence source (peer reviewed = high; …) but drawn from FIED and PIET therefore should be interpreted with caution."]
["N","Weblink","Link to electronic source, if available."]
["O","Source of information","Whether from FIED, or identified by ABPmer from additional sources."]
["P","Description","Description of the study."]
["Q","Location category","Geographical region, taken from FIED and updated as appropriate."]
["R","Geographical Location","Further detail on geographical location of study, including country or sea name, taken from FIED and updated as appropriate."]
["S","Location description","Further detail on the location in which the research was carried out, taken from FIED and updated as appropriate."]
["T","Date of research","Dates when the research was carried out, if available (rather than date the study was published)."]
["U","Depth range","Depth of water in which habitats were found, if available."]
["V","Impact/ recovery","Whether the source relates to impact from fishing, recovery from impact, or both, taken from FIED."]
["W","Summary of findings","Description of the main findings of the study."]
["X","Methodology","Description of the methodology of the study."]
["Y","Data Limitations","Any noted data limitations of the study."]

{"sheet":"PIVOT-HABITATS","index":2,"n_rows":81,"n_cols":36,"rows_kept":81,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
["Pivot tables - Habitats"]
["Pivot table showing the number of references relevant to each gear-feature interaction for habitat Matrix Features."]
["Double-click on a number to open a new tab that shows each of the references that refer to that gear-feature interaction."]
["Note 'intertidal and subtidal chalk reef' references have been reclassified as 'peat and clay exposures' and should therefore be checked for relevance for specific assessments."]
["Click on the 'Tidy up!' button to delete the additional tabs that have been generated."]
[]
[]
[]
["Welsh-relevant gears and habitats"]
[]
[null,"Count of Full Source","Column Labels"]
[null,"Row Labels","Annual vegetation of driftlines","Brittlestar beds","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coastal lagoons","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sea caves","Kelp forest communities","Maerl","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Peat and clay exposures","Reedbeds","Sabellaria spp reef","Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite","Seagrass (SACs)","Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mud","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sea caves","Tideswept communities","Grand Total"]
[null,"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)",2,7,12,2,8,8,8,7,9,10,5,12,2,8,12,6,7,7,2,11,2,15,5,14,13,17,14,15,20,6,22,2,4,294]
[null,"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)",2,7,11,2,7,7,7,7,9,10,5,12,2,8,10,6,7,6,2,13,2,14,5,12,11,13,11,14,14,6,14,2,4,262]
[null,"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls",1,5,7,1,4,4,4,2,5,4,2,7,1,5,8,3,4,3,1,8,1,9,3,7,6,9,8,7,10,3,11,1,1,155]
[null,"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl ",1,6,9,1,7,7,7,7,7,11,4,11,1,7,12,5,6,6,1,12,1,13,4,13,10,13,13,16,19,6,18,1,3,258]
[null,"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops",1,4,10,3,7,9,9,8,7,7,4,11,1,6,14,5,7,6,1,12,1,14,4,16,13,19,16,13,21,7,23,2,3,284]
[null,"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters",1,3,6,3,6,5,4,8,9,10,8,11,1,5,8,7,12,5,1,8,1,14,4,7,5,9,9,12,9,5,12,1,3,212]
[null,"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",1,2,7,2,5,4,3,2,6,6,3,6,2,11,14,9,13,13,null,11,null,14,4,27,23,7,12,16,9,9,12,5,4,262]
[null,"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets",1,1,4,2,4,3,2,2,6,5,2,6,1,5,7,3,4,4,null,5,null,7,3,4,5,3,8,6,4,3,6,1,2,119]
[null,"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels",2,2,4,3,4,3,2,2,6,5,2,6,2,5,6,3,4,4,1,6,1,6,3,4,4,4,7,5,5,3,6,2,2,124]
[null,"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling",1,1,4,2,4,3,2,2,6,5,2,6,1,5,6,3,4,4,null,5,null,6,3,5,4,3,6,5,4,3,5,1,2,113]
[null,"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)",1,1,4,2,3,3,2,2,4,3,2,3,1,3,3,4,2,2,null,2,null,3,3,3,2,2,5,4,2,3,3,1,2,80]
[null,"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)",1,2,5,2,4,4,2,3,5,5,3,5,1,6,5,4,3,2,null,4,null,6,3,5,5,4,6,5,4,4,5,1,3,117]
[null,"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)",1,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,null,1,null,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,55]
[null,"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling",1,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,null,1,null,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,55]
[null,"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets",1,2,3,2,3,3,2,2,3,3,2,3,1,3,3,3,2,2,null,3,null,3,2,3,2,2,3,4,2,3,3,1,2,76]
[null,"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving",1,1,3,2,3,2,1,1,2,3,1,3,1,3,3,3,1,3,null,3,null,3,2,4,3,2,3,4,2,2,3,1,1,70]
[null,"Grand Total",19,46,93,31,73,69,59,59,88,91,49,106,20,84,115,68,80,71,9,105,9,131,52,128,110,111,125,130,129,67,147,24,38,2536]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["All gears and habitats"]
[]
[null,"Count of Full Source","Column Labels"]
[null,"Row Labels","Annual vegetation of driftlines","Brittlestar beds","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coastal lagoons","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sea caves","Kelp forest communities","Maerl","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Peat and clay exposures","Reedbeds","Sabellaria spp reef","Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite","Seagrass (SACs)","Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mud","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sea caves","Tideswept communities","Grand Total"]
[null,"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)",2,7,12,2,8,8,8,7,9,10,5,12,2,8,12,6,7,7,2,11,2,15,5,14,13,17,14,15,20,6,22,2,4,294]
[null,"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)",2,7,11,2,7,7,7,7,9,10,5,12,2,8,10,6,7,6,2,13,2,14,5,12,11,13,11,14,14,6,14,2,4,262]
[null,"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",2,7,11,2,7,7,7,7,9,10,5,12,2,8,10,6,7,6,2,13,2,13,5,11,9,13,12,12,15,6,15,2,4,259]
[null,"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl ",1,6,10,1,6,6,6,7,7,11,4,11,1,7,12,5,6,5,1,12,1,14,5,15,12,13,15,21,18,6,19,1,3,268]
[null,"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls",1,5,7,1,4,4,4,2,5,4,2,7,1,5,8,3,4,3,1,8,1,9,3,7,6,9,8,7,10,3,11,1,1,155]
[null,"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl ",1,6,9,1,7,7,7,7,7,11,4,11,1,7,12,5,6,6,1,12,1,13,4,13,10,13,13,16,19,6,18,1,3,258]
[null,"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl",1,6,8,1,5,5,5,3,6,5,3,8,1,6,9,4,5,4,1,8,1,10,3,7,8,9,8,7,10,4,11,1,2,175]
[null,"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine",1,3,9,1,5,5,4,3,7,6,4,7,1,6,8,5,6,5,1,7,1,9,4,7,6,6,8,7,7,5,9,1,3,167]
[null,"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine",1,3,8,1,4,4,3,3,6,5,3,6,1,6,7,4,5,4,1,7,1,8,4,7,6,5,7,7,6,5,9,1,2,150]
[null,"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)",1,3,5,1,6,5,4,3,6,5,3,6,1,6,9,5,6,6,1,8,1,9,4,10,7,5,7,7,7,6,7,1,3,164]
[null,"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)",1,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,null,1,null,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,55]
[null,"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) ",1,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,null,1,null,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,55]
[null,"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls",1,2,3,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,3,3,3,2,null,2,null,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,70]
[null,"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops",1,4,10,3,7,9,9,8,7,7,4,11,1,6,14,5,7,6,1,12,1,14,4,16,13,19,16,13,21,7,23,2,3,284]
[null,"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters",1,3,6,3,6,5,4,8,9,10,8,11,1,5,8,7,12,5,1,8,1,14,4,7,5,9,9,12,9,5,12,1,3,212]
[null,"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",1,2,4,3,1,1,1,6,6,6,4,9,1,1,6,1,3,1,2,7,2,9,4,1,1,6,6,7,6,1,9,1,null,119]
[null,"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)",1,2,6,1,2,2,2,5,6,11,6,12,1,2,10,2,4,2,2,8,2,11,5,2,2,8,6,9,9,2,12,1,1,157]
[null,"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor",1,1,1,4,1,1,1,2,4,8,4,8,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,7,2,10,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,null,74]
[null,"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)",1,1,2,3,3,4,4,2,5,11,4,6,1,3,2,4,4,3,1,4,2,10,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,103]
[null,"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)",1,1,2,2,3,4,4,2,5,11,4,6,1,3,2,4,5,3,1,5,3,12,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,107]
[null,"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",1,2,7,2,5,4,3,2,6,6,3,6,2,11,14,9,13,13,null,11,null,14,4,27,23,7,12,16,9,9,12,5,4,262]
[null,"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots",1,1,3,2,3,3,2,1,5,4,2,5,1,4,5,2,3,3,null,5,null,5,2,5,5,2,5,5,3,2,4,1,1,95]
[null,"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps",1,1,4,2,4,4,3,2,6,5,3,6,1,5,6,3,4,4,null,5,null,6,3,6,6,3,6,6,4,3,5,1,2,120]
[null,"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets",1,1,4,2,4,3,2,2,6,5,2,6,1,5,7,3,4,4,null,5,null,7,3,4,5,3,8,6,4,3,6,1,2,119]
[null,"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels",2,2,4,3,4,3,2,2,6,5,2,6,2,5,6,3,4,4,1,6,1,6,3,4,4,4,7,5,5,3,6,2,2,124]
[null,"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling",1,1,4,2,4,3,2,2,6,5,2,6,1,5,6,3,4,4,null,5,null,6,3,5,4,3,6,5,4,3,5,1,2,113]
[null,"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)",1,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,null,1,null,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,55]
[null,"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)",1,1,4,2,3,3,2,2,4,3,2,3,1,3,3,4,2,2,null,2,null,3,3,3,2,2,5,4,2,3,3,1,2,80]
[null,"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)",1,2,5,2,4,4,2,3,5,5,3,5,1,6,5,4,3,2,null,4,null,6,3,5,5,4,6,5,4,4,5,1,3,117]
[null,"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)",1,1,28,4,2,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,4,2,15,5,5,2,null,4,null,2,2,5,5,28,28,2,28,2,28,4,1,243]
[null,"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)",1,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,null,1,null,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,55]
[null,"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling",1,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,null,1,null,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,55]
[null,"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine",1,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,null,1,null,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,56]
[null,"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets",1,2,3,2,3,3,2,2,3,3,2,3,1,3,3,3,2,2,null,3,null,3,2,3,2,2,3,4,2,3,3,1,2,76]
[null,"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets",1,2,3,2,3,3,2,2,3,3,2,3,1,3,3,3,2,2,null,3,null,3,2,3,2,2,3,4,2,3,3,1,2,76]
[null,"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets",1,2,4,2,4,4,3,3,4,4,3,4,1,4,4,4,3,3,null,3,null,4,3,4,3,3,4,5,3,4,4,1,3,101]
[null,"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving",1,1,3,2,3,2,1,1,2,3,1,3,1,3,3,3,1,3,null,3,null,3,2,4,3,2,3,4,2,2,3,1,1,70]
[null,"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging",1,1,2,2,2,2,1,1,2,4,1,3,1,2,3,3,1,1,null,2,null,3,2,2,1,2,3,5,3,2,4,1,1,64]
[null,"48_Miscellaneous–Crab tiling",1,1,1,2,2,2,1,1,2,6,3,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,4,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,49]
[null,"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks",1,1,2,3,4,3,3,3,5,8,8,8,1,2,2,2,5,3,1,4,1,10,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,101]
[null,"Grand Total",44,97,217,75,150,149,130,130,197,229,130,243,48,166,241,143,168,140,26,225,29,295,118,234,204,235,262,253,269,137,305,52,78,5419]

{"sheet":"PIVOT-SPECIES","index":3,"n_rows":78,"n_cols":15,"rows_kept":78,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
["Pivot tables - Mobile species"]
["Pivot tables showing number of references relevant to each gear-feature interaction for mobile species Matrix Features."]
["Double-click on a number to open a new tab that shows a summary of each reference in the Evidence Database that refers to that gear-feature interaction."]
["Click on the 'Tidy up!' button to delete the additional tabs that have been generated."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["Welsh-relevant gears and species"]
[]
[null,"Count of Full Source","Column Labels"]
[null,"Row Labels","B_Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Estuarine Birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Surface feeding birds","F_Estuarine fish community","F_River and sea lamprey","F_Salmon","F_Twaite and Allis shad","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Grey and Common Seal","M_Harbour Porpoise ","M_Otter Lutra lutra","Grand Total"]
[null,"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)",3,2,4,1,4,4,1,4,2,3,1,null,29]
[null,"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)",3,2,3,1,5,3,1,4,2,3,1,null,28]
[null,"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls",1,1,2,null,null,2,null,1,2,2,1,null,12]
[null,"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl ",3,2,3,null,2,2,null,3,2,2,1,null,20]
[null,"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops",4,3,null,null,2,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,10]
[null,"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters",7,6,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,14]
[null,"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",1,null,1,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,1,1,5]
[null,"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets",5,3,11,null,1,null,null,null,3,4,5,null,32]
[null,"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels",4,3,10,3,1,1,1,1,3,4,5,null,36]
[null,"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling",4,3,9,2,null,null,null,null,3,3,5,null,29]
[null,"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)",4,null,5,null,null,null,null,1,3,1,3,null,17]
[null,"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)",3,null,4,5,null,1,null,null,2,null,1,null,16]
[null,"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)",1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling",1,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2]
[null,"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,1,1,null,3]
[null,"Grand Total",44,25,52,12,16,13,3,14,26,23,25,1,254]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["All gears and species"]
[]
[null,"Count of Full Source","Column Labels"]
[null,"Row Labels","B_Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Estuarine Birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Surface feeding birds","F_Estuarine fish community","F_River and sea lamprey","F_Salmon","F_Twaite and Allis shad","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Grey and Common Seal","M_Harbour Porpoise ","M_Otter Lutra lutra","Grand Total"]
[null,"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)",3,2,4,1,4,4,1,4,2,3,1,null,29]
[null,"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)",3,2,3,1,5,3,1,4,2,3,1,null,28]
[null,"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",3,2,3,1,4,3,1,3,2,3,1,null,26]
[null,"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl ",2,1,2,null,2,2,null,3,2,2,1,null,17]
[null,"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls",1,1,2,null,null,2,null,1,2,2,1,null,12]
[null,"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl ",3,2,3,null,2,2,null,3,2,2,1,null,20]
[null,"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl",1,1,2,null,1,2,null,3,2,2,1,null,15]
[null,"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine",3,2,2,null,1,1,null,1,2,2,1,null,15]
[null,"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine",3,2,2,null,1,1,null,1,1,2,null,null,13]
[null,"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)",3,null,2,null,1,1,null,1,null,2,null,null,10]
[null,"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)",3,null,2,null,2,1,1,1,3,4,2,null,19]
[null,"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) ",3,null,2,null,2,1,1,1,3,4,2,null,19]
[null,"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls",3,null,2,null,2,1,1,1,3,4,2,null,19]
[null,"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops",4,3,null,null,2,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,10]
[null,"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters",7,6,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,14]
[null,"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",6,7,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,14]
[null,"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)",5,7,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,13]
[null,"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor",4,6,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,11]
[null,"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)",3,2,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[null,"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)",4,3,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,7]
[null,"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",1,null,1,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,1,1,5]
[null,"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots",null,null,1,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,1,1,4]
[null,"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps",2,1,2,1,null,2,null,null,1,1,1,1,12]
[null,"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets",5,3,11,null,1,null,null,null,3,4,5,null,32]
[null,"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels",4,3,10,3,1,1,1,1,3,4,5,null,36]
[null,"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling",4,3,9,2,null,null,null,null,3,3,5,null,29]
[null,"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)",4,null,5,null,null,null,null,1,3,1,3,null,17]
[null,"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)",4,null,5,null,null,null,null,1,3,1,3,null,17]
[null,"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)",3,null,4,5,null,1,null,null,2,null,1,null,16]
[null,"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)",3,null,10,7,null,null,null,null,5,null,6,null,31]
[null,"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)",1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling",1,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2]
[null,"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine",1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2,1,1,null,5]
[null,"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,1,1,null,3]
[null,"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets",null,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets",1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,null,2]
[null,"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks",1,4,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[null,"Grand Total",102,63,89,21,33,28,7,30,59,52,47,3,534]

{"sheet":"Evidence Database","index":4,"n_rows":5958,"n_cols":25,"rows_kept":2250,"cut":true,"hidden":false,"merged":[],"bounds":{"rows_first":1000,"rows_last":250,"rows_between":1000,"halvings":1}}
["Evidence database - all references attributed to every relevant gear-feature interaction"]
["Used as the data source for the pivot tables."]
["Can also use filters in this sheet to identify references on particular gear-feature interactions."]
["Full Source","Article Summary","Feature (description - free text)","Matrix Feature (standardised)","Feature (for pivot)","Fishing gear (description - free text)","Fishing gear (standardised according to matrix)","Fishing Gear (for pivot)","Pressures considered","Evidence Source Type","Evidence Type","FITs developed?","Confidence assessment","Weblink","Source of information","Description","Location category","Geographical Location","Location description","Date of research","Depth range","Impact/ recovery","Summary of findings","Methodology","Data Limitations"]
["Howarth, L. M. & Stewart, B. D. 2014. The dredge fishery for scallops in the United Kingdom (UK): effects on marine ecosystems and proposals for future management. Report to the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust. Marine Ecosystem Management Report no. 5, University of York, 54 pp.","The report was commissioned by the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust with the objectives of using existing knowledge to aid the management of scallop fisheries around the UK. Firstly it considers the environmental impacts on various habitat by carrying out a literature review. It then reviews a selection of case studies of scallop dredging management across the UK. ","Characterised by coarse sediment, clear water and strong currents. Maerl is fragile and very slow growing. ","Maerl","Maerl","Scallop dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Level of background disturbance, local hydrology, fishing intensity and community characteristics","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No",null,null,"Seafish RASS","A review of the management and environmental impacts of scallop fisheries around the UK. The review of impacts does not consider intensity, but rather gives high level overview.    ","European","UK ","Review of studies from all over the UK","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","The report does acknowledge that the impacts of scallop dredging can vary between different habitats.  Slow growing organisms that form biogenic reefs are the most vulnerable to impacts from scallop dredge. High energy environments are generally more resistant to natural disturbance and towed fishing gears. ","Literature review","This report does not focus solely on environmental impacts. This is just a section of the report and is a high level literature review. "]
["Belda EJ, Sanchez A (2001) Seabird mortality on longline fisheries in the western Mediterranean: factors affecting bycatch and proposed mitigating measures. Biol Conserv 98:357–363","Seabird mortality on longlines in the Western Mediterranean around Columbretes Islands (Spain) was studied by observers in 1998–1999, and ringing recoveries obtained from 1992 to 1998. Average numbers varied between 0.16 and 0.69 birds/1000 hooks set, and incidental mortality affected seven different seabird species. Bycatch occurred mainly around sunrise and from mid afternoon until dusk. This was related to seabird abundance but not with fishing effort (number of hooks set). About 656–2829 birds were estimated to be killed annually, of which 66% were Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea). In this species mortality was mainly among adult birds and affected reproductive success. Taking all this into account, bycatch on longlines may be a risk for the conservation of the populations of Cory's shearwater in the area. The results show that setting of longlines at night, and from one hour after sunrise until mid afternoon may reduce seabird bycatch in the area.","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Long lining","Longlines (pelagic)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By-catch","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No","High",null,"Welsh Government ","Seabird mortality on longlines in the Western Mediterranean around Columbretes Islands (Spain) was studied by observers in 1998–1999, and ringing recoveries obtained from 1992 to 1998. Average numbers varied between 0.16 and 0.69 birds/1000 hooks set, and incidental mortality affected seven different seabird species. Bycatch occurred mainly around sunrise and from mid afternoon until dusk. This was related to seabird abundance but not with fishing effort (number of hooks set). About 656–2829 birds were estimated to be killed annually, of which 66% were Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea). In this species mortality was mainly among adult birds and affected reproductive success. Taking all this into account, bycatch on longlines may be a risk for the conservation of the populations of Cory's shearwater in the area. The results show that setting of longlines at night, and from one hour after sunrise until mid afternoon may reduce seabird bycatch in the area.","European","Western Meditterean ","Columbretes Islands (Spain)","1992 - 1999","Not Specified","Impact   ","Average number of birds caught as by-catch varied between 0.16 -0.69 birds per 1000 hooks. Seven different types of bird species were caught. By-catch occurred mainly around sunrise and from mid-afternoon until dusk. It was also related to bird abundance rather than fishing effort.  66% of birds were Cory's shearwaters, which were mainly adult birds and so had the potential to effect reproductive success. Off setting long lines at night and from 1 hour after sun rise until mid-afternoon may reduce seabird by-catch","By-catch was counted using observed in 1998 -1999 and ringing recoveries obtained from 1992 - 1998. ","Can only access the abstract"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Scallops","Scallop Dredge","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Scallops","Scallop Dredge","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Scallops","Scallop Dredge","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Scallops","Scallop Dredge","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Scallops","Scallop Dredge","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Scallops","Scallop Dredge","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Scallops","Scallop Dredge","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Scallops","Scallop Dredge","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Scallops","Scallop Dredge","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Scallops","Scallop Dredge","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl","Scallops","Scallop Dredge","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Heavy otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Heavy otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Heavy otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Heavy otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Heavy otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Heavy otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Heavy otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Heavy otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Heavy otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Heavy otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl",null,"Heavy otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Multi-rig trawls","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Multi-rig trawls","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Multi-rig trawls","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Multi-rig trawls","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Multi-rig trawls","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Multi-rig trawls","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Multi-rig trawls","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Multi-rig trawls","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Multi-rig trawls","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Multi-rig trawls","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl",null,"Multi-rig trawls","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Light otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Light otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Light otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Light otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Light otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Light otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Light otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Light otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Light otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Light otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl",null,"Light otter trawl ","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Pair trawl","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Pair trawl","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Pair trawl","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Pair trawl","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Pair trawl","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Pair trawl","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Pair trawl","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Pair trawl","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Pair trawl","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Pair trawl","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl",null,"Pair trawl","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Anchor seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Anchor seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Anchor seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Anchor seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Anchor seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Anchor seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Anchor seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Anchor seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Anchor seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Anchor seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl",null,"Anchor seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Scottish/fly seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Scottish/fly seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Scottish/fly seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Scottish/fly seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Scottish/fly seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Scottish/fly seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom Trawl","Scottish/fly seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom Trawl","Scottish/fly seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom Trawl","Scottish/fly seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom Trawl","Scottish/fly seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl","Bottom Trawl","Scottish/fly seine","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Trammel net","Trammels","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Trammel net","Trammels","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Trammel net","Trammels","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Trammel net","Trammels","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Trammel net","Trammels","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Trammel net","Trammels","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Trammel net","Trammels","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Trammel net","Trammels","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Trammel net","Trammels","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Trammel net","Trammels","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl","Trammel net","Trammels","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Gill net","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Gill net","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Gill net","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Gill net","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Gill net","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Gill net","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Gill net","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Gill net","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Gill net","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Gill net","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl","Gill net","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Pots and traps","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Pots and traps","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Pots and traps","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Pots and traps","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Pots and traps","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Pots and traps","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Pots and traps","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Pots and traps","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Pots and traps","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Pots and traps","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Sandbanks","Maerl","Maerl","Pots and traps","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","dredge tracks and furrows altering topography of surface ; damage to large, soft and fragile organisms; reduction in biomass of target and non-target species; decreases in diversity, richness, and abundance of species; changes in dominant species: reduced structural complexity of habitats; smothering of epifauna; physical damage through abrasion or direct removal e.g. seagrass; modification of suspended sediment concentration, increase of turbidity","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, physical abrasion or disturbance, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals, levels of hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Unlikely interaction with desiccation, noise, visual presence, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals, radionuclides, salinity and oxygenation, introduction of non-natives and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Estuaries","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","significant reduction in abundance and biomass of target & non-target species including; species which use such areas as nursery and feeding grounds; smothering , displacement and changes in benthic flora/ fauna under cages & rope culture; disappearance of some species e.g. eelgrass; displacement of wading birds; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes in communities associated with introduction of alien species; attraction of scavengers; new mussel beds with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance and numbers of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with: substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity,  physical abrasion or disturbance, changes in nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target species and extraction of non target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, changes in water flow, changes in temperature, wave exposure, level of heavy metals and levels of hydrocarbons, noise and visual presence, displacement, changes in levels of synthetic chemicals ,salinity and the introduction of non-natives.  Unlikely interaction with changes in the level of radionuclides, and the introduction of microbial pathogens and parasites. ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","changes in benthic communities, including displacement and loss of species; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes associated with introduction of alien species; changes to seabed sediment characteristics under ropes; attraction of scavenger species; mussel lays form new habitat with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity, changes in levels of nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target and non-target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, water flow rates, temperature, wave exposure, noise, visual presence, physical disturbance or abrasion, displacement, levels of synthetic chemicals, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, salinity and the introduction of non-native species. Unlikely interaction with the introduction of microbial pathogens/parasites.   ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","changes in benthic communities, including displacement and loss of species; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes associated with introduction of alien species; changes to seabed sediment characteristics under ropes; attraction of scavenger species; mussel lays form new habitat with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity, changes in levels of nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target and non-target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, water flow rates, temperature, wave exposure, noise, visual presence, physical disturbance or abrasion, displacement, levels of synthetic chemicals, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, salinity and the introduction of non-native species. Unlikely interaction with the introduction of microbial pathogens/parasites.   ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","This report contributes to the qualitative assessment required for Step 1 and the first stage of Step 2 of the ‘Common methodology for assessing the impact of fisheries on marine Natura 2000’. Peer reviewed and grey literature sources have been used to prepare summaries of: (a) the potential physical, chemical and biological pressures associated with various fishing methods, (b) the interaction of Natura 2000 features with these pressures, (c) the possible vulnerability arising from the use of particular fishing gears on Natura 2000 features.","Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","changes in benthic communities, including displacement and loss of species; sublethal effects of disease and sea lice treatments on lugworm; mammal by-catch with potential associated mortality in anti-predator nets; competition and changes associated with introduction of alien species; changes to seabed sediment characteristics under ropes; attraction of scavenger species; mussel lays form new habitat with associated infauna and epifauna; changes in balance of bird species","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","Welsh Government ","Provides a list of the potential physical chemical and biological pressures associated with fishing activities ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Probable interaction with substratum loss, smothering, changes in suspended sediment, turbidity, changes in levels of nutrients and oxygenation, extraction of target and non-target species. Possible interaction with desiccation, changes in emergence, water flow rates, temperature, wave exposure, noise, visual presence, physical disturbance or abrasion, displacement, levels of synthetic chemicals, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, salinity and the introduction of non-native species. Unlikely interaction with the introduction of microbial pathogens/parasites.   ","Literature review of peer reviewed and grey literature sources"]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","Harbour porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2009/WGECO/wgeco_final_2009.pdf","Search","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","European","Baltic ","Baltic ","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","No reported bycatches of marine mammals","The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO) met at ICES HQ, Copenhagen, from 10.00 Wednesday 15 April–17.00 Tuesday 21 April 2009. The list of participants and contact details are given in Annex 1."]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","Harbour porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2009/WGECO/wgeco_final_2009.pdf","Search","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","European","Baltic ","Baltic ","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","No reported bycatches of marine mammals","The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO) met at ICES HQ, Copenhagen, from 10.00 Wednesday 15 April–17.00 Tuesday 21 April 2009. The list of participants and contact details are given in Annex 1."]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","Harbour porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2009/WGECO/wgeco_final_2009.pdf","Search","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","European","Baltic ","Baltic ","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","No reported bycatches of marine mammals","The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO) met at ICES HQ, Copenhagen, from 10.00 Wednesday 15 April–17.00 Tuesday 21 April 2009. The list of participants and contact details are given in Annex 1."]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","Bottlenose dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2009/WGECO/wgeco_final_2009.pdf","Search","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","European","Baltic ","Baltic ","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","No reported bycatches of marine mammals","The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO) met at ICES HQ, Copenhagen, from 10.00 Wednesday 15 April–17.00 Tuesday 21 April 2009. The list of participants and contact details are given in Annex 1."]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","Bottlenose dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2009/WGECO/wgeco_final_2009.pdf","Search","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","European","Baltic ","Baltic ","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","No reported bycatches of marine mammals","The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO) met at ICES HQ, Copenhagen, from 10.00 Wednesday 15 April–17.00 Tuesday 21 April 2009. The list of participants and contact details are given in Annex 1."]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","Bottlenose dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2009/WGECO/wgeco_final_2009.pdf","Search","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","European","Baltic ","Baltic ","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","No reported bycatches of marine mammals","The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO) met at ICES HQ, Copenhagen, from 10.00 Wednesday 15 April–17.00 Tuesday 21 April 2009. The list of participants and contact details are given in Annex 1."]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","Seabirds","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2009/WGECO/wgeco_final_2009.pdf","Search","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","European","Baltic ","Baltic ","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","The direct effects of bycaught seabirds in beam trawl fisheries are likely to be negligible and the discarding from beam trawl fisheries provides an important food source for several seabird species and has potential implications at the population level. ","The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO) met at ICES HQ, Copenhagen, from 10.00 Wednesday 15 April–17.00 Tuesday 21 April 2009. The list of participants and contact details are given in Annex 1."]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","Seabirds","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2009/WGECO/wgeco_final_2009.pdf","Search","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","European","Baltic ","Baltic ","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","The direct effects of bycaught seabirds in beam trawl fisheries are likely to be negligible and the discarding from beam trawl fisheries provides an important food source for several seabird species and has potential implications at the population level. ","The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO) met at ICES HQ, Copenhagen, from 10.00 Wednesday 15 April–17.00 Tuesday 21 April 2009. The list of participants and contact details are given in Annex 1."]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","Seabirds","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2009/WGECO/wgeco_final_2009.pdf","Search","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","European","Baltic ","Baltic ","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","The direct effects of bycaught seabirds in beam trawl fisheries are likely to be negligible and the discarding from beam trawl fisheries provides an important food source for several seabird species and has potential implications at the population level. ","The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO) met at ICES HQ, Copenhagen, from 10.00 Wednesday 15 April–17.00 Tuesday 21 April 2009. The list of participants and contact details are given in Annex 1."]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","Harbour porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Gill nets","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2009/WGECO/wgeco_final_2009.pdf","Search","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","European","Baltic ","Baltic ","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Gear and area dependant, but acknowledged as a serious threat.","The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO) met at ICES HQ, Copenhagen, from 10.00 Wednesday 15 April–17.00 Tuesday 21 April 2009. The list of participants and contact details are given in Annex 1."]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","Bottlenose dolphin","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Gill nets","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2009/WGECO/wgeco_final_2009.pdf","Search","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","European","Baltic ","Baltic ","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Gear and area dependant, but acknowledged as a serious threat.","The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO) met at ICES HQ, Copenhagen, from 10.00 Wednesday 15 April–17.00 Tuesday 21 April 2009. The list of participants and contact details are given in Annex 1."]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","Seabirds","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Gill nets","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2009/WGECO/wgeco_final_2009.pdf","Search","The aim of the working group was to develop the methodology to carry out an assessment of signifciant adverse impacts of particular gears. Gear types were beam trawls and bottom set gillnets. ","European","Baltic ","Baltic ","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Gear and area dependant, but acknowledged as a serious threat.","The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO) met at ICES HQ, Copenhagen, from 10.00 Wednesday 15 April–17.00 Tuesday 21 April 2009. The list of participants and contact details are given in Annex 1."]
["MacArthur Green. 2013. Evidence review to support the identification of potential conservation measures for selected species of seabirds. Report for Defra MB0138. ","Evidence review to identify measures that could be implemented  either at protected sites or elsewhere with the view to inform mitigation or compensation of predicted impacts. Report suggest that fisheries (as well as other factors) have a role in affecting seabird population trends. Several management options to increase seabird productivity or survival  or both have been identified in the review. ","Gill nets ","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Gill nets ","Gill nets","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By-catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&ProjectID=19403&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=MB0138&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10#Description","Search","A review of the evidence to support the potential conservation measures for selected species of seabird. The review focuses on a number of pressures, fishing being one. ","European","Britain","Britain","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Auks are drowned by gill nets. However by catch in the UK by catch has only a minor influence on seabird populations","Key species were identified and studies reviewed. ","na"]
["MacArthur Green. 2013. Evidence review to support the identification of potential conservation measures for selected species of seabirds. Report for Defra MB0138. ","Evidence review to identify measures that could be implemented  either at protected sites or elsewhere with the view to inform mitigation or compensation of predicted impacts. Report suggest that fisheries (as well as other factors) have a role in affecting seabird population trends. Several management options to increase seabird productivity or survival  or both have been identified in the review. ","Long line","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Long Lines","Longlines (pelagic)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)","By-catch","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&ProjectID=19403&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=MB0138&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10#Description","Search","A review of the evidence to support the potential conservation measures for selected species of seabird. The review focuses on a number of pressures, fishing being one. ","European","Britain","Britain","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Gannets, great Skuas and northern fulmers are caught as by catch in the UK from long liners. Howver, in Scotland, the decline in fulmars may also be associated with changes in food availilbility. However by catch in the UK by catch has only a minor influence on seabird populations. ","Key species were identified and studies reviewed. ","na"]
["ICES. 2015. Report of the Working Group on Bycatch of Protected Species (WGBYC), 2-6 February 2015, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2015\\ACOM:26. 82 pp.","The WGBYC collates annual data reported by the European member states on protected species. This report considered an historical review  of by catch and monitoring effort data. The WGBYC developed a by catch risk assessment with the aim of identifying regions that may pose the greatest threat to non-target species in the absence of reliable  data which is needed if by catch was to be quantified.  The risk assessment was applied to Harbour porpoise where a range of high/low were estimated for the different regions.  ","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Gill nets","33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets","By catch","International Government report","Semi Quantative","No",null,"http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2015/WGBYC/01%20WGBYC%20-%20Report%20of%20the%20Working%20Group%20on%20Bycatch%20of%20Protected%20Species%20(WGBYC).pdf","Welsh Government ",null,"European","North Atlantic",null,2015,"Not Specified","Impact","Harbour porpoise bycatch is only evident in gillnets and bottlenose dolphins have been recorded taken as bycatch in both gillnet and pelagic trawl gears. For gill-nets, harbour porpoise bycatch rates were on average lowest in the Baltic, followed by the North Sea/Eastern Arctic with the highest bycatch rates on average in the North Atlantic.\n\nThe WG applied a bycatch risk assessment to harbour porpoise where a range (high/low) in bycatch levels were estimated for regions within greater European Atlantic waters (i.e. Celtic and Irish Seas, North Sea, and Kattegat and Belt Seas). Data for the Celtic and Irish Sea assessment unit suggest that 1.39% of the harbour porpoise population is being taken if the upper 95% confidence limit bycatch rate is applied. This falls short of the 1.7% limit established by ASCOBANS.\n\nTested mitigation using pingers in the UK and Denmark. The UK used a AQUAmark100 which prodcues a broadband complex of high frequencies signals over a 23 hour cycle. The pinger was placed at the centre of a triangular array of 14 acoustic click detectors (C-PODs) spaced at 0, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 2400, and 3600 m distances from the pinger. The results showed that in UK the AQUAmark100 significantly reduced the number of porpoise clicks at 0 and 200 m distances. No signs of habituation were observed","Member state report effort and by catch data which is analysis and a by catch risk assessment is reported. ","Uncertainty in reported fishing effort and the accuracy of magnitude of cetacean bycatch in gears. "]
["ICES. 2015. Report of the Working Group on Bycatch of Protected Species (WGBYC), 2-6 February 2015, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2015\\ACOM:26. 82 pp.","The WGBYC collates annual data reported by the European member states on protected species. This report considered an historical review  of by catch and monitoring effort data. The WGBYC developed a by catch risk assessment with the aim of identifying regions that may pose the greatest threat to non-target species in the absence of reliable  data which is needed if by catch was to be quantified.  The risk assessment was applied to Harbour porpoise where a range of high/low were estimated for the different regions.  ","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Trammels","34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels","By catch","International Government report","Semi Quantative","No",null,"http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2015/WGBYC/01%20WGBYC%20-%20Report%20of%20the%20Working%20Group%20on%20Bycatch%20of%20Protected%20Species%20(WGBYC).pdf","Welsh Government ",null,"European","North Atlantic",null,2015,"Not Specified","Impact","Harbour porpoise bycatch is only evident in gillnets and bottlenose dolphins have been recorded taken as bycatch in both gillnet and pelagic trawl gears. For gill-nets, harbour porpoise bycatch rates were on average lowest in the Baltic, followed by the North Sea/Eastern Arctic with the highest bycatch rates on average in the North Atlantic.\n\nThe WG applied a bycatch risk assessment to harbour porpoise where a range (high/low) in bycatch levels were estimated for regions within greater European Atlantic waters (i.e. Celtic and Irish Seas, North Sea, and Kattegat and Belt Seas). Data for the Celtic and Irish Sea assessment unit suggest that 1.39% of the harbour porpoise population is being taken if the upper 95% confidence limit bycatch rate is applied. This falls short of the 1.7% limit established by ASCOBANS.\n\nTested mitigation using pingers in the UK and Denmark. The UK used a AQUAmark100 which prodcues a broadband complex of high frequencies signals over a 23 hour cycle. The pinger was placed at the centre of a triangular array of 14 acoustic click detectors (C-PODs) spaced at 0, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 2400, and 3600 m distances from the pinger. The results showed that in UK the AQUAmark100 significantly reduced the number of porpoise clicks at 0 and 200 m distances. No signs of habituation were observed","Member state report effort and by catch data which is analysis and a by catch risk assessment is reported. ","Uncertainty in reported fishing effort and the accuracy of magnitude of cetacean bycatch in gears. "]
["ICES. 2015. Report of the Working Group on Bycatch of Protected Species (WGBYC), 2-6 February 2015, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2015\\ACOM:26. 82 pp.","The WGBYC collates annual data reported by the European member states on protected species. This report considered an historical review  of by catch and monitoring effort data. The WGBYC developed a by catch risk assessment with the aim of identifying regions that may pose the greatest threat to non-target species in the absence of reliable  data which is needed if by catch was to be quantified.  The risk assessment was applied to Harbour porpoise where a range of high/low were estimated for the different regions.  ","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Entangling","35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling","By catch","International Government report","Semi Quantative","No",null,"http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2015/WGBYC/01%20WGBYC%20-%20Report%20of%20the%20Working%20Group%20on%20Bycatch%20of%20Protected%20Species%20(WGBYC).pdf","Welsh Government ",null,"European","North Atlantic",null,2015,"Not Specified","Impact","Harbour porpoise bycatch is only evident in gillnets and bottlenose dolphins have been recorded taken as bycatch in both gillnet and pelagic trawl gears. For gill-nets, harbour porpoise bycatch rates were on average lowest in the Baltic, followed by the North Sea/Eastern Arctic with the highest bycatch rates on average in the North Atlantic.\n\nThe WG applied a bycatch risk assessment to harbour porpoise where a range (high/low) in bycatch levels were estimated for regions within greater European Atlantic waters (i.e. Celtic and Irish Seas, North Sea, and Kattegat and Belt Seas). Data for the Celtic and Irish Sea assessment unit suggest that 1.39% of the harbour porpoise population is being taken if the upper 95% confidence limit bycatch rate is applied. This falls short of the 1.7% limit established by ASCOBANS.\n\nTested mitigation using pingers in the UK and Denmark. The UK used a AQUAmark100 which prodcues a broadband complex of high frequencies signals over a 23 hour cycle. The pinger was placed at the centre of a triangular array of 14 acoustic click detectors (C-PODs) spaced at 0, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 2400, and 3600 m distances from the pinger. The results showed that in UK the AQUAmark100 significantly reduced the number of porpoise clicks at 0 and 200 m distances. No signs of habituation were observed","Member state report effort and by catch data which is analysis and a by catch risk assessment is reported. ","Uncertainty in reported fishing effort and the accuracy of magnitude of cetacean bycatch in gears. "]
["ICES. 2015. Report of the Working Group on Bycatch of Protected Species (WGBYC), 2-6 February 2015, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2015\\ACOM:26. 82 pp.","The WGBYC collates annual data reported by the European member states on protected species. This report considered an historical review  of by catch and monitoring effort data. The WGBYC developed a by catch risk assessment with the aim of identifying regions that may pose the greatest threat to non-target species in the absence of reliable  data which is needed if by catch was to be quantified.  The risk assessment was applied to Harbour porpoise where a range of high/low were estimated for the different regions.  ","Grey seal","Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Gill nets","33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets","By catch","International Government report","Semi Quantative","No",null,"http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2015/WGBYC/01%20WGBYC%20-%20Report%20of%20the%20Working%20Group%20on%20Bycatch%20of%20Protected%20Species%20(WGBYC).pdf","Welsh Government ",null,"European","North Atlantic",null,2015,"Not Specified","Impact","Using bycatch data since 2005 -2013 estimate for seal bycatch from static net fisheries in sub area IV, VI and VII give an estimate of  469 seal s , predominatly thought to be grey seals. Given the small number of grey seals present within Wales (and the small breeding population) it is not clear how by catch is or is not effecting population. It is assumed by the authors that ythis elevsl of bycatch could not be sustainable from small populations, such as seen in Wales. Therefore it is thought that the by catch is from a wider range ","Member state report effort and by catch data which is analysis and a by catch risk assessment is reported. ","Uncertainty in reported fishing effort and the accuracy of magnitude of cetacean bycatch in gears. "]
["ICES. 2015. Report of the Working Group on Bycatch of Protected Species (WGBYC), 2-6 February 2015, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2015\\ACOM:26. 82 pp.","The WGBYC collates annual data reported by the European member states on protected species. This report considered an historical review  of by catch and monitoring effort data. The WGBYC developed a by catch risk assessment with the aim of identifying regions that may pose the greatest threat to non-target species in the absence of reliable  data which is needed if by catch was to be quantified.  The risk assessment was applied to Harbour porpoise where a range of high/low were estimated for the different regions.  ","Grey seal","Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Trammels","34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels","By catch","International Government report","Semi Quantative","No",null,"http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2015/WGBYC/01%20WGBYC%20-%20Report%20of%20the%20Working%20Group%20on%20Bycatch%20of%20Protected%20Species%20(WGBYC).pdf","Welsh Government ",null,"European","North Atlantic",null,2015,"Not Specified","Impact","Using bycatch data since 2005 -2013 estimate for seal bycatch from static net fisheries in sub area IV, VI and VII give an estimate of  469 seal s , predominatly thought to be grey seals. Given the small number of grey seals present within Wales (and the small breeding population) it is not clear how by catch is or is not effecting population. It is assumed by the authors that ythis elevsl of bycatch could not be sustainable from small populations, such as seen in Wales. Therefore it is thought that the by catch is from a wider range ","Member state report effort and by catch data which is analysis and a by catch risk assessment is reported. ","Uncertainty in reported fishing effort and the accuracy of magnitude of cetacean bycatch in gears. "]
["ICES. 2015. Report of the Working Group on Bycatch of Protected Species (WGBYC), 2-6 February 2015, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2015\\ACOM:26. 82 pp.","The WGBYC collates annual data reported by the European member states on protected species. This report considered an historical review  of by catch and monitoring effort data. The WGBYC developed a by catch risk assessment with the aim of identifying regions that may pose the greatest threat to non-target species in the absence of reliable  data which is needed if by catch was to be quantified.  The risk assessment was applied to Harbour porpoise where a range of high/low were estimated for the different regions.  ","Grey seal","Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Entangling","35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling","By catch","International Government report","Semi Quantative","No",null,"http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2015/WGBYC/01%20WGBYC%20-%20Report%20of%20the%20Working%20Group%20on%20Bycatch%20of%20Protected%20Species%20(WGBYC).pdf","Welsh Government ",null,"European","North Atlantic",null,2015,"Not Specified","Impact","Using bycatch data since 2005 -2013 estimate for seal bycatch from static net fisheries in sub area IV, VI and VII give an estimate of  469 seal s , predominatly thought to be grey seals. Given the small number of grey seals present within Wales (and the small breeding population) it is not clear how by catch is or is not effecting population. It is assumed by the authors that ythis elevsl of bycatch could not be sustainable from small populations, such as seen in Wales. Therefore it is thought that the by catch is from a wider range ","Member state report effort and by catch data which is analysis and a by catch risk assessment is reported. ","Uncertainty in reported fishing effort and the accuracy of magnitude of cetacean bycatch in gears. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G215, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G216, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G217, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Heavy otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G218, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G219, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Light otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G220, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G221, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G222, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G223, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G224, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Mid-water trawl (pair) ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G225, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G226, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G227, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G228, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G229, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G230, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G231, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G232, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G233, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G234, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G235, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G236, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G237, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G238, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin","Presence of Boat","Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G239, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},"How the foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins are disturbed by the presence of boats   ","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/documents/Pirotta_et_al_2015_effects_of_boat_disturbance_on_dolphins.pdf","Search","Using passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity and characterised the conditions influencing responses. ","European","UK ","Scotland","2012 -2013","Not Specified","Impact  ","This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.","PAM were deployed at two sites during summer 2013 and 2014. In addition to recorded the dolphins, acoustic recordings also quantified natural and anthropogenic noise. Land-based observations were also conducted and recorded dolphin presence, number and type of boat. ","A longer time period and different locations may bring greater confidence in results. "]
["Vinther, M. 1999. Bycatches of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena L.) in Danish set-net fisheries. J.Cetacean Res. Manage., 1(2): 123–135.","5,591km of nets between 1992 - 1998 were sampled. Total of 325 harbour porpoises were caught as by-catch.  Highest by - catch was in the cod fishery and no by catch was reported for the sole fishery. Significant seasonal variation of by catch was observed with the highest by catch rate being in the first and third quarter  of  the year. ","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Set net fisheries","Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G240, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"By catch","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","High","https://www.wageningenur.nl/upload_mm/5/e/6/8abc56c7-cc33-48ff-9626-8c69774c92ae_Bucatches%20of%20harbour%20porpoises%20in%20Danish%20set-net%20fisheries.pdf","Search","Data from the commerical Danish set- net fisheries were analyised for by catch rates between 1992 -1998. A total of 325 harbour porpoises were reported as by-catch.  The by catch rate given as the number per length of nets x soak time was significantly lower for flat fish compared to round fish. ","Europe","North sea","Denmark","1992 - 1998","Not Specified","Impact  ","Highest by catch was for round fish compared to flat fish.  Highest by ctach was the cod fishery and there was no by catch observed for the sole fishery.  Signficant seasonal trends was recorded with the highest by catch rate being in the first and third quater of the year. ","Data sampled was obtained from surveys of fisheries data orginally meant for stock assessment. Extrapolation of the by catch rate to the total fish landings of the fleet gave an annual by catch.     Generalised linear models (GLMs) were sued to identify signifcant factors for by catch in the North Sea, by catch rate given as lenght of nets x soak time. ","Sampling was not sufficient to estimate total by catch for other areas "]
["Vinther, M. 1999. Bycatches of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena L.) in Danish set-net fisheries. J.Cetacean Res. Manage., 1(2): 123–135.","5,591km of nets between 1992 - 1998 were sampled. Total of 325 harbour porpoises were caught as by-catch.  Highest by - catch was in the cod fishery and no by catch was reported for the sole fishery. Significant seasonal variation of by catch was observed with the highest by catch rate being in the first and third quarter  of  the year. ","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Set net fisheries","Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G241, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},"By catch","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","High","https://www.wageningenur.nl/upload_mm/5/e/6/8abc56c7-cc33-48ff-9626-8c69774c92ae_Bucatches%20of%20harbour%20porpoises%20in%20Danish%20set-net%20fisheries.pdf","Search","Data from the commerical Danish set- net fisheries were analyised for by catch rates between 1992 -1998. A total of 325 harbour porpoises were reported as by-catch.  The by catch rate given as the number per length of nets x soak time was significantly lower for flat fish compared to round fish. ","Europe","North sea","Denmark","1992 - 1998","Not Specified","Impact  ","Highest by catch was for round fish compared to flat fish.  Highest by ctach was the cod fishery and there was no by catch observed for the sole fishery.  Signficant seasonal trends was recorded with the highest by catch rate being in the first and third quater of the year. ","Data sampled was obtained from surveys of fisheries data orginally meant for stock assessment. Extrapolation of the by catch rate to the total fish landings of the fleet gave an annual by catch.     Generalised linear models (GLMs) were sued to identify signifcant factors for by catch in the North Sea, by catch rate given as lenght of nets x soak time. ","Sampling was not sufficient to estimate total by catch for other areas "]
["Vinther, M. 1999. Bycatches of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena L.) in Danish set-net fisheries. J.Cetacean Res. Manage., 1(2): 123–135.","5,591km of nets between 1992 - 1998 were sampled. Total of 325 harbour porpoises were caught as by-catch.  Highest by - catch was in the cod fishery and no by catch was reported for the sole fishery. Significant seasonal variation of by catch was observed with the highest by catch rate being in the first and third quarter  of  the year. ","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Set net fisheries","Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G242, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},"By catch","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","High","https://www.wageningenur.nl/upload_mm/5/e/6/8abc56c7-cc33-48ff-9626-8c69774c92ae_Bucatches%20of%20harbour%20porpoises%20in%20Danish%20set-net%20fisheries.pdf","Search","Data from the commerical Danish set- net fisheries were analyised for by catch rates between 1992 -1998. A total of 325 harbour porpoises were reported as by-catch.  The by catch rate given as the number per length of nets x soak time was significantly lower for flat fish compared to round fish. ","Europe","North sea","Denmark","1992 - 1998","Not Specified","Impact  ","Highest by catch was for round fish compared to flat fish.  Highest by ctach was the cod fishery and there was no by catch observed for the sole fishery.  Signficant seasonal trends was recorded with the highest by catch rate being in the first and third quater of the year. ","Data sampled was obtained from surveys of fisheries data orginally meant for stock assessment. Extrapolation of the by catch rate to the total fish landings of the fleet gave an annual by catch.     Generalised linear models (GLMs) were sued to identify signifcant factors for by catch in the North Sea, by catch rate given as lenght of nets x soak time. ","Sampling was not sufficient to estimate total by catch for other areas "]
["Howarth, L. M. & Stewart, B. D. 2014. The dredge fishery for scallops in the United Kingdom (UK): effects on marine ecosystems and proposals for future management. Report to the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust. Marine Ecosystem Management Report no. 5, University of York, 54 pp.","The report was commissioned by the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust with the objectives of using existing knowledge to aid the management of scallop fisheries around the UK. Firstly it considers the environmental impacts on various habitat by carrying out a literature review. It then reviews a selection of case studies of scallop dredging management across the UK. ","Horse mussel bed. Can form large dense aggregations rising up to 3m above the seabed. ","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Scallop dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G243, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Level of background disturbance, local hydrologym fishing intensity and community characteristics","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No",null,null,"Seafish RASS","A review of the management and environmental impacts of scallop fisheries around the UK. The review of imapcts does not consider intesity, but rather gives high level overview.    ","European","UK ","Review of studies from all over the UK","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","The report does acknowledge that the impacts of scallop dredging can vary between different habitats.  Slow growing organsisms that form biogenic reefs are the most vulnerbale to impacts from scallop dredge. High energy environments are generally more resistent to natural disturbance and towed fishing gears. ","Literature review","This report does not focus soley on environmetnal impacts. This is just a section of the report and is a high level literature review.  "]
["Howarth, L. M. & Stewart, B. D. 2014. The dredge fishery for scallops in the United Kingdom (UK): effects on marine ecosystems and proposals for future management. Report to the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust. Marine Ecosystem Management Report no. 5, University of York, 54 pp.","The report was commissioned by the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust with the objectives of using existing knowledge to aid the management of scallop fisheries around the UK. Firstly it considers the environmental impacts on various habitat by carrying out a literature review. It then reviews a selection of case studies of scallop dredging management across the UK. ","Horse mussel bed. Can form large dense aggregations rising up to 3m above the seabed. ","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Scallop dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G244, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Level of background disturbance, local hydrologym fishing intensity and community characteristics","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No",null,null,"Seafish RASS","A review of the management and environmental impacts of scallop fisheries around the UK. The review of imapcts does not consider intesity, but rather gives high level overview.    ","European","UK ","Review of studies from all over the UK","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","The report does acknowledge that the impacts of scallop dredging can vary between different habitats.  Slow growing organsisms that form biogenic reefs are the most vulnerbale to impacts from scallop dredge. High energy environments are generally more resistent to natural disturbance and towed fishing gears. ","Literature review","This report does not focus soley on environmetnal impacts. This is just a section of the report and is a high level literature review."]
["Howarth, L. M. & Stewart, B. D. 2014. The dredge fishery for scallops in the United Kingdom (UK): effects on marine ecosystems and proposals for future management. Report to the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust. Marine Ecosystem Management Report no. 5, University of York, 54 pp.","The report was commissioned by the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust with the objectives of using existing knowledge to aid the management of scallop fisheries around the UK. Firstly it considers the environmental impacts on various habitat by carrying out a literature review. It then reviews a selection of case studies of scallop dredging management across the UK. ","Soft Sediment","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Scallop dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G245, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Level of background disturbance, local hydrologym fishing intensity and community characteristics","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No",null,null,"Seafish RASS","A review of the management and environmental impacts of scallop fisheries around the UK. The review of imapcts does not consider intesity, but rather gives high level overview.    ","European","UK ","Review of studies from all over the UK","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","The report does acknowledge that the impacts of scallop dredging can vary between different habitats.  Slow growing organsisms that form biogenic reefs are the most vulnerbale to impacts from scallop dredge. High energy environments are generally more resistent to natural disturbance and towed fishing gears. ","Literature review","This report does not focus soley on environmetnal impacts. This is just a section of the report and is a high level literature review. "]
["Howarth, L. M. & Stewart, B. D. 2014. The dredge fishery for scallops in the United Kingdom (UK): effects on marine ecosystems and proposals for future management. Report to the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust. Marine Ecosystem Management Report no. 5, University of York, 54 pp.","The report was commissioned by the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust with the objectives of using existing knowledge to aid the management of scallop fisheries around the UK. Firstly it considers the environmental impacts on various habitat by carrying out a literature review. It then reviews a selection of case studies of scallop dredging management across the UK. ","Soft Sediment","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Scallop dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G246, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Level of background disturbance, local hydrologym fishing intensity and community characteristics","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No",null,null,"Seafish RASS","A review of the management and environmental impacts of scallop fisheries around the UK. The review of imapcts does not consider intesity, but rather gives high level overview.    ","European","UK ","Review of studies from all over the UK","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","The report does acknowledge that the impacts of scallop dredging can vary between different habitats.  Slow growing organsisms that form biogenic reefs are the most vulnerbale to impacts from scallop dredge. High energy environments are generally more resistent to natural disturbance and towed fishing gears. ","Literature review","This report does not focus soley on environmetnal impacts. This is just a section of the report and is a high level literature review. "]
["Howarth, L. M. & Stewart, B. D. 2014. The dredge fishery for scallops in the United Kingdom (UK): effects on marine ecosystems and proposals for future management. Report to the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust. Marine Ecosystem Management Report no. 5, University of York, 54 pp.","The report was commissioned by the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust with the objectives of using existing knowledge to aid the management of scallop fisheries around the UK. Firstly it considers the environmental impacts on various habitat by carrying out a literature review. It then reviews a selection of case studies of scallop dredging management across the UK. ","Rocky reefs. Oftern found in close proximity to commerically viable scallop ground. However scallop dreging is unlikley to occur directly on these habitats ","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Scallop dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G247, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Level of background disturbance, local hydrologym fishing intensity and community characteristics","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No",null,null,"Seafish RASS","A review of the management and environmental impacts of scallop fisheries around the UK. The review of impacts does not consider intensity, but rather gives high level overview.    ","European","UK ","Review of studies from all over the UK","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","The report does acknowledge that the impacts of scallop dredging can vary between different habitats.  Slow growing organisms that form biogenic reefs are the most vulnerable to impacts from scallop dredge. High energy environments are generally more resistant to natural disturbance and towed fishing gears. ","Literature review","This report does not focus solei on environmental impacts. This is just a section of the report and is a high level literature review. "]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G248, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-1996","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a diferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G249, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-1997","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a diferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G250, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-1998","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a diferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infauna, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G251, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-1999","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a diferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G252, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-2000","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a diferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G253, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-2001","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a diferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G254, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-1996","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a diferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G255, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-1997","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a diferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G256, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-1998","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a diferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infauna, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G257, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-1999","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a diferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G258, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-2000","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a diferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G259, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-2001","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a diferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G260, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-2002","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man Fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each s[species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a deferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G261, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-2003","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man Fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each s[species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a deferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G262, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-2004","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man Fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each s[species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a deferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been difficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G263, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-2005","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man Fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each s[species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a deferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G264, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-2006","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man Fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each s[species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a deferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively fished areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di\u0081fficult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to fishing effort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial fishing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-fishing disturbance has caused significant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-fishing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the fishing effort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from fishing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest fishing effort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic fishing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high fishing effort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.","Soft Sediment","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Bottom fishing using towed nets and dredged","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G265, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Compared areas which have been exposed to low levels and high levels of bottom  fishing over a10  year period","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","A review of two areas, one which has had high levels of bottom fishing and one that had low over a 10 year period. A comparison of benthic community was carried out. Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","European","UK","Isle of Man","1986-2007","Not Specified","Impact and recovery "," Analysis concluded that  intense fishing has caused a shift in community structure.","In the Isle of Man Fishers record the number of dredges fished on each trip and each scallop dredge is 0.75m wide. Therefore effort was able to be calculated as the sum of of the width of the total number of dredged deployed times the number of hours fished (mh). This relates to the distance towed over as fishers generally tow at 2.5knts. There were 10 different  area of seabed; 5 areas subjected to high levels of fishing 9(47,526 ± 14,464 m hYr-1) and 5 subjected to low levels of fishing (9,335  ± 5,416 m hYr-1)  based of fishing data collated between 1986 - 1996. Within each area 3 samples were collected by day grab for PSA and organic content analysis and 3 qualitative infaunal samples using anchor dredge deployed for 1 minute on the seabed.  Collected sediments were sieved over a 10mm wire mesh. 3 samples of epifauna were also collected from each site using a 2m wide beam trawl towed for a standard duration of 5 minutes. At sea large and easily identified species were counted and weighed. Shell fragments and stone material were sorted and weighed.   In the laboratory faunal samples were sorted and identified to species and the total number of each s[species and their biomass quantified. Data collected with the beam trawl were standardised to numbers or biomass 1000m2 ascertained by calculating the area of seabed sampled based on the shot and hauled positions of the net determined from a deferential global positioning system on-board ship.","Not certain of habitat type"]
["Jennings, S., Lee, J and Hiddink, J.G. 2012. Assessing fishery footprints and the trade-offs between landings value, habitat sensitivity and fishing impacts to inform marine spatial planning and the ecosystem approach. ICES Journal of Marine Science 69: 1053-1063.","European and national policy commitments require further integration of fisheries and environmental management. We measured fishery footprints and assessed trade-offs between landings value, habitat sensitivity, and beam trawling impacts in UK territorial waters in the southern and central North Sea where marine spatial planning is underway and a network of Marine Protected Areas has been proposed. For fleets (UK and non-UK) and years (2006–2010) considered, total trawled area included extensive ‘margins’ that always accounted for a smaller proportion of total fishing effort and value (proportions investigated were ≤10, 20, or 30%) than their proportional contribution to total habitat sensitivity and trawling impact. Interannual and fleet-related differences in the distribution and intensity of trawling activity, driven by location choice and fisheries regulations, had more influence on overall trawling impacts than the exclusion of beam trawlers from a proposed network of Marine Protected Areas. If reducing habitat impacts is adopted as an objective of fisheries or environmental management, then the direct management of fishing footprints, e.g. by defining fishing grounds that exclude existing margins, can disproportionately reduce trawling impacts per unit effort or value.","Habitat is not described in the paper, however the study areas are in areas targeted for Plaice and Sole, therefore have assumed a sandy habitat","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Plaice and Sole are the primary target species in the study area","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G266, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Total habitat sensitivity and trawling impact of a given study area between 2006 - 2010","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","Interannual and fleet-related differences in the distribution and intensity of trawling activity, driven by location choice and fisheries regulations, had more influence on overall trawling impacts than the exclusion of beam trawlers from a proposed network of Marine Protected Areas. If reducing habitat impacts is adopted as an objective of fisheries or environmental management, then the direct management of fishing footprints, e.g. by defining fishing grounds that exclude existing margins, can disproportionately reduce trawling impacts per unit effort or value. ","European","UK","North Sea","2006 - 2010","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","The fishing grounds in the study consisted of intensely fished small core areas and large infrequently fished margins. The fishing for this margin areas accounted for a relatively small proportion of landings weight and value, but had relatively large proportion of the total impact on the seabed habitat. Variations in the footprint of the beam trawl fisheries from 2006 to 2010 had large consequences for habitat interactions and impact. These consequences were much greater than any of those that would result from restrictions on beam trawling in all the proposed MCZs. Thus the effects of interannual variations in the intensity and distribution of UK, non-UK, and all effort in the study area were estimated to exceed the effects of excluding trawling from MCZs by at least 21-, 10-, and 15-fold respectively. Analyses that compared the effects of removing the same amount of trawling effort from (i) sites proposed as MCZs and (ii) from the margins of fishing grounds showed that, in all but one case (UK vessels, impact on P), the exclusion of effort from margins led to larger increases in total B and P than exclusion of the same amount of effort from MCZs. Since the state of the seabed, here represented by B, has been a greater focus of conservation efforts than processes, represented by P, removal of effort from the margins of fishing grounds has greater overall conservation benefit. This analysis assumed that effort is removed rather than displaced, but the negative effects of displacement are typically smaller when vessels are excluded from marginal areas where fishing effort is necessarily low ","Using VMS UK and non-UK beam trawling vessels the distribution and intensity of trawling activity was assessed. Sensitivity was assessed using the time that the biomass or production of the benthic community took to recover to 90% of unimpacted biomass or production following a single pass of a beam trawl. Recovery times were estimated with a size-based model that had been validated with benthic community data collected at sites in the study area. Briefly, the interaction between habitat type and trawling impacts, that determines variation in sensitivity, was modelled by including relationships between benthos growth, mortality, and the environment in the model. Impact of trawling on benthic communities were estimated with the same size-base model that was used to predict recovery times. ","Sensitivity and recovery times were estimated using a model. Specific habitat is not described within the paper. However the study areas are in areas targeted for Plaice and Sole, therefore have assumed either sandy, muddy sand or gravel and sand"]
["Jennings, S., Lee, J and Hiddink, J.G. 2012. Assessing fishery footprints and the trade-offs between landings value, habitat sensitivity and fishing impacts to inform marine spatial planning and the ecosystem approach. ICES Journal of Marine Science 69: 1053-1063.","European and national policy commitments require further integration of fisheries and environmental management. We measured fishery footprints and assessed trade-offs between landings value, habitat sensitivity, and beam trawling impacts in UK territorial waters in the southern and central North Sea where marine spatial planning is underway and a network of Marine Protected Areas has been proposed. For fleets (UK and non-UK) and years (2006–2010) considered, total trawled area included extensive ‘margins’ that always accounted for a smaller proportion of total fishing effort and value (proportions investigated were ≤10, 20, or 30%) than their proportional contribution to total habitat sensitivity and trawling impact. Interannual and fleet-related differences in the distribution and intensity of trawling activity, driven by location choice and fisheries regulations, had more influence on overall trawling impacts than the exclusion of beam trawlers from a proposed network of Marine Protected Areas. If reducing habitat impacts is adopted as an objective of fisheries or environmental management, then the direct management of fishing footprints, e.g. by defining fishing grounds that exclude existing margins, can disproportionately reduce trawling impacts per unit effort or value.","Habitat is not described in the paper, however the study areas are in areas targeted for Plaice and Sole, therefore have assumed a sandy habitat","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Plaice and Sole are the primary target species in the study area","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G267, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Total habitat sensitivity and trawling impact of a given study area between 2006 - 2010","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","Interannual and fleet-related differences in the distribution and intensity of trawling activity, driven by location choice and fisheries regulations, had more influence on overall trawling impacts than the exclusion of beam trawlers from a proposed network of Marine Protected Areas. If reducing habitat impacts is adopted as an objective of fisheries or environmental management, then the direct management of fishing footprints, e.g. by defining fishing grounds that exclude existing margins, can disproportionately reduce trawling impacts per unit effort or value. ","European","UK","North Sea","2006 - 2010","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","The fishing grounds in the study consisted of intensely fished small core areas and large infrequently fished margins. The fishing for this margin areas accounted for a relatively small proportion of landings weight and value, but had relatively large proportion of the total impact on the seabed habitat. Variations in the footprint of the beam trawl fisheries from 2006 to 2010 had large consequences for habitat interactions and impact. These consequences were much greater than any of those that would result from restrictions on beam trawling in all the proposed MCZs. Thus the effects of interannual variations in the intensity and distribution of UK, non-UK, and all effort in the study area were estimated to exceed the effects of excluding trawling from MCZs by at least 21-, 10-, and 15-fold respectively. Analyses that compared the effects of removing the same amount of trawling effort from (i) sites proposed as MCZs and (ii) from the margins of fishing grounds showed that, in all but one case (UK vessels, impact on P), the exclusion of effort from margins led to larger increases in total B and P than exclusion of the same amount of effort from MCZs. Since the state of the seabed, here represented by B, has been a greater focus of conservation efforts than processes, represented by P, removal of effort from the margins of fishing grounds has greater overall conservation benefit. This analysis assumed that effort is removed rather than displaced, but the negative effects of displacement are typically smaller when vessels are excluded from marginal areas where fishing effort is necessarily low ","Using VMS UK and non-UK beam trawling vessels the distribution and intensity of trawling activity was assessed. Sensitivity was assessed using the time that the biomass or production of the benthic community took to recover to 90% of unimpacted biomass or production following a single pass of a beam trawl. Recovery times were estimated with a size-based model that had been validated with benthic community data collected at sites in the study area. Briefly, the interaction between habitat type and trawling impacts, that determines variation in sensitivity, was modelled by including relationships between benthos growth, mortality, and the environment in the model. Impact of trawling on benthic communities were estimated with the same size-base model that was used to predict recovery times. ","Sensitivity and recovery times were estimated using a model. Specific habitat is not described within the paper. However the study areas are in areas targeted for Plaice and Sole, therefore have assumed either sandy, muddy sand or gravel and sand"]
["Jennings, S., Lee, J and Hiddink, J.G. 2012. Assessing fishery footprints and the trade-offs between landings value, habitat sensitivity and fishing impacts to inform marine spatial planning and the ecosystem approach. ICES Journal of Marine Science 69: 1053-1063.","European and national policy commitments require further integration of fisheries and environmental management. We measured fishery footprints and assessed trade-offs between landings value, habitat sensitivity, and beam trawling impacts in UK territorial waters in the southern and central North Sea where marine spatial planning is underway and a network of Marine Protected Areas has been proposed. For fleets (UK and non-UK) and years (2006–2010) considered, total trawled area included extensive ‘margins’ that always accounted for a smaller proportion of total fishing effort and value (proportions investigated were ≤10, 20, or 30%) than their proportional contribution to total habitat sensitivity and trawling impact. Interannual and fleet-related differences in the distribution and intensity of trawling activity, driven by location choice and fisheries regulations, had more influence on overall trawling impacts than the exclusion of beam trawlers from a proposed network of Marine Protected Areas. If reducing habitat impacts is adopted as an objective of fisheries or environmental management, then the direct management of fishing footprints, e.g. by defining fishing grounds that exclude existing margins, can disproportionately reduce trawling impacts per unit effort or value.","Habitat is not described in the paper, however the study areas are in areas targeted for Plaice and Sole, therefore have assumed either sandy, muddy sand or gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Plaice and Sole are the primary target species in the study area","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G268, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Total habitat sensitivity and trawling impact of a given study area between 2006 - 2010","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High",null,"Seafish RASS","Interannual and fleet-related differences in the distribution and intensity of trawling activity, driven by location choice and fisheries regulations, had more influence on overall trawling impacts than the exclusion of beam trawlers from a proposed network of Marine Protected Areas. If reducing habitat impacts is adopted as an objective of fisheries or environmental management, then the direct management of fishing footprints, e.g. by defining fishing grounds that exclude existing margins, can disproportionately reduce trawling impacts per unit effort or value. ","European","UK","North Sea","2006 - 2010","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","The fishing grounds in the study consisted of intensely fished small core areas and large infrequently fished margins. The fishing for this margin areas accounted for a relatively small proportion of landings weight and value, but had relatively large proportion of the total impact on the seabed habitat. Variations in the footprint of the beam trawl fisheries from 2006 to 2010 had large consequences for habitat interactions and impact. These consequences were much greater than any of those that would result from restrictions on beam trawling in all the proposed MCZs. Thus the effects of interannual variations in the intensity and distribution of UK, non-UK, and all effort in the study area were estimated to exceed the effects of excluding trawling from MCZs by at least 21-, 10-, and 15-fold respectively. Analyses that compared the effects of removing the same amount of trawling effort from (i) sites proposed as MCZs and (ii) from the margins of fishing grounds showed that, in all but one case (UK vessels, impact on P), the exclusion of effort from margins led to larger increases in total B and P than exclusion of the same amount of effort from MCZs. Since the state of the seabed, here represented by B, has been a greater focus of conservation efforts than processes, represented by P, removal of effort from the margins of fishing grounds has greater overall conservation benefit. This analysis assumed that effort is removed rather than displaced, but the negative effects of displacement are typically smaller when vessels are excluded from marginal areas where fishing effort is necessarily low ","Using VMS UK and non-UK beam trawling vessels the distribution and intensity of trawling activity was assessed. Sensitivity was assessed using the time that the biomass or production of the benthic community took to recover to 90% of unimpacted biomass or production following a single pass of a beam trawl. Recovery times were estimated with a size-based model that had been validated with benthic community data collected at sites in the study area. Briefly, the interaction between habitat type and trawling impacts, that determines variation in sensitivity, was modelled by including relationships between benthos growth, mortality, and the environment in the model. Impact of trawling on benthic communities were estimated with the same size-base model that was used to predict recovery times. ","Sensitivity and recovery times were estimated using a model. Specific habitat is not described within the paper. However the study areas are in areas targeted for Plaice and Sole, therefore have assumed either sandy, muddy sand or gravel and sand"]
["Hill AS, Veale LO, Pennington D, Whyte SG, Brand AR, Hartnoll RG. 1999. Changes in Irish Sea benthos: possible effects of 40 years of dredging. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 1999; 48: 739-750.","From 1946 to 1951 Dr N. S. Jones sampled the benthos around the south of the Isle of Man from over 200 sites. Multivariate methods have been used here to compare subsets of this historical data with recent data from the same locations: of these locations some have been subject to heavy scallop dredging over the intervening 40 plus years and some to little dredging. Clear changes were apparent regardless of scallop dredging intensity. Some of the changes in the heavily dredged areas were those expected to result from extreme physical disturbance—an increased polychaete mollusc ratio, loss of some fragile species, and an increase in the predominance of scavenger/predator species. However, changes in the lightly dredged areas also included the loss of a number of species including some potentially fragile tube-dwellers. Reasons for these changes were not apparent.","Sand, gravel and shells","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Scallop dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G269, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Biodiversity and physical disturbance ","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High","http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771499904766","Seafish RASS","40 year data set looking at locations which have been heavily fished and some which have been sibject to very little fishing.",null,null,null,"Not Specified","Not Specified",null,"There were changes in both the intensely fished areas and the lightly fished areas.  Some of the changes in both intensities were the same such as the loss of a number of species. The paper does not conclude why these changes occur.","Multivariate methods have been used here to compare subsets of this historical data with recent data from the same locations: of these locations some have been subject to heavy scallop dredging over the intervening 40 plus years and some to little dredging. ","Not able to access the whole paper and the habitat is not described. As such, habitat dfeature is based on typical scallop habitat  "]
["Hinz, H., Hiddink, J.G., Forde, J., and Kaiser, M.J. 2008. Large-scale responses of nematode communities to chronic otter-trawl disturbance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65: 723–732.","Nematodes, because of their small size and short life cycles, are thought to be less affected by direct trawling mortality compared with the larger macrofauna. However, nematodes may still be indirectly affected by the physical disturbance of trawling through changing sediment characteristics and food web structure. We determined whether nematode communities on two muddy fishing grounds located in the North Sea and Irish Sea were affected by chronic otter-trawl disturbance and quantified these effects. Nematode abundance, production, and genus richness declined in response to trawling within both areas. Nematode biomass did not respond to trawling intensity. Genus composition was affected by trawling only in the North Sea. The responses in abundance of individual nematode genera to increasing trawling intensity were negative as well as positive. These results indicate that despite their size and fast life cycle, nematodes are affected by intensive trawling on muddy fishing grounds. The loss in secondary production from nematodes can have far-reaching consequences for the integrity of the benthic food web. As bottom trawl fisheries are expanding into ever deeper muddy habitats, the results presented here are an important step towards understanding the global ecosystem effects of bottom trawling.","Decribed as Muddy fishing grounds","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Heavy otter or light otter trawl. Is not specified. Have used heavy on a precauntionary basis","Heavy otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G270, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Direct mortaility and indirect physical disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High","http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f08-002#.Vp9OivmLTIU","Seafish RASS","Considering Nemotode response to otter trawling on muddy fishing grounds. ","European","UK","North and Irish Sea","Not Specified","Not Specified","impact","Nematode abundance, production, and genus richness declined in response to trawling within both areas. Nematode biomass did not respond to trawling intensity. Genus composition was affected by trawling only in the North Sea. The responses in abundance of individual nematode genera to increasing trawling intensity were negative as well as positive. These results indicate that despite their size and fast life cycle, nematodes are affected by intensive trawling on muddy fishing grounds.","Two fishing grounds in the North and Irish Sea were analysised to determine whether Nemotode coomunities were affected by chronic otter-trawl disturbance and quantified these effects. ","Have not been able to access the whole paper"]
["Lambert, G. I., Murray, L.G., Hiddink J. G., Hinz H., Salomonsen H, & Kaiser, M.J. (2015a, b and c). Impact of scallop dredging on benthic communities and habitat features in the Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation. Part I, II and III – Impact on infaunal invertebrates. Fisheries & Conservation report No. 59, 60 and 61.  Bangor University. ","The objective of the work was to determine the effect of scallop dredging on the benthic communities and habitat characteristics in Cardigan Bay SAC and identify sustainable levels of scallop dredging to inform management options. A large scale Before-After Control-Impact (BACI) experiment was therefore conducted in the western part of the permanently closed area, i.e. closed since 2009, by experimentally dredging areas at different intensities. The benthic fauna was then compared between areas that were fished at different intensities, and recovery from fishing monitored after 4 months.",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Scallop Dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G271, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","Yes?","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","17 Sample sites which included 4 control sites and 13 sits there fished with different intensities. Video, beam trawls, Hamon Grab, multibeam and side sonar techiques were used to anaysis the results of scallop dredging on the marine environment. ","European","Wales","Cardingan Bay","March 2014 - September 2014",null,"Impact and recovery ","The physical impact of fishing were not consistent across substrate types. Results shows that fishing has got an impact in the Cardigan Bay SAC but that, if scallop dredging was allowed, there would be potential for recovery under the specific conditions that were tested in the present experiment: the fished ground was closed during summer, part of the SAC remained protected and fishing effort was capped in areas where fishing was allowed. Assuming that the scallop fishing season remains closed from the 1st of May until the 1st of October, as it is now, the results of our experiments suggest that the fished area should not be fished over 3 to 4 times during the open season or else part of the fauna would not have time to fully recover. It is not certain that benthic communities fished below this threshold would fully recover but the area seems to show some degree of resilience. Rotating spatially open and closed areas would insure that communities are given time to fully recover to their present status","Three scientific surveys were conducted on board the RV Prince Madog. The “before” survey took place between the 15th and 31st of March 2014, fishing took place between the 1st and 30th of April, the “after” survey took place between the 1st and 17th of May 2014 and the “recovery” survey between the 7th and 16th of September 2014. During each survey biological and physical data were collected using video camera, beam trawl, Hamon grab, multibeam and side scan sonar."]
["Lambert, G. I., Murray, L.G., Hiddink J. G., Hinz H., Salomonsen H, & Kaiser, M.J. (2015a, b and c). Impact of scallop dredging on benthic communities and habitat features in the Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation. Part I, II and III – Impact on infaunal invertebrates. Fisheries & Conservation report No. 59, 60 and 61.  Bangor University. ","The objective of the work was to determine the effect of scallop dredging on the benthic communities and habitat characteristics in Cardigan Bay SAC and identify sustainable levels of scallop dredging to inform management options. A large scale Before-After Control-Impact (BACI) experiment was therefore conducted in the western part of the permanently closed area, i.e. closed since 2009, by experimentally dredging areas at different intensities. The benthic fauna was then compared between areas that were fished at different intensities, and recovery from fishing monitored after 4 months.","Gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Scallop Dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G272, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","Yes?","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","17 Sample sites which included 4 control sites and 13 sits there fished with different intensities. Video, beam trawls, Hamon Grab, multibeam and side sonar techiques were used to anaysis the results of scallop dredging on the marine environment. ","European","Wales","Cardingan Bay","March 2014 - September 2014","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","The physical impact of fishing were not consistent across substrate types. Results shows that fishing has got an impact in the Cardigan Bay SAC but that, if scallop dredging was allowed, there would be potential for recovery under the specific conditions that were tested in the present experiment: the fished ground was closed during summer, part of the SAC remained protected and fishing effort was capped in areas where fishing was allowed. Assuming that the scallop fishing season remains closed from the 1st of May until the 1st of October, as it is now, the results of our experiments suggest that the fished area should not be fished over 3 to 4 times during the open season or else part of the fauna would not have time to fully recover. It is not certain that benthic communities fished below this threshold would fully recover but the area seems to show some degree of resilience. Rotating spatially open and closed areas would insure that communities are given time to fully recover to their present status","Three scientific surveys were conducted on board the RV Prince Madog. The “before” survey took place between the 15th and 31st of March 2014, fishing took place between the 1st and 30th of April, the “after” survey took place between the 1st and 17th of May 2014 and the “recovery” survey between the 7th and 16th of September 2014. During each survey biological and physical data were collected using video camera, beam trawl, Hamon grab, multibeam and side scan sonar."]
["Bergman, M.J. and  Hup, M. 1992. Direct effects of beam trawling on macrofauna in a sandy sediment in the southern North Sea. ICES Marine Science Symposium 49: 5–11.","The presence of certain species of benthic infauna in catches from a beamtrawl indicated that tickler chains and the ground chain can scrape off successive layers of sediment and reach at least 6 cm into the sediment. Direct effects of beamtrawling on benthic species in the North Sea were determined by comparing faunal abundance before and after commercial beamtrawling on a hard-sandy sediment. In autumn 1989 three-fold trawl- ing of the experimental area resulted in a decrease in density (10-65%) of a number of species of echinoderms, polychaetes and molluscs.","Fine to Medium  hard sandy well packed sediments","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Beam Trawl type not specified","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G273, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative",null,"High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","The presence of certain species of benthic infauna in catches from a beamtrawl indicated that tickler chains and the ground chain can scrape off successive layers of sediment and reach at least 6 cm into the sediment. Direct effects of beamtrawling on benthic species in the North Sea were determined by comparing faunal abundance before and after commercial beamtrawling on a hard-sandy sediment. In autumn 1989 three-fold trawl- ing of the experimental area resulted in a decrease in density (10-65%) of a number of species of echinoderms, polychaetes and molluscs.","European","Netherlands","45km North Ameland",1986,"30m","Impact and recovery ","Tickler chains and ground chains can penetrate the sediments at least 6 cm. There was a decrease in density of echinderm, polychaetes and molluscs. ","After an initial survey of bottom fauna a beam trawler trawled over the quadrant in a seies of parallel hauls. 8 hours after the trawl a side-scan sonar survey was undertaken. The benthos was sampled again. Then to be sure the whole stufies site was covered with trawls, the area was trawled twice more. Again coverage was checked with a side-scan sonar and 16 hours after trawling the benthos was sampled again. Depth of penetration was assessed by assessing the catches. A   4th Benthos sample was taken 2 weeks after trawling. ","During the last benthic survey, epifauna was not collected because of  emigration and immigration of fast moving animals may have taken place within the 2 week gap"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","SAV","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Scallop Dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G274, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,null,"impact","Increased dredging resulted in significant reductions in biomass and number of shoots","Literature review"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","Sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Scallop Dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G275, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,null,"impact","Smoothed bedforms; reduction of epifaunal coverage; shell aggregate dispersal ","Literature review"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","Hardbottom/Biogenic","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Scallop Dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G276, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,null,"impact","Single passage can kill 70% of the living maerl in the dredge path. Flora and megafauna to a depth of 10 cm are damaged. • Dredge tracks remain visible for 2.5 years in maerl habitats. • Maerl is a ―living sediment‖ that is slow to recover from disturbance due to extremely low growth rates","Literature review"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","Muddy Sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Scallop Dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G277, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,null,"impact","A gradient of increasing large epifauna cover correlated with decreasing fishing effort","Literature review"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","Gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Scallop Dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G278, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,null,"impact","Undredged sites had higher numbers of organisms, biomass, species richness, and species diversity than dredged sites. Undredged sites had bushy epifauna, dredged sites were dominated by hardshelled mollusks, crabs, and echinoderms (6, 7) • Suspended fine sediment and buried gravel below the sediment water interface (3) • Smoothed bedforms; hydrozoan cover removed; reduced densities of shrimp","Literature review"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","SAV","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Oyster Dredge","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G279, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,null,"impact","Gear modified for clam harvest reduction in coverage; loss of rhizomes; extended recovery time; sediment suspension; smothering of SAV","Literature review"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","Hardbottom/Biogenic","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Oyster Dredge","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G280, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,null,"impact","Reduction in height of oyster reefs, increased susceptibility to hypoxia","Literature review"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","SAV","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Otter Trawl","Heavy Otter Trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G281, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,null,"impact","Reduction in coverage; loss of rhizomes; sediment suspension; smothering of SAV","Literature review"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","Sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Otter Trawl","Heavy Otter Trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G282, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,null,"impact","Reduction of epifaunal coverage; smoothed bedforms; compression of sediments; sediment suspension (fines); reduction in depth of oxygenated sediments  • Roller gear  produced depressions; chain gear caused damage or loss of\nepifaunal coverage • Well buried boulders removed and displaced\nfrom sediment; trawl doors smoothed sand waves; penetrated\nseabed 0–40 mm ","Literature review"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","Hardbottom/Biogenic","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Otter Trawl","Heavy Otter Trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G283, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,null,"impact","Reduced density and size of bryozoan colonies in trawled areas vs. closed areas  • Trawled areas showed mussel beds of lower structural complexity and less attached epibenthos compared with untrawled areas","Literature review"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","Muddy Sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Otter Trawl","Heavy Otter Trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G284, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,null,"impact","Reduction of epifaunal coverage; smoothed bedforms;  compression of sediments; sediment suspension (fines);  reduction in depth of oxygenated sediments","Literature review"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","Sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G285, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,null,"impact","Trawl removed high number of the hydroidTubularia","Literature review"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","Aims of the project were to: 1)Summarise and evaluate existing knowledge on the effects of bottom trawling on the structure of seafloor habitats and on the abundance, productivity, and diversity of bottom-dwelling species in relation to gear type and trawling method, frequency of trawling, bottom type, species, and other important characteristics; 2)summarise and evaluate knowledge about changes in seafloor habitats associated with trawling and with the cessation of trawling; 3) summarise and evaluate research on the indirect effects of bottom trawling on non-seafloor species; 4) recommend how existing information could be used more effectively in managing trawl fisheries; and 5) recommend research to improve understanding of the effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats.","Gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Beam Trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G286, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No","Medium","http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Review of literatire on the impacts of fishing on habitats","Worldwide","Worldwide","Worldwide",null,"Not Specified","impact","50% reduction in density of epifauna such as hydroids and soft coral","Literature review"]
["Depestele, J., Ivanovic, A., Degrendele, K., Esmaeili, M., Polet, H., Roche, M., Summerbell, K., Teal, L.R., Vanelslander, B., and F.G. O'Neill, 2015. Measuring and assessing the physical impact of beam trawling. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv056.","Beam trawling causes physical disruption of the seabed through contact of the gear components with the sediment and the resuspension of sediment into the water column in the turbulent wake of the gear. To be able to measure and quantify these impacts is important so that gears of reduced impact can be developed. Here we assess the physical impact of both a conventional 4 m tickler-chain beam trawl and a “Delmeco” electric pulse beam trawl. We measure the changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and use a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. We also estimate the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Our results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between _1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, our results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of these two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration. The complimentary insights of the different techniques highlight the advantage of investigating multiple effects such as sediment penetration and resuspension simultaneously and using both field trials and numerical modelling approaches.","Only sand is mentioned within the paper","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","4m tickler chain beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G287, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Measured and quantified the effects of beam and pulse trawling. The changes in seabed were measureed along with the concentration and particle size of the sediments put into susupension due to the trawling. Also estimated the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Research used 4m beam trawls.","European","Southern North Sea",null,2013,"15-22m ","impact","Results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between 1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, the results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of the two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration","Changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears (4m beam trawls) was measured using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and used a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. The modelling was carried out using the Esmaeili and Ivanovic´ (2014) model whereby the physical interaction between groundgear components and the seabed was modelled  using the finite element coupled Eulerian Lagrangian approach with Abaqus software. ","Only sand is mentioned within the paper. Attributed to sand (high energy), gravel and sand, muddy sand. "]
["Depestele, J., Ivanovic, A., Degrendele, K., Esmaeili, M., Polet, H., Roche, M., Summerbell, K., Teal, L.R., Vanelslander, B., and F.G. O'Neill, 2015. Measuring and assessing the physical impact of beam trawling. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv056.","Beam trawling causes physical disruption of the seabed through contact of the gear components with the sediment and the resuspension of sediment into the water column in the turbulent wake of the gear. To be able to measure and quantify these impacts is important so that gears of reduced impact can be developed. Here we assess the physical impact of both a conventional 4 m tickler-chain beam trawl and a “Delmeco” electric pulse beam trawl. We measure the changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and use a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. We also estimate the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Our results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between _1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, our results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of these two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration. The complimentary insights of the different techniques highlight the advantage of investigating multiple effects such as sediment penetration and resuspension simultaneously and using both field trials and numerical modelling approaches.","Only sand is mentioned within the paper","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","'Delmec'' electric pulse beam trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G288, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Measured and quantified the effects of beam and poulse trawling. The chnages in seabed were measureed along with the concentration and particle size of the sediments put into susupension due the the trawling. Also estimate the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Research used 4m beam trawls.","European","Southern North Sea",null,2013,"15-22m ","impact","Results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between 1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, the results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of the two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration","Changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears (4m beam trawls) was measured using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and used a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. The modelling was carried out using the Esmaeili and Ivanovic´ (2014) model whereby the physical interaction between groundgear components and the seabed was modelled  using the finite element coupled Eulerian Lagrangian approach with Abaqus software. ","Only sand is mentioned within the paper. Attributed to sand (high energy), gravel and sand, muddy sand. "]
["Depestele, J., Ivanovic, A., Degrendele, K., Esmaeili, M., Polet, H., Roche, M., Summerbell, K., Teal, L.R., Vanelslander, B., and F.G. O'Neill, 2015. Measuring and assessing the physical impact of beam trawling. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv056.","Beam trawling causes physical disruption of the seabed through contact of the gear components with the sediment and the resuspension of sediment into the water column in the turbulent wake of the gear. To be able to measure and quantify these impacts is important so that gears of reduced impact can be developed. Here we assess the physical impact of both a conventional 4 m tickler-chain beam trawl and a “Delmeco” electric pulse beam trawl. We measure the changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and use a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. We also estimate the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Our results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between _1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, our results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of these two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration. The complimentary insights of the different techniques highlight the advantage of investigating multiple effects such as sediment penetration and resuspension simultaneously and using both field trials and numerical modelling approaches.","Only sand is mentioned within the paper","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","4m tickler chain beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G289, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Measured and quantified the effects of beam and pulse trawling. The changes in seabed were measureed along with the concentration and particle size of the sediments put into susupension due to the trawling. Also estimated the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Research used 4m beam trawls.","European","Southern North Sea",null,2013,"15-22m ","impact","Results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between 1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, the results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of the two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration","Changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears (4m beam trawls) was measured using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and used a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. The modelling was carried out using the Esmaeili and Ivanovic´ (2014) model whereby the physical interaction between groundgear components and the seabed was modelled  using the finite element coupled Eulerian Lagrangian approach with Abaqus software. ","Only sand is mentioned within the paper. Attributed to sand (high energy), gravel and sand, muddy sand. "]
["Depestele, J., Ivanovic, A., Degrendele, K., Esmaeili, M., Polet, H., Roche, M., Summerbell, K., Teal, L.R., Vanelslander, B., and F.G. O'Neill, 2015. Measuring and assessing the physical impact of beam trawling. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv056.","Beam trawling causes physical disruption of the seabed through contact of the gear components with the sediment and the resuspension of sediment into the water column in the turbulent wake of the gear. To be able to measure and quantify these impacts is important so that gears of reduced impact can be developed. Here we assess the physical impact of both a conventional 4 m tickler-chain beam trawl and a “Delmeco” electric pulse beam trawl. We measure the changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and use a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. We also estimate the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Our results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between _1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, our results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of these two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration. The complimentary insights of the different techniques highlight the advantage of investigating multiple effects such as sediment penetration and resuspension simultaneously and using both field trials and numerical modelling approaches.","Only sand is mentioned within the paper","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","'Delmec'' electric pulse beam trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G290, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Measured and quantified the effects of beam and poulse trawling. The chnages in seabed were measureed along with the concentration and particle size of the sediments put into susupension due the the trawling. Also estimate the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Research used 4m beam trawls.","European","Southern North Sea",null,2013,"15-22m ","impact","Results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between 1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, the results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of the two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration","Changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears (4m beam trawls) was measured using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and used a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. The modelling was carried out using the Esmaeili and Ivanovic´ (2014) model whereby the physical interaction between groundgear components and the seabed was modelled  using the finite element coupled Eulerian Lagrangian approach with Abaqus software. ","Only sand is mentioned within the paper. Attributed to sand (high energy), gravel and sand, muddy sand. "]
["Depestele, J., Ivanovic, A., Degrendele, K., Esmaeili, M., Polet, H., Roche, M., Summerbell, K., Teal, L.R., Vanelslander, B., and F.G. O'Neill, 2015. Measuring and assessing the physical impact of beam trawling. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv056.","Beam trawling causes physical disruption of the seabed through contact of the gear components with the sediment and the resuspension of sediment into the water column in the turbulent wake of the gear. To be able to measure and quantify these impacts is important so that gears of reduced impact can be developed. Here we assess the physical impact of both a conventional 4 m tickler-chain beam trawl and a “Delmeco” electric pulse beam trawl. We measure the changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and use a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. We also estimate the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Our results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between _1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, our results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of these two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration. The complimentary insights of the different techniques highlight the advantage of investigating multiple effects such as sediment penetration and resuspension simultaneously and using both field trials and numerical modelling approaches.","Only sand is mentioned within the paper","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","4m tickler chain beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G291, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Measured and quantified the effects of beam and pulse trawling. The changes in seabed were measureed along with the concentration and particle size of the sediments put into susupension due to the trawling. Also estimated the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Research used 4m beam trawls.","European","Southern North Sea",null,2013,"15-22m ","impact","Results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between 1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, the results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of the two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration","Changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears (4m beam trawls) was measured using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and used a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. The modelling was carried out using the Esmaeili and Ivanovic´ (2014) model whereby the physical interaction between groundgear components and the seabed was modelled  using the finite element coupled Eulerian Lagrangian approach with Abaqus software. ","Only sand is mentioned within the paper. Attributed to sand (high energy), gravel and sand, muddy sand. "]
["Depestele, J., Ivanovic, A., Degrendele, K., Esmaeili, M., Polet, H., Roche, M., Summerbell, K., Teal, L.R., Vanelslander, B., and F.G. O'Neill, 2015. Measuring and assessing the physical impact of beam trawling. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv056.","Beam trawling causes physical disruption of the seabed through contact of the gear components with the sediment and the resuspension of sediment into the water column in the turbulent wake of the gear. To be able to measure and quantify these impacts is important so that gears of reduced impact can be developed. Here we assess the physical impact of both a conventional 4 m tickler-chain beam trawl and a “Delmeco” electric pulse beam trawl. We measure the changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and use a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. We also estimate the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Our results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between _1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, our results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of these two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration. The complimentary insights of the different techniques highlight the advantage of investigating multiple effects such as sediment penetration and resuspension simultaneously and using both field trials and numerical modelling approaches.","Only sand is mentioned within the paper","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","'Delmec'' electric pulse beam trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G292, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Measured and quantified the effects of beam and poulse trawling. The chnages in seabed were measureed along with the concentration and particle size of the sediments put into susupension due the the trawling. Also estimate the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Research used 4m beam trawls.","European","Southern North Sea",null,2013,"15-22m ","impact","Results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between 1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, the results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of the two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration","Changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears (4m beam trawls) was measured using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and used a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. The modelling was carried out using the Esmaeili and Ivanovic´ (2014) model whereby the physical interaction between groundgear components and the seabed was modelled  using the finite element coupled Eulerian Lagrangian approach with Abaqus software. ","Only sand is mentioned within the paper. Attributed to sand (high energy), gravel and sand, muddy sand. "]
["Eigaard, O., Bastardie, F., Breen, M., Dinesen, G.E., Hintzen, N.T., Laffargue, P., Mortensen, L.O., Rasmus Nielsen, J., Nilsson, H.C., O'Neill, F.G., Polet, H., Reid, D.G., Sala, A., Sköld, M., Smith, C., Sørensen, T.K., Tully, O., Zengin, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D. 2015. Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv099.","This study assesses the seabed pressure of towed fishing gears and models the physical impact (area and depth of seabed penetration) from tripbased information of vessel size, gear type, and catch. Traditionally fishing pressures are calculated top-down by making use of large-scale statistics such as logbook data. Here, we take a different approach starting from the gear itself (design and dimensions) to estimate the physical interactions with the seabed at the level of the individual fishing operation. We defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier. Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of [1]1.6 km2 h21 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2h21). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators, which are discussed in the context of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management","Sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Demersal Seines","Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G293, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Semi Quantative","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Taking the approach to assess the impact of fishing based on the gear type and dimensions as opposed to data from log books and VMS, this paper considers the demension of the gear and models this against how the gear will interact with the sediment. ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact","Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of about 1.6 km2 h-1 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2 h-1). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators. The main outcome of the present research is a framework for predicting gear dimensions and sediment penetration depths based on data for vessel size, gear type, and target species at the level of the individual fishing operation","Defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier.","Assumed that the relative penetration depths by gear component for a given gear are similar for all sediments, but does acknowledge that in general, the penetration of a particularcomponent will be deeper on finer and softer sediments"]
["Eigaard, O., Bastardie, F., Breen, M., Dinesen, G.E., Hintzen, N.T., Laffargue, P., Mortensen, L.O., Rasmus Nielsen, J., Nilsson, H.C., O'Neill, F.G., Polet, H., Reid, D.G., Sala, A., Sköld, M., Smith, C., Sørensen, T.K., Tully, O., Zengin, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D. 2015. Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv099.","This study assesses the seabed pressure of towed fishing gears and models the physical impact (area and depth of seabed penetration) from tripbased information of vessel size, gear type, and catch. Traditionally fishing pressures are calculated top-down by making use of large-scale statistics such as logbook data. Here, we take a different approach starting from the gear itself (design and dimensions) to estimate the physical interactions with the seabed at the level of the individual fishing operation. We defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier. Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of [1]1.6 km2 h21 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2h21). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators, which are discussed in the context of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management","Sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Beam Trawls","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G294, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Semi Quantative","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Taking the approach to assess the impact of fishing based on the gear type and dimensions as opposed to data from log books and VMS, this paper considers the demension of the gear and models this against how the gear will interact with the sediment. ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact","Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of about 1.6 km2 h-1 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2 h-1). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators. The main outcome of the present research is a framework for predicting gear dimensions and sediment penetration depths based on data for vessel size, gear type, and target species at the level of the individual fishing operation","Defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier.","Assumed that the relative penetration depths by gear component for a given gear are similar for all sediments, but does acknowledge that in general, the penetration of a particularcomponent will be deeper on finer and softer sediments"]
["Eigaard, O., Bastardie, F., Breen, M., Dinesen, G.E., Hintzen, N.T., Laffargue, P., Mortensen, L.O., Rasmus Nielsen, J., Nilsson, H.C., O'Neill, F.G., Polet, H., Reid, D.G., Sala, A., Sköld, M., Smith, C., Sørensen, T.K., Tully, O., Zengin, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D. 2015. Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv099.","This study assesses the seabed pressure of towed fishing gears and models the physical impact (area and depth of seabed penetration) from tripbased information of vessel size, gear type, and catch. Traditionally fishing pressures are calculated top-down by making use of large-scale statistics such as logbook data. Here, we take a different approach starting from the gear itself (design and dimensions) to estimate the physical interactions with the seabed at the level of the individual fishing operation. We defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier. Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of [1]1.6 km2 h21 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2h21). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators, which are discussed in the context of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management","Sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Otter Trawls","Light otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G295, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Semi Quantative","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Taking the approach to assess the impact of fishing based on the gear type and dimensions as opposed to data from log books and VMS, this paper considers the demension of the gear and models this against how the gear will interact with the sediment. ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact","Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of about 1.6 km2 h-1 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2 h-1). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators. The main outcome of the present research is a framework for predicting gear dimensions and sediment penetration depths based on data for vessel size, gear type, and target species at the level of the individual fishing operation","Defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier.","Assumed that the relative penetration depths by gear component for a given gear are similar for all sediments, but does acknowledge that in general, the penetration of a particularcomponent will be deeper on finer and softer sediments"]
["Eigaard, O., Bastardie, F., Breen, M., Dinesen, G.E., Hintzen, N.T., Laffargue, P., Mortensen, L.O., Rasmus Nielsen, J., Nilsson, H.C., O'Neill, F.G., Polet, H., Reid, D.G., Sala, A., Sköld, M., Smith, C., Sørensen, T.K., Tully, O., Zengin, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D. 2015. Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv099.","This study assesses the seabed pressure of towed fishing gears and models the physical impact (area and depth of seabed penetration) from tripbased information of vessel size, gear type, and catch. Traditionally fishing pressures are calculated top-down by making use of large-scale statistics such as logbook data. Here, we take a different approach starting from the gear itself (design and dimensions) to estimate the physical interactions with the seabed at the level of the individual fishing operation. We defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier. Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of [1]1.6 km2 h21 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2h21). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators, which are discussed in the context of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management","Sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Dredgers","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G296, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Semi Quantative","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Taking the approach to assess the impact of fishing based on the gear type and dimensions as opposed to data from log books and VMS, this paper considers the demension of the gear and models this against how the gear will interact with the sediment. ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact","Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of about 1.6 km2 h-1 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2 h-1). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators. The main outcome of the present research is a framework for predicting gear dimensions and sediment penetration depths based on data for vessel size, gear type, and target species at the level of the individual fishing operation","Defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier.","Assumed that the relative penetration depths by gear component for a given gear are similar for all sediments, but does acknowledge that in general, the penetration of a particularcomponent will be deeper on finer and softer sediments"]
["Eigaard, O., Bastardie, F., Breen, M., Dinesen, G.E., Hintzen, N.T., Laffargue, P., Mortensen, L.O., Rasmus Nielsen, J., Nilsson, H.C., O'Neill, F.G., Polet, H., Reid, D.G., Sala, A., Sköld, M., Smith, C., Sørensen, T.K., Tully, O., Zengin, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D. 2015. Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv099.","This study assesses the seabed pressure of towed fishing gears and models the physical impact (area and depth of seabed penetration) from tripbased information of vessel size, gear type, and catch. Traditionally fishing pressures are calculated top-down by making use of large-scale statistics such as logbook data. Here, we take a different approach starting from the gear itself (design and dimensions) to estimate the physical interactions with the seabed at the level of the individual fishing operation. We defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier. Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of [1]1.6 km2 h21 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2h21). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators, which are discussed in the context of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management","Muddy Sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Demersal Seines","Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G297, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Semi Quantative","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Taking the approach to assess the impact of fishing based on the gear type and dimensions as opposed to data from log books and VMS, this paper considers the demension of the gear and models this against how the gear will interact with the sediment. ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact","Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of about 1.6 km2 h-1 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2 h-1). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators. The main outcome of the present research is a framework for predicting gear dimensions and sediment penetration depths based on data for vessel size, gear type, and target species at the level of the individual fishing operation","Defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier.","Assumed that the relative penetration depths by gear component for a given gear are similar for all sediments, but does acknowledge that in general, the penetration of a particularcomponent will be deeper on finer and softer sediments"]
["Eigaard, O., Bastardie, F., Breen, M., Dinesen, G.E., Hintzen, N.T., Laffargue, P., Mortensen, L.O., Rasmus Nielsen, J., Nilsson, H.C., O'Neill, F.G., Polet, H., Reid, D.G., Sala, A., Sköld, M., Smith, C., Sørensen, T.K., Tully, O., Zengin, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D. 2015. Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv099.","This study assesses the seabed pressure of towed fishing gears and models the physical impact (area and depth of seabed penetration) from tripbased information of vessel size, gear type, and catch. Traditionally fishing pressures are calculated top-down by making use of large-scale statistics such as logbook data. Here, we take a different approach starting from the gear itself (design and dimensions) to estimate the physical interactions with the seabed at the level of the individual fishing operation. We defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier. Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of [1]1.6 km2 h21 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2h21). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators, which are discussed in the context of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management","Muddy Sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Beam Trawls","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G298, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Semi Quantative","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Taking the approach to assess the impact of fishing based on the gear type and dimensions as opposed to data from log books and VMS, this paper considers the demension of the gear and models this against how the gear will interact with the sediment. ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact","Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of about 1.6 km2 h-1 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2 h-1). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators. The main outcome of the present research is a framework for predicting gear dimensions and sediment penetration depths based on data for vessel size, gear type, and target species at the level of the individual fishing operation","Defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier.","Assumed that the relative penetration depths by gear component for a given gear are similar for all sediments, but does acknowledge that in general, the penetration of a particularcomponent will be deeper on finer and softer sediments"]
["Eigaard, O., Bastardie, F., Breen, M., Dinesen, G.E., Hintzen, N.T., Laffargue, P., Mortensen, L.O., Rasmus Nielsen, J., Nilsson, H.C., O'Neill, F.G., Polet, H., Reid, D.G., Sala, A., Sköld, M., Smith, C., Sørensen, T.K., Tully, O., Zengin, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D. 2015. Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv099.","This study assesses the seabed pressure of towed fishing gears and models the physical impact (area and depth of seabed penetration) from tripbased information of vessel size, gear type, and catch. Traditionally fishing pressures are calculated top-down by making use of large-scale statistics such as logbook data. Here, we take a different approach starting from the gear itself (design and dimensions) to estimate the physical interactions with the seabed at the level of the individual fishing operation. We defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier. Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of [1]1.6 km2 h21 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2h21). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators, which are discussed in the context of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management","Muddy Sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Otter Trawls","Light otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G299, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Semi Quantative","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Taking the approach to assess the impact of fishing based on the gear type and dimensions as opposed to data from log books and VMS, this paper considers the demension of the gear and models this against how the gear will interact with the sediment. ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact","Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of about 1.6 km2 h-1 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2 h-1). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators. The main outcome of the present research is a framework for predicting gear dimensions and sediment penetration depths based on data for vessel size, gear type, and target species at the level of the individual fishing operation","Defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier.","Assumed that the relative penetration depths by gear component for a given gear are similar for all sediments, but does acknowledge that in general, the penetration of a particularcomponent will be deeper on finer and softer sediments"]
["Eigaard, O., Bastardie, F., Breen, M., Dinesen, G.E., Hintzen, N.T., Laffargue, P., Mortensen, L.O., Rasmus Nielsen, J., Nilsson, H.C., O'Neill, F.G., Polet, H., Reid, D.G., Sala, A., Sköld, M., Smith, C., Sørensen, T.K., Tully, O., Zengin, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D. 2015. Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv099.","This study assesses the seabed pressure of towed fishing gears and models the physical impact (area and depth of seabed penetration) from tripbased information of vessel size, gear type, and catch. Traditionally fishing pressures are calculated top-down by making use of large-scale statistics such as logbook data. Here, we take a different approach starting from the gear itself (design and dimensions) to estimate the physical interactions with the seabed at the level of the individual fishing operation. We defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier. Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of [1]1.6 km2 h21 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2h21). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators, which are discussed in the context of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management","Muddy Sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Dredgers","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G300, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Physical Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Semi Quantative","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Taking the approach to assess the impact of fishing based on the gear type and dimensions as opposed to data from log books and VMS, this paper considers the demension of the gear and models this against how the gear will interact with the sediment. ","European","European","European","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact","Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of about 1.6 km2 h-1 of which 0.08 km2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km2 h-1). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators. The main outcome of the present research is a framework for predicting gear dimensions and sediment penetration depths based on data for vessel size, gear type, and target species at the level of the individual fishing operation","Defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear’s impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by metier.","Assumed that the relative penetration depths by gear component for a given gear are similar for all sediments, but does acknowledge that in general, the penetration of a particularcomponent will be deeper on finer and softer sediments"]
["Hinz, H., Prieto, V., and Kaiser, M.J. 2009. Trawl disturbance on benthic communities: chronic effects and experimental predictions. Ecological Applications 19: 761–773.","Bottom trawling has widespread impacts on benthic communities and habitats. While the direct impacts of trawl disturbances on benthic communities have been extensively studied, the consequences from long-term chronic disturbances are less well understood. The response of benthic macrofauna to chronic otter-trawl disturbance from a Nephrops norvegicus (Norway lobster) fishery was investigated along a gradient of fishing intensity over a muddy fishing ground in the north eastern Irish Sea. Chronic otter trawling had a significant, negative effect on benthic infauna abundance, biomass, and species richness. Benthic epifauna abundance and species richness also showed a significant, negative response, while no such effect was evident for epibenthic biomass. Furthermore, chronic trawl disturbance led to clear changes in community composition of benthic infauna and epifauna. The results presented indicate that otter-trawl impacts are cumulative and can lead to profound changes in benthic communities, which may have far-reaching implications for the integrity of marine food webs. Studies investigating the short-term effects of fishing manipulations previously concluded that otter trawling on muddy substrates had only modest effects on the benthic biota. Hence, the results presented by this study highlight that data from experimental studies cannot be readily extrapolated to an ecosystem level and that subtle cumulative effects may only become apparent when fishing disturbances are examined over larger spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, this study shows that data on chronic effects of bottom trawling on the benthos will be vital in informing the recently advocated move toward an ecosystem approach in fisheries management. As bottom-trawl fisheries are expanding into ever deeper muddy habitats, the results presented here are an important step toward understanding the global ecosystem effects of bottom trawling.","Muddy fishing ground","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Otter trawl","Light otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G301, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"benthic infauna and epifauna abundance,  biomass and species richness","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","An area subject to otter trawling from the Norway Fishery was investigated to consider the imapct on the benthic infauna and epifauna of a muddy habitat .","European","UK","North eastern Irish seaa of the Cumbrian coast","1999 - 2004","Not Specified","Impact","Chronic otter trawling had a signifcant, negative effect on benthic infauna abundance, biomass and species richness. Benthic epifauna also signifcant negetive response. Also chnages in community composition. ","Fishing effort were derived by combining over-flight data and log book records of hours spent fishing per ICES rectangle. Fishing fleet was monitored over a 5 year period from October 1999 - 2004. Fishing density was calculated for 1km2 grid cells.  Sampling the marcro fuan communities was carried out in November  2004. 20 sample sites and each site was attributed a fishing intensity. Epifauna were collected using 3 randomly distrbuted 5 minute bean trawl hauls within the study area. ","Bemthic samples only taken in November, therfore results do not account for seasonal changes "]
["Jennings, S., Nicholson, M.D., Dinmore, T.A., and Lancaster, J.E. 2002. Effect of chronic trawling disturbance on the production of infaunal communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 243: 251-260.","Trawling causes widespread physical disturbance in shallow shelf seas. While the impacts of trawling on the biomass and community structure of benthic fauna are well known, no existing studies have quantified the effects of trawling disturbance on the absolute production of small benthic infauna. We investigated the effects of beam trawling disturbance on the production of small benthic infauna (AFDM > 0.78 to 62.5 mg) at 9 sites that were subject to a 17.5-fold range in annual trawling disturbance, using a size-based approach that could be applied to other soft-bottom systems. We developed a generalised additive model to test for relationships between trawling disturbance and infaunal production and size structure, after accounting for differences in sediment characteristics and depth. The statistical power of our analyses to detect linear and non-linear relationships between production and disturbance, including increased production at intermediate levels of disturbance, was high (>90% probability of detecting a 50% change in production across the range of disturbance). The analyses showed that trawling frequencies of 0.35 to 6.14 times yr–1 did not have a significant effect on the production of small infauna or polychaetes. This result contrasts with order of magnitude decreases in the production of large infauna, and shows that small polychaetes with fast life histories are less vulnerable to trawling disturbance. Since small infaunal polychaetes are a key source of food for flatfishes, we conclude that beam trawling disturbance does not have a positive or negative effect on their food supply",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","beam trawling","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G302, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Effect on small benthic infauna","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2002/243/m243p251.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Quantified the effects of trawling disturbance on the production of small benthic infauna. Results suggest that these small infauna are less vulnerable than largers species. As these are the main food source for flat fish it is concluded that beam trawling has no effect on the flat fish food supply","European","North Sea","Silver pit","Nov-Dec 2000 abd April 2001","50-75m","impact"," The analyses showed that trawling frequencies of 0.35 to 6.14 times yr–1 did not\nhave a significant effect on the production of small infauna or polychaetes. This result contrasts with\norder of magnitude decreases in the production of large infauna, and shows that small polychaetes\nwith fast life histories are less vulnerable to trawling disturbance. Since small infaunal polychaetes\nare a key source of food for flatfishes, we conclude that beam trawling disturbance does not have a\npositive or negative effect on their food supply.","The production of benthic communities was studied at 9 sites in the Silver Pit. Cores to a depth of 40cm were taken to collect the infauna. Infaunal samples were sorted and indivudals weighed. To deal with production, the wet weight was converted to ash-free dry mass. Trawling levels were determined by sightings by fishery protection aircraft. ","Trawling levels were determined by sightings by fishery protection aircraft, so is not a true reflection if effort. "]
["Jennings, S., Nicholson, M.D., Dinmore, T.A., and Lancaster, J.E. 2002. Effect of chronic trawling disturbance on the production of infaunal communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 243: 251-260.","Trawling causes widespread physical disturbance in shallow shelf seas. While the impacts of trawling on the biomass and community structure of benthic fauna are well known, no existing studies have quantified the effects of trawling disturbance on the absolute production of small benthic infauna. We investigated the effects of beam trawling disturbance on the production of small benthic infauna (AFDM > 0.78 to 62.5 mg) at 9 sites that were subject to a 17.5-fold range in annual trawling disturbance, using a size-based approach that could be applied to other soft-bottom systems. We developed a generalised additive model to test for relationships between trawling disturbance and infaunal production and size structure, after accounting for differences in sediment characteristics and depth. The statistical power of our analyses to detect linear and non-linear relationships between production and disturbance, including increased production at intermediate levels of disturbance, was high (>90% probability of detecting a 50% change in production across the range of disturbance). The analyses showed that trawling frequencies of 0.35 to 6.14 times yr–1 did not have a significant effect on the production of small infauna or polychaetes. This result contrasts with order of magnitude decreases in the production of large infauna, and shows that small polychaetes with fast life histories are less vulnerable to trawling disturbance. Since small infaunal polychaetes are a key source of food for flatfishes, we conclude that beam trawling disturbance does not have a positive or negative effect on their food supply",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","beam trawling","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G303, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Effect on small benthic infauna","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2002/243/m243p251.pdf","ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","Quantified the effects of trawling disturbance on the production of small benthic infauna. Results suggest that these small infauna are less vulnerable than largers species. As these are the main food source for flat fish it is concluded that beam trawling has no effect on the flat fish food supply","European","North Sea","Silver pit","Nov-Dec 2000 abd April 2001","50-75m","impact"," The analyses showed that trawling frequencies of 0.35 to 6.14 times yr–1 did not\nhave a significant effect on the production of small infauna or polychaetes. This result contrasts with\norder of magnitude decreases in the production of large infauna, and shows that small polychaetes\nwith fast life histories are less vulnerable to trawling disturbance. Since small infaunal polychaetes\nare a key source of food for flatfishes, we conclude that beam trawling disturbance does not have a\npositive or negative effect on their food supply.","The production of benthic communities was studied at 9 sites in the Silver Pit. Cores to a depth of 40cm were taken to collect the infauna. Infaunal samples were sorted and indivudals weighed. To deal with production, the wet weight was converted to ash-free dry mass. Trawling levels were determined by sightings by fishery protection aircraft. ","Trawling levels were determined by sightings by fishery protection aircraft, so is not a true reflection if effort. "]
["McConnaughey, R.A. and S.E. Syrjala 2014. Short-term effects of bottom trawling and a storm event on soft-bottom benthos in the eastern Bering Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 71: 2469-2483.","A Before–After Control–Impact (BACI) experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a commercial bottom trawl on benthic invertebrates in a sandy and previously untrawled area of the eastern Bering Sea. Six pairs of experimental and control corridors were sampled with a research trawl before and after four consecutive tows with the commercial otter trawl. A major storm event occurred during the experiment, and it was possible to differentiate its effect from that of the trawling using the BACI model. Species composition changed very little; Asterias amurensis and Paralithodes camtschaticus comprised over 80% of the total invertebrate biomass (kg ha21 ) during each year of the study. In general, the commercial trawl did not significantly affect the biomass of the benthic invertebrate populations. The trawling effect after 4–14 d was statistically significant in three of the 24 taxa that were analysed, which was, as expected, because of nothing more than random variation with a α = 0.10. Biomass immediately after the trawling disturbance was lower for 15 of the taxa and higher for the other nine, with a median change of -14.2%. Similarly, the effect of trawling on invertebrate biomass after one year was not statistically significant for any of the taxonomic groups (p ≥ 0.23), indicating no evidence of a delayed response to the commercial-trawl disturbance. Further analysis suggests that storms have an overall greater effect on the benthos than do bottom trawls at this location. Both the numbers of taxa significantly affected by trawling and the storm (3 vs. 12), as well as the median sizes of these effects -14.2% vs. -22.0%), were greater for the storm event. Results from this study are combined with those from a related investigation of chronic trawling effects to propose an adaptive management strategy for the study region, including rotating area closures to mitigate for temporary trawling effects.","Sandy areas","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","NETS 91/140 Tow seam Aleutian combination otter trawl","Heavy otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G304, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Biomass of benthic invertebrate","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","A before-after cintril impact assessment. Considered the impactof otter trawling on a sandya rea ehich hadn't been dredged before. There was also a storm during the experiment and sop the impact of dreghing vs natural disturbance could also be examined. ","North America","Alaska","Bristol Bay","2001 - 2002","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","Species composition changed very little. In general the trawl did not significantly affect the biomass of the benthic invertebrates biomass.The trawling effect after 4–14 d was statistically significant in three of the 24 taxa that were analysed. Biomass immediately after the trawling disturbance was lower for 15 of the taxa and higher for the other nine, with a median change of -14.2%. Similarly, the effect of trawling on invertebrate biomass after one year was not statistically significant for any of the taxonomic groups, indicating no evidence of a delayed reponse to the commerical trawl disturbance. Further analysis suggests that storms have an overall greater effect on the benthos than do bottom trawls at this location.","6 parallel pairs of sampling corridors,  3 were oriented North-South and 3 were east-west. Within each pair one corridor was randomly selected to be fished with the commerical tarwl while the other was designated as its untrawled control. In 2001 samples sediments and benthic invertebrates in all corridors prior to the experiment starting . Trawling then occured in the impact corridors and then sampling occured again in every corridor.  The experiment was continually executed over the period 15 June - 13 July, with the expection of limited activities during the 5-6 day storm.  In 2002 sediment and invertebrate sampling occured from 18-28 June. Benthic invertebrates were sampled at three stations in each corridor. "]
["McConnaughey, R.A. and S.E. Syrjala 2014. Short-term effects of bottom trawling and a storm event on soft-bottom benthos in the eastern Bering Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 71: 2469-2483.","A Before–After Control–Impact (BACI) experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a commercial bottom trawl on benthic invertebrates in a sandy and previously untrawled area of the eastern Bering Sea. Six pairs of experimental and control corridors were sampled with a research trawl before and after four consecutive tows with the commercial otter trawl. A major storm event occurred during the experiment, and it was possible to differentiate its effect from that of the trawling using the BACI model. Species composition changed very little; Asterias amurensis and Paralithodes camtschaticus comprised over 80% of the total invertebrate biomass (kg ha21 ) during each year of the study. In general, the commercial trawl did not significantly affect the biomass of the benthic invertebrate populations. The trawling effect after 4–14 d was statistically significant in three of the 24 taxa that were analysed, which was, as expected, because of nothing more than random variation with a α = 0.10. Biomass immediately after the trawling disturbance was lower for 15 of the taxa and higher for the other nine, with a median change of -14.2%. Similarly, the effect of trawling on invertebrate biomass after one year was not statistically significant for any of the taxonomic groups (p ≥ 0.23), indicating no evidence of a delayed response to the commercial-trawl disturbance. Further analysis suggests that storms have an overall greater effect on the benthos than do bottom trawls at this location. Both the numbers of taxa significantly affected by trawling and the storm (3 vs. 12), as well as the median sizes of these effects -14.2% vs. -22.0%), were greater for the storm event. Results from this study are combined with those from a related investigation of chronic trawling effects to propose an adaptive management strategy for the study region, including rotating area closures to mitigate for temporary trawling effects.","Sandy areas","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","NETS 91/140 Tow seam Aleutian combination otter trawl","Light otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G305, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"Biomass of benthic invertebrate","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"ABPmer & Ichthys Marine (2015)","A before-after cintril impact assessment. Considered the impactof otter trawling on a sandya rea ehich hadn't been dredged before. There was also a storm during the experiment and sop the impact of dreghing vs natural disturbance could also be examined. ","North America","Alaska","Bristol Bay","2002 - 2002","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","Species composition changed very little. In general the trawl did not significantly affect the biomass of the benthic invertebrates biomass.The trawling effect after 4–14 d was statistically significant in three of the 24 taxa that were analysed. Biomass immediately after the trawling disturbance was lower for 15 of the taxa and higher for the other nine, with a median change of -14.2%. Similarly, the effect of trawling on invertebrate biomass after one year was not statistically significant for any of the taxonomic groups, indicating no evidence of a delayed reponse to the commerical trawl disturbance. Further analysis suggests that storms have an overall greater effect on the benthos than do bottom trawls at this location.","6 parallel pairs of sampling corridors,  3 were oriented North-South and 3 were east-west. Within each pair one corridor was randomly selected to be fished with the commerical tarwl while the other was designated as its untrawled control. In 2001 samples sediments and benthic invertebrates in all corridors prior to the experiment starting . Trawling then occured in the impact corridors and then sampling occured again in every corridor.  The experiment was continually executed over the period 15 June - 13 July, with the expection of limited activities during the 5-6 day storm.  In 2002 sediment and invertebrate sampling occured from 18-28 June. Benthic invertebrates were sampled at three stations in each corridor. "]
["Dunn, E and Steel, C. 2001.  The impact of longline fishing on seabirds in the north-east Atlantic: Recommendations for reducing mortality. Report for RSPB. 110pp","This report describes an on-board observer study of the seabird bycatch taken by Norwegian offshore longline fishing vessels in the Norwegian Sea in 1997 and 1998. By establishing by-catch rates and extrapolating to the known fishing effort, we estimate that overall the Norwegian fleet takes a significant by-catch of northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, as must also the longlining fleets of Iceland and the Faeroes in their regional waters","Fulmar","Surface feeding birds","B_Surface feeding birds","Longlining","Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G306, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},"Number of fulmars caught and killed by longlining. ","Non peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","https://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/longlinefishing_tcm9-163197.pdf","SPA Toolkit ","This report describes an on-board observer study of the seabird bycatch taken by Norwegian offshore longline fishing vessels in the Norwegian Sea in 1997 and 1998. By establishing by-catch rates and extrapolating to the known fishing effort, we estimate that overall the Norwegian fleet takes a significant by-catch of northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, as must also the longlining fleets of Iceland and the Faeroes in their regional waters","European","Norway","NW of Lofoten, W of Senja and Porsangerfjord","1997 -1998",null,"Impact","Seabird by-catch appears to be lower in Autumn-winter and higher in spring-summer. Almost all bird caught were fulmars and caught mainly during line setting, only occasionally during line-hauling. 71% of fulmars caught were snared on parts of the body other than the bill. Carried out a number mitigation measures namely, unerwater setting, streamer line, sounding the ships horn and shooting. The underwater setting tube was an effective mitigating measure, comparable with the streamer line. However, by-catch was not eliminated. The total Norwegian longlining fleet (including the inshore fleet of smaller vessels) is estimated to conservatively take ca 20,000 fulmars annually but the actual total may easily be 50,000- 100,000. The combined activities of the Norwegian, Icelandic and Faeroese longlining fleets are conservatively estimated to take a by-catch of 50,000-100,000 fulmars annually, but the true figure could be significantly higher (depending, e.g., on the deployment of mitigating measures).While fulmars are caught in significant numbers by longlining, the estimated annual mortality is not thought to be status-threatening given that the North-East Atlantic breeding population of fulmars is ca 2-4 million pairs, and the overall population much higher when non-breeding adults and immatures are included.","1997 two observers, two boats . Typically the long liners set 30,000-40,000 hooks over a 24 hr period. In a series of shorter lines. Setting and hauling was carried out continuously. Seabirds present  and their behaviour on the fishing grounds were recorded. ","In 1997 due to delays beyond the control of the project team, the observers didn't joint the boats until October which meant that most of the setting and hauling  regime was carried out in the dark, and so limited the scope of the study."]
["Warden ML. 2010. Bycatch of wintering common and red-throated loons in gillnets off the USA Atlantic coast, 1996-2007. Aquatic Biology. Vol 10: 167 -185","Common loons Gavia immer and red-throated loons G. stellata winter along the USA Atlantic coast, where fisheries observers have documented interactions with commercial fishing operations, largely coastal gillnets. The red-throated loon is a conservation priority for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, so interest lies in gauging fisheries bycatch relative to population levels. Gillnet fisheries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated loon bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters. Factors most commonly associated with the bycatch rates were bottom depth and sea surface temperature. Common loon bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished","Great northern Diver and Red-throated Diver","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Gillnets ","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G307, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Mortality - gear interaction ","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/by_catch/docs/Northeast_region_seabird_gillnets.pdf","SPA Toolkit ","Gillnet fisheries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated Diver bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters.","North America","America","Maine to North Carolina","1996 -2007",null,"impact","In the North east of the study region, the model- average of estimated total northern diver mortality for 1996 -2007 was 891 birds, with an annual average of 74. In the mid Atlantic, 148 northern divers and 199 read throated divers were caught.  There were another 70 that were unidentified  to species level. Model-averaged, estimated total Northern Diver mortality for 1996 to 2007 was 5,720 birds, with an average annual estimate of 477. Model-averaged, estimated total red-throated diver mortality for 1996 to 2007 was 10,758 birds, with an average annual estimate of 897. Northern Diver bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished <24 h. Average annual bycatch was 74 (95% CI: 29–189) Northern Diver in the Northeast, and 477 (370–615) Northern Diver and 897 (620–1297) red throated diver in the Mid-Atlantic. The average red-throated Diver bycatch reached about 60% of the PBR measure. This estimated level of bycatch emphasizes that the red-throated Diver is a conservation priority, especially considering the unknown level of bycatch in non-oceanic coastal gillnet fisheries and uncertain demographic parameters","Northeast Fisheries Observer Program (NEFOP) observers record catch compistion, including by-catch of amrine mamansl, sea turtles, sea birds and non-target species. NEFOP observed approximately 23,000 gillnet hauls in the Northeast and 21,000 hauls in the Mid-Atlantic during January to May and October to December, 1996 to 2007. The bycatch rate was defined as the number of observed takes per metric ton (t) of fish landed (incremented by 0.001 t to allow for 0 landings) on each independent haul. A take was defined as an observed mortality. The bycatch rate\nwas modeled as a Poisson generalized linear model\n(GLM) using R statistical computing software (version\n2.7.0; R Development Core Team 2008). Separate analyses were conducted for Northern Diver in the Northeast,  Northern Diver in the Mid-Atlantic, and red-throated Diver in the Mid-Atlantic (no red-throated Diver takes were observed in the Northeast). Divers unidentified to the species level were not included. ","Modeled data comes with some uncertainty assoicated with adjusting some of the data. "]
["Warden ML. 2010. Bycatch of wintering common and red-throated loons in gillnets off the USA Atlantic coast, 1996-2007. Aquatic Biology. Vol 10: 167 -185","Northern Diver (also known as common loon) Gavia immer and red-throated Diver (also known as red-throated loon) G. stellata winter along the USA Atlantic coast, where fisheries observers have documented interactions with commercial fishing operations, largely coastal gillnets. The red-throated Diver is a conservation priority for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, so interest lies in gauging fisheries bycatch relative to population levels. Gillnet fisheries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated loon bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters. Factors most commonly associated with the bycatch rates were bottom depth and sea surface temperature. Northern Diver bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished <24h. Average annual bycatch was 74 (95% CI: 29–189) Northern Diver in the Northeast, and 477 (370–615) Northern Diver and 897 (620–1297) redthroated Diver in the Mid-Atlantic. The average red-throated Diver bycatch reached about 60% of the PBR measure. This estimated level of bycatch emphasizes that the red-throated Diver is a conservation priority, especially considering the unknown level of bycatch in non-oceanic coastal gillnet fisheries and uncertain demographic parameters.","Great northern Diver and Red-throated Diver","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Gillnets ","Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G308, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},"Mortality - gear interaction ","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/by_catch/docs/Northeast_region_seabird_gillnets.pdf","SPA Toolkit ","Gillnet fisheries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated Diver bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters.","North America","America","Maine to North Carolina","1997 -2007",null,"impact","In the North east of the study region, the model- average of estimated total northern diver mortality for 1996 -2007 was 891 birds, with an annual average of 74. In the mid Atlantic, 148 northern divers and 199 read throated divers were caught.  There were another 70 that were unidentified  to species level. Model-averaged, estimated total Northern Diver mortality for 1996 to 2007 was 5,720 birds, with an average annual estimate of 477. Model-averaged, estimated total red-throated diver mortality for 1996 to 2007 was 10,758 birds, with an average annual estimate of 897. Northern Diver bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished <24 h. Average annual bycatch was 74 (95% CI: 29–189) Northern Diver in the Northeast, and 477 (370–615) Northern Diver and 897 (620–1297) red throated diver in the Mid-Atlantic. The average red-throated Diver bycatch reached about 60% of the PBR measure. This estimated level of bycatch emphasizes that the red-throated Diver is a conservation priority, especially considering the unknown level of bycatch in non-oceanic coastal gillnet fisheries and uncertain demographic parameters","Northeast Fisheries Observer Program (NEFOP) observers record catch compistion, including by-catch of amrine mamansl, sea turtles, sea birds and non-target species. NEFOP observed approximately 23,000 gillnet hauls in the Northeast and 21,000 hauls in the Mid-Atlantic during January to May and October to December, 1996 to 2007. The bycatch rate was defined as the number of observed takes per metric ton (t) of fish landed (incremented by 0.001 t to allow for 0 landings) on each independent haul. A take was defined as an observed mortality. The bycatch rate\nwas modeled as a Poisson generalized linear model\n(GLM) using R statistical computing software (version\n2.7.0; R Development Core Team 2008). Separate analyses were conducted for Northern Diver in the Northeast,  Northern Diver in the Mid-Atlantic, and red-throated Diver in the Mid-Atlantic (no red-throated Diver takes were observed in the Northeast). Divers unidentified to the species level were not included. ","Modeled data comes with some uncertainty assoicated with adjusting some of the data. "]
["Warden ML. 2010. Bycatch of wintering common and red-throated loons in gillnets off the USA Atlantic coast, 1996-2007. Aquatic Biology. Vol 10: 167 -185","Northern Diver (also known as common loon) Gavia immer and red-throated Diver (also known as red-throated loon) G. stellata winter along the USA Atlantic coast, where fisheries observers have documented interactions with commercial fishing operations, largely coastal gillnets. The red-throated Diver is a conservation priority for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, so interest lies in gauging fisheries bycatch relative to population levels. Gillnet fisheries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated loon bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters. Factors most commonly associated with the bycatch rates were bottom depth and sea surface temperature. Northern Diver bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished <24h. Average annual bycatch was 74 (95% CI: 29–189) Northern Diver in the Northeast, and 477 (370–615) Northern Diver and 897 (620–1297) redthroated Diver in the Mid-Atlantic. The average red-throated Diver bycatch reached about 60% of the PBR measure. This estimated level of bycatch emphasizes that the red-throated Diver is a conservation priority, especially considering the unknown level of bycatch in non-oceanic coastal gillnet fisheries and uncertain demographic parameters.","Great northern Diver and Red-throated Diver","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Gillnets ","Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G309, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},"Mortality - gear interaction ","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/by_catch/docs/Northeast_region_seabird_gillnets.pdf","SPA Toolkit ","Gillnet fisheries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated Diver bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters.","North America","America","Maine to North Carolina","1998 -2007",null,"impact","In the North east of the study region, the model- average of estimated total northern diver mortality for 1996 -2007 was 891 birds, with an annual average of 74. In the mid Atlantic, 148 northern divers and 199 read throated divers were caught.  There were another 70 that were unidentified  to species level. Model-averaged, estimated total Northern Diver mortality for 1996 to 2007 was 5,720 birds, with an average annual estimate of 477. Model-averaged, estimated total red-throated diver mortality for 1996 to 2007 was 10,758 birds, with an average annual estimate of 897. Northern Diver bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished <24 h. Average annual bycatch was 74 (95% CI: 29–189) Northern Diver in the Northeast, and 477 (370–615) Northern Diver and 897 (620–1297) red throated diver in the Mid-Atlantic. The average red-throated Diver bycatch reached about 60% of the PBR measure. This estimated level of bycatch emphasizes that the red-throated Diver is a conservation priority, especially considering the unknown level of bycatch in non-oceanic coastal gillnet fisheries and uncertain demographic parameters","Northeast Fisheries Observer Program (NEFOP) observers record catch compistion, including by-catch of amrine mamansl, sea turtles, sea birds and non-target species. NEFOP observed approximately 23,000 gillnet hauls in the Northeast and 21,000 hauls in the Mid-Atlantic during January to May and October to December, 1996 to 2007. The bycatch rate was defined as the number of observed takes per metric ton (t) of fish landed (incremented by 0.001 t to allow for 0 landings) on each independent haul. A take was defined as an observed mortality. The bycatch rate\nwas modeled as a Poisson generalized linear model\n(GLM) using R statistical computing software (version\n2.7.0; R Development Core Team 2008). Separate analyses were conducted for Northern Diver in the Northeast,  Northern Diver in the Mid-Atlantic, and red-throated Diver in the Mid-Atlantic (no red-throated Diver takes were observed in the Northeast). Divers unidentified to the species level were not included. ","Modeled data comes with some uncertainty assoicated with adjusting some of the data. "]
["Warden ML. 2010. Bycatch of wintering common and red-throated loons in gillnets off the USA Atlantic coast, 1996-2007. Aquatic Biology. Vol 10: 167 -185","Northern Diver (also known as common loon) Gavia immer and red-throated Diver (also known as red-throated loon) G. stellata winter along the USA Atlantic coast, where fisheries observers have documented interactions with commercial fishing operations, largely coastal gillnets. The red-throated Diver is a conservation priority for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, so interest lies in gauging fisheries bycatch relative to population levels. Gillnet fisheries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated loon bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters. Factors most commonly associated with the bycatch rates were bottom depth and sea surface temperature. Northern Diver bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished <24h. Average annual bycatch was 74 (95% CI: 29–189) Northern Diver in the Northeast, and 477 (370–615) Northern Diver and 897 (620–1297) redthroated Diver in the Mid-Atlantic. The average red-throated Diver bycatch reached about 60% of the PBR measure. This estimated level of bycatch emphasizes that the red-throated Diver is a conservation priority, especially considering the unknown level of bycatch in non-oceanic coastal gillnet fisheries and uncertain demographic parameters.","Great northern Diver and Red-throated Diver","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Gillnets ","Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G310, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"Mortality - gear interaction ","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/by_catch/docs/Northeast_region_seabird_gillnets.pdf","SPA Toolkit ","Gillnet fisheries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated Diver bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters.","North America","America","Maine to North Carolina","1999 -2007",null,"impact","In the North east of the study region, the model- average of estimated total northern diver mortality for 1996 -2007 was 891 birds, with an annual average of 74. In the mid Atlantic, 148 northern divers and 199 read throated divers were caught.  There were another 70 that were unidentified  to species level. Model-averaged, estimated total Northern Diver mortality for 1996 to 2007 was 5,720 birds, with an average annual estimate of 477. Model-averaged, estimated total red-throated diver mortality for 1996 to 2007 was 10,758 birds, with an average annual estimate of 897. Northern Diver bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished <24 h. Average annual bycatch was 74 (95% CI: 29–189) Northern Diver in the Northeast, and 477 (370–615) Northern Diver and 897 (620–1297) red throated diver in the Mid-Atlantic. The average red-throated Diver bycatch reached about 60% of the PBR measure. This estimated level of bycatch emphasizes that the red-throated Diver is a conservation priority, especially considering the unknown level of bycatch in non-oceanic coastal gillnet fisheries and uncertain demographic parameters","Northeast Fisheries Observer Program (NEFOP) observers record catch compistion, including by-catch of amrine mamansl, sea turtles, sea birds and non-target species. NEFOP observed approximately 23,000 gillnet hauls in the Northeast and 21,000 hauls in the Mid-Atlantic during January to May and October to December, 1996 to 2007. The bycatch rate was defined as the number of observed takes per metric ton (t) of fish landed (incremented by 0.001 t to allow for 0 landings) on each independent haul. A take was defined as an observed mortality. The bycatch rate\nwas modeled as a Poisson generalized linear model\n(GLM) using R statistical computing software (version\n2.7.0; R Development Core Team 2008). Separate analyses were conducted for Northern Diver in the Northeast,  Northern Diver in the Mid-Atlantic, and red-throated Diver in the Mid-Atlantic (no red-throated Diver takes were observed in the Northeast). Divers unidentified to the species level were not included. ","Modeled data comes with some uncertainty assoicated with adjusting some of the data. "]
["Warden ML. 2010. Bycatch of wintering common and red-throated loons in gillnets off the USA Atlantic coast, 1996-2007. Aquatic Biology. Vol 10: 167 -185","Northern Diver (also known as common loon) Gavia immer and red-throated Diver (also known as red-throated loon) G. stellata winter along the USA Atlantic coast, where fisheries observers have documented interactions with commercial fishing operations, largely coastal gillnets. The red-throated Diver is a conservation priority for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, so interest lies in gauging fisheries bycatch relative to population levels. Gillnet fisheries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated loon bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters. Factors most commonly associated with the bycatch rates were bottom depth and sea surface temperature. Northern Diver bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished <24h. Average annual bycatch was 74 (95% CI: 29–189) Northern Diver in the Northeast, and 477 (370–615) Northern Diver and 897 (620–1297) redthroated Diver in the Mid-Atlantic. The average red-throated Diver bycatch reached about 60% of the PBR measure. This estimated level of bycatch emphasizes that the red-throated Diver is a conservation priority, especially considering the unknown level of bycatch in non-oceanic coastal gillnet fisheries and uncertain demographic parameters.","Great northern Diver and Red-throated Diver","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Gillnets ","Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G311, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},"Mortality - gear interaction ","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/by_catch/docs/Northeast_region_seabird_gillnets.pdf","SPA Toolkit ","Gillnet fisheries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated Diver bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters.","North America","America","Maine to North Carolina","2000 -2007",null,"impact","In the North east of the study region, the model- average of estimated total northern diver mortality for 1996 -2007 was 891 birds, with an annual average of 74. In the mid Atlantic, 148 northern divers and 199 read throated divers were caught.  There were another 70 that were unidentified  to species level. Model-averaged, estimated total Northern Diver mortality for 1996 to 2007 was 5,720 birds, with an average annual estimate of 477. Model-averaged, estimated total red-throated diver mortality for 1996 to 2007 was 10,758 birds, with an average annual estimate of 897. Northern Diver bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished <24 h. Average annual bycatch was 74 (95% CI: 29–189) Northern Diver in the Northeast, and 477 (370–615) Northern Diver and 897 (620–1297) red throated diver in the Mid-Atlantic. The average red-throated Diver bycatch reached about 60% of the PBR measure. This estimated level of bycatch emphasizes that the red-throated Diver is a conservation priority, especially considering the unknown level of bycatch in non-oceanic coastal gillnet fisheries and uncertain demographic parameters","Northeast Fisheries Observer Program (NEFOP) observers record catch compistion, including by-catch of amrine mamansl, sea turtles, sea birds and non-target species. NEFOP observed approximately 23,000 gillnet hauls in the Northeast and 21,000 hauls in the Mid-Atlantic during January to May and October to December, 1996 to 2007. The bycatch rate was defined as the number of observed takes per metric ton (t) of fish landed (incremented by 0.001 t to allow for 0 landings) on each independent haul. A take was defined as an observed mortality. The bycatch rate\nwas modeled as a Poisson generalized linear model\n(GLM) using R statistical computing software (version\n2.7.0; R Development Core Team 2008). Separate analyses were conducted for Northern Diver in the Northeast,  Northern Diver in the Mid-Atlantic, and red-throated Diver in the Mid-Atlantic (no red-throated Diver takes were observed in the Northeast). Divers unidentified to the species level were not included. ","Modeled data comes with some uncertainty assoicated with adjusting some of the data. "]
["Warden ML. 2010. Bycatch of wintering common and red-throated loons in gillnets off the USA Atlantic coast, 1996-2007. Aquatic Biology. Vol 10: 167 -185","Northern Diver (also known as common loon) Gavia immer and red-throated Diver (also known as red-throated loon) G. stellata winter along the USA Atlantic coast, where fisheries observers have documented interactions with commercial fishing operations, largely coastal gillnets. The red-throated Diver is a conservation priority for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, so interest lies in gauging fisheries bycatch relative to population levels. Gillnet fisheries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated loon bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters. Factors most commonly associated with the bycatch rates were bottom depth and sea surface temperature. Northern Diver bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished <24h. Average annual bycatch was 74 (95% CI: 29–189) Northern Diver in the Northeast, and 477 (370–615) Northern Diver and 897 (620–1297) redthroated Diver in the Mid-Atlantic. The average red-throated Diver bycatch reached about 60% of the PBR measure. This estimated level of bycatch emphasizes that the red-throated Diver is a conservation priority, especially considering the unknown level of bycatch in non-oceanic coastal gillnet fisheries and uncertain demographic parameters.","Great northern Diver and Red-throated Diver","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Gillnets ","Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G312, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},"Mortality - gear interaction ","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/by_catch/docs/Northeast_region_seabird_gillnets.pdf","SPA Toolkit ","Gillnet fisheries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated Diver bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters.","North America","America","Maine to North Carolina","2001 -2007",null,"impact","In the North east of the study region, the model- average of estimated total northern diver mortality for 1996 -2007 was 891 birds, with an annual average of 74. In the mid Atlantic, 148 northern divers and 199 read throated divers were caught.  There were another 70 that were unidentified  to species level. Model-averaged, estimated total Northern Diver mortality for 1996 to 2007 was 5,720 birds, with an average annual estimate of 477. Model-averaged, estimated total red-throated diver mortality for 1996 to 2007 was 10,758 birds, with an average annual estimate of 897. Northern Diver bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished <24 h. Average annual bycatch was 74 (95% CI: 29–189) Northern Diver in the Northeast, and 477 (370–615) Northern Diver and 897 (620–1297) red throated diver in the Mid-Atlantic. The average red-throated Diver bycatch reached about 60% of the PBR measure. This estimated level of bycatch emphasizes that the red-throated Diver is a conservation priority, especially considering the unknown level of bycatch in non-oceanic coastal gillnet fisheries and uncertain demographic parameters","Northeast Fisheries Observer Program (NEFOP) observers record catch compistion, including by-catch of amrine mamansl, sea turtles, sea birds and non-target species. NEFOP observed approximately 23,000 gillnet hauls in the Northeast and 21,000 hauls in the Mid-Atlantic during January to May and October to December, 1996 to 2007. The bycatch rate was defined as the number of observed takes per metric ton (t) of fish landed (incremented by 0.001 t to allow for 0 landings) on each independent haul. A take was defined as an observed mortality. The bycatch rate\nwas modeled as a Poisson generalized linear model\n(GLM) using R statistical computing software (version\n2.7.0; R Development Core Team 2008). Separate analyses were conducted for Northern Diver in the Northeast,  Northern Diver in the Mid-Atlantic, and red-throated Diver in the Mid-Atlantic (no red-throated Diver takes were observed in the Northeast). Divers unidentified to the species level were not included. ","Modeled data comes with some uncertainty assoicated with adjusting some of the data. "]
["Fangel, K., Aas, O., Volstand, J.H., Baerum, K.M., Christensen-Dalsgaards, S., Nedreaas, K., Overvik, M., Wold, L.C., and Anker-Nilssen. T. 2015. Assesing incidental bycatch of seabirds in Norwegian coastal commerical fisheries: Empirical and methodological lessons.  Glocal Ecology and Conservation. 4: 127 - 136","With diminishing seabird populations and little knowledge on incidental bycatch in fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic, this study aimed to screen seabird bycatch in Norwegian coastal fisheries in 2009. The purpose was to 1) quantify magnitude of seabird bycatch rates and estimate total bycatch from the entire fleet by different estimators 2) evaluate data from an access point survey against monitoring data from a reference fleet as methods for collecting data on bycatch mortality of seabirds and 3) give advice on further bycatch studies. The study focused on three small-vessel fisheries (11 ,000 birds estimated caught. The black guillemot Cepphus gryllealso stood out as a numerous victim, constituting almost two thirds of the >3,000 birds estimated to have drowned in lumpfish gillnets. The two methods were both considered to hold merit and yielded approximately similar estimates of the bycatch in the coastal cod fisheries, however BPUE differs. Further studies are recommended especially on the lumpfish gillnet and Greenland halibut longline fisheries and on temporal and spatial variations in bycatch. More studies are also needed to model effects on seabirds at the population level.",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","(Lumpfish) Gillnets ","Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G313, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"Bycatch and mortality","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://ac.els-cdn.com/S2351989415000621/1-s2.0-S2351989415000621-main.pdf?_tid=b8487d30-c437-11e5-b537-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1453818109_609f38dbf2926d1bef8c4d2d2bfd3cb2","Search","With diminishing seabird populations and little knowledge on incidental bycatch in fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic, this study aimed to screen seabird bycatch in Norwegian coastal fisheries in 2009. The purpose was to 1) quantify magnitude of seabird bycatch rates and estimate total bycatch from the entire fleet by different estimators 2) evaluate data from an access point survey against monitoring data from a reference fleet as methods for collecting data on bycatch mortality of seabirds and 3) give advice on further bycatch studies. The study focused on three small-vessel fisheries (11 ,000 birds estimated caught. The black guillemot Cepphus gryllealso stood out as a numerous victim, constituting almost two thirds of the >3,000 birds estimated to have drowned in lumpfish gillnets. The two methods were both considered to hold merit and yielded approximately similar estimates of the bycatch in the coastal cod fisheries, however BPUE differs. Further studies are recommended especially on the lumpfish gillnet and Greenland halibut longline fisheries and on temporal and spatial variations in bycatch. More studies are also needed to model effects on seabirds at the population level.","European","Norway","Norway",2009,"Not Specified","Impact","The two methods were both considered to hold merit and yielded approximately similar estimates of the bycatch in the coastal cod fisheries, however BPUE differs. A wider ramge of species were caught in gillnets.The bycatch rate of the lumpfish gillnet fishery was nearly 1.6 seabirds per trip, which was lower than the halibut longlines whihc had a mean catch up 1.9 birds per trip.  The results  show that bycatch rates and species at risk vary substaintially. Fulmars dominated heavily the bycatch of the Greenland halibut longline fishery, whereas the three more coastal gillnet fisheries harvested a wider array of seabird species, with auks being most vulnerable.","Three fisheries were considered: Coastal Cod, Coastal Lumpfish and Greenland halibut. Data was aquired from two different sample surveys. Firstly an access point survey which included catch recordings from the three fisheries. And secondly the coastal Norwegian Reference Fleet which mostly covered the cod fisheries. "]
["Fangel, K., Aas, O., Volstand, J.H., Baerum, K.M., Christensen-Dalsgaards, S., Nedreaas, K., Overvik, M., Wold, L.C., and Anker-Nilssen. T. 2015. Assesing incidental bycatch of seabirds in Norwegian coastal commerical fisheries: Empirical and methodological lessons.  Glocal Ecology and Conservation. 4: 127 - 136","With diminishing seabird populations and little knowledge on incidental bycatch in fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic, this study aimed to screen seabird bycatch in Norwegian coastal fisheries in 2009. The purpose was to 1) quantify magnitude of seabird bycatch rates and estimate total bycatch from the entire fleet by different estimators 2) evaluate data from an access point survey against monitoring data from a reference fleet as methods for collecting data on bycatch mortality of seabirds and 3) give advice on further bycatch studies. The study focused on three small-vessel fisheries (11 ,000 birds estimated caught. The black guillemot Cepphus gryllealso stood out as a numerous victim, constituting almost two thirds of the >3,000 birds estimated to have drowned in lumpfish gillnets. The two methods were both considered to hold merit and yielded approximately similar estimates of the bycatch in the coastal cod fisheries, however BPUE differs. Further studies are recommended especially on the lumpfish gillnet and Greenland halibut longline fisheries and on temporal and spatial variations in bycatch. More studies are also needed to model effects on seabirds at the population level.",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Greenland halibut (manual) Longlines ","Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G314, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},"Bycatch and mortality","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://ac.els-cdn.com/S2351989415000621/1-s2.0-S2351989415000621-main.pdf?_tid=b8487d30-c437-11e5-b537-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1453818109_609f38dbf2926d1bef8c4d2d2bfd3cb2","Search","With diminishing seabird populations and little knowledge on incidental bycatch in fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic, this study aimed to screen seabird bycatch in Norwegian coastal fisheries in 2009. The purpose was to 1) quantify magnitude of seabird bycatch rates and estimate total bycatch from the entire fleet by different estimators 2) evaluate data from an access point survey against monitoring data from a reference fleet as methods for collecting data on bycatch mortality of seabirds and 3) give advice on further bycatch studies. The study focused on three small-vessel fisheries (11 ,000 birds estimated caught. The black guillemot Cepphus gryllealso stood out as a numerous victim, constituting almost two thirds of the >3,000 birds estimated to have drowned in lumpfish gillnets. The two methods were both considered to hold merit and yielded approximately similar estimates of the bycatch in the coastal cod fisheries, however BPUE differs. Further studies are recommended especially on the lumpfish gillnet and Greenland halibut longline fisheries and on temporal and spatial variations in bycatch. More studies are also needed to model effects on seabirds at the population level.","European","Norway","Norway",2009,"Not Specified","Impact","The two methods were both considered to hold merit and yielded approximately similar estimates of the bycatch in the coastal cod fisheries, however BPUE differs. Fulmars dominated the byctach in longline fisheries. Higher by catch in halibut  longlines with a mean catch rate of 1.9 sea birds per trip, whereas the coastal cod longline fishery has a mean catch up 0.22 seabirds per trip. The mean  lumpfish gillnet fishery catch was nearly 1.6 seabirds per trip. The results  show that bycatch rates and species at risk vary substaintially. Fulmars dominated heavily the\nbycatch of the Greenland halibut longline fishery, whereas the three more coastal gillnet fisheries harvested a wider array of seabird species, with auks being most vulnerable.","Three fisheries were considered: Coastal Cod, Coastal Lumpfish and Greenland halibut. Data was aquired from two different sample surveys. Firstly an access point survey which included catch recordings from the three fisheries. And secondly the coastal Norwegian Reference Fleet which mostly covered the cod fisheries. "]
["Garcia Barcelona, S., Ortiz de Urbina, J.M., de la Serna, J.M., Alot, E. and Macías, D. (2010) Seabird bycatch in Spanish Mediterranean large pelagic longline fisheries, 2000‐2008. Aquatic Living Resources DOI: 10.1051/alr/2010022","Incidental catch or bycatch represents a significant threat for the conservation of seabird populations. The western Mediterranean is an important fishing area where the Spanish pelagic and semi-pelagic longline fleet targeting swordfish (Xiphias gladius), bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) and albacore (Thunnus alalunga) operates. Bycatch of these fisheries includes several seabird species. Given the importance of conservation of the bycatch species (marine mammals, turtles, sharks and seabirds), an on-board observer program was implemented by the Spanish Oceanographic Institute (IEO); this included collecting data on effort and catch, as well as weight and number of individuals of the main bycatch species. The aim of the present study is to report data on seabird bycatch collected by the on-board observer program of the IEO in the Western Mediterranean. Data on seabird bycatch were collected for the period 2000-2008, throughout the year. Six longline gears targeting large pelagic fish were identified operating in the area of study, but only three had an effect on seabird species. Differences in catch per unit effort (CPUE, birds per 1000 hooks) for each gear, as well as their effect on particular seabird species, are reported in this study. A total of 4 786 466 hooks were monitored, which yielded 182 seabirds belonging to 7 different species. The average CPUE for the studied period was 0.038 birds per 1000 hooks. Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) and yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) were the species the most highly represented in the catch. In contrast, Balearic shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus) was only present in the longline fishery targeting albacore (CPUE = 0.005 birds per 1000 hooks). Our results suggest that Cory’s shearwater is the species the most affected by the longline fishery in the Western Mediterranean, probably due to its biological characteristics, and corroborate the well-established downward trend in its population.",null,"Surface feeding birds","B_Surface feeding birds",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G315, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},"Bycatch and mortality","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FALR%2FALR23_04%2FS0990744010000227a.pdf&code=0caac5ac9ac2e164b1a15cd526574854","Search","The aim of the present study was to report data on seabird bycatch collected by the on-board observer program of the IEO in the Western Mediterranean. Data on seabird bycatch were collected for the period 2000-2008, throughout the year. Six longline gears targeting large pelagic fish were identified operating in the area of study, but only three had an effect on seabird species. Differences in catch per unit effort (CPUE, birds per 1000 hooks) for each gear, as well as their effect on particular seabird species, are reported. ","European","Western Mediterrean ","Balearic Islands and Ibiza Channel","2000-2008","Not Specified","Impact","A total of 4 786 466 hooks were monitored, which yielded 182 seabirds belonging to 7 different species. The average CPUE for the studied period was 0.038 birds per 1000 hooks. Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) and yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) were the species the most highly represented in the catch. In contrast, Balearic shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus) was only present in the longline fishery targeting albacore (CPUE = 0.005 birds per 1000 hooks). Our results suggest that Cory’s shearwater is the species the most affected by the longline fishery in the Western Mediterranean, probably due to its biological characteristics, and corroborate the well-established downward trend in its population.","With regards to seabirds, the work of observers was to record captures and identify specimens to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Annual seabird bycatch rates were calculated as the total number of individual seabirds caught in a year divided by the number of hooks deployed (CPUE).","Not birds that are protected in Wales, but these bird species are very similar to those found in Wales. \n\nAt the beginning of the temporal series, as the observers had little experience with seabirds, many specimens could not be identified and/or recorded. The accuracy of the data improved gradually reaching and ended with a high degree of precision."]
["Lanieri, K., Louzao, M., Martinez-Abrain, A., Arcos, J.M., Belda, E.J., Guallart, J., Sanchez, A., Gimenez, M., Maestre, R., Oro, D. 2010. Trawling regime influences longline seabird bycatch in the Mediterranean: new insights from a small scale fishery. Marine Ecological Progress Series. 420: 241 - 252","Unintended mortality in longlines emerged in the early 1990s as one of the most important threats for pelagic seabirds worldwide. Most of the studies were focused on highly developed industrial fisheries, overlooking bycatch in small-scale artisanal fisheries. However, bycatch in smallscale fisheries might have negative effects similar to those of industrial fisheries when they overlap with hotspot areas of top predators. Moreover, different types of fishing gear coexist in the same oceanographic area, particularly in highly exploited marine ecosystems such as the western Mediterranean. We quantify for the first time the influence of trawling regime on Cory’s shearwater Calonectris diomedea bycatch in the western Mediterranean longline artisanal fishery. The availability of trawling discards has substantial influence on the foraging and breeding ecology of many seabirds, and trawling inactivity may drive shearwaters to seek alternative food resources, such as baits used in longline fishing. Based on our previous knowledge of the system, we also tested other variables affecting bycatch over 8 yr (1998 to 2005). Within this 2-fishery framework, we found that trawling regime, longline fishing time and breeding stage were key factors explaining shearwater attendance to longline vessels, but mainly trawling regime and fishing time increased the incidental capture of Cory’s shearwaters. More specifically, during the pre-breeding and chick-rearing periods, bycatch dramatically increased during sunrise sets in the absence of trawling activity. Importantly, this study indicates the need for an integrated multi-fisheries management approach for the conservation of seabirds and highlights the necessity of banning longline fishing during periods of trawling inactivity.","Corys shearwater","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Longlining","Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G316, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},"Bycatch and mortality","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High",null,"Search","Unintended mortality in longlines emerged in the early 1990s as one of the most important threats for pelagic seabirds worldwide. Most of the studies were focused on highly developed industrial fisheries, overlooking bycatch in small-scale artisanal fisheries. However, bycatch in smallscale fisheries might have negative effects similar to those of industrial fisheries when they overlap with hotspot areas of top predators. Moreover, different types of fishing gear coexist in the same oceanographic area, particularly in highly exploited marine ecosystems such as the western Mediterranean. We quantify for the first time the influence of trawling regime on Cory’s shearwater Calonectris diomedea bycatch in the western Mediterranean longline artisanal fishery. The availability of trawling discards has substantial influence on the foraging and breeding ecology of many seabirds, and trawling inactivity may drive shearwaters to seek alternative food resources, such as baits used in longline fishing. Based on our previous knowledge of the system, we also tested other variables affecting bycatch over 8 yr (1998 to 2005). Within this 2-fishery framework, we found that trawling regime, longline fishing time and breeding stage were key factors explaining shearwater attendance to longline vessels, but mainly trawling regime and fishing time increased the incidental capture of Cory’s shearwaters. More specifically, during the pre-breeding and chick-rearing periods, bycatch dramatically increased during sunrise sets in the absence of trawling activity. Importantly, this study indicates the need for an integrated multi-fisheries management approach for the conservation of seabirds and highlights the necessity of banning longline fishing during periods of trawling inactivity.","European","Mediterranean","Mediterranean",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Trawling regime, longline fishing time and breeding stage were key factors explaining shearwater attendance to longline vessels, but mainly trawling regime and fishing time increased the incidental capture of Cory’s shearwaters. More specifically, during the pre-breeding and chick-rearing periods, bycatch dramatically increased during sunrise sets in the absence of trawling activity. Importantly, this study indicates the need for an integrated multi-fisheries management approach for the conservation of seabirds and highlights the necessity of banning longline fishing during periods of trawling inactivity.","Analysied by-catych data from longlining fisheries "]
["Lanieri, K., Louzao, M., Martinez-Abrain, A., Arcos, J.M., Belda, E.J., Guallart, J., Sanchez, A., Gimenez, M., Maestre, R., Oro, D. 2010. Trawling regime influences longline seabird bycatch in the Mediterranean: new insights from a small scale fishery. Marine Ecological Progress Series. 420: 241 - 252","Unintended mortality in longlines emerged in the early 1990s as one of the most important threats for pelagic seabirds worldwide. Most of the studies were focused on highly developed industrial fisheries, overlooking bycatch in small-scale artisanal fisheries. However, bycatch in smallscale fisheries might have negative effects similar to those of industrial fisheries when they overlap with hotspot areas of top predators. Moreover, different types of fishing gear coexist in the same oceanographic area, particularly in highly exploited marine ecosystems such as the western Mediterranean. We quantify for the first time the influence of trawling regime on Cory’s shearwater Calonectris diomedea bycatch in the western Mediterranean longline artisanal fishery. The availability of trawling discards has substantial influence on the foraging and breeding ecology of many seabirds, and trawling inactivity may drive shearwaters to seek alternative food resources, such as baits used in longline fishing. Based on our previous knowledge of the system, we also tested other variables affecting bycatch over 8 yr (1998 to 2005). Within this 2-fishery framework, we found that trawling regime, longline fishing time and breeding stage were key factors explaining shearwater attendance to longline vessels, but mainly trawling regime and fishing time increased the incidental capture of Cory’s shearwaters. More specifically, during the pre-breeding and chick-rearing periods, bycatch dramatically increased during sunrise sets in the absence of trawling activity. Importantly, this study indicates the need for an integrated multi-fisheries management approach for the conservation of seabirds and highlights the necessity of banning longline fishing during periods of trawling inactivity.","Corys shearwater","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Longlining","Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G317, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},"Bycatch and mortality","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High",null,"Search","Unintended mortality in longlines emerged in the early 1990s as one of the most important threats for pelagic seabirds worldwide. Most of the studies were focused on highly developed industrial fisheries, overlooking bycatch in small-scale artisanal fisheries. However, bycatch in smallscale fisheries might have negative effects similar to those of industrial fisheries when they overlap with hotspot areas of top predators. Moreover, different types of fishing gear coexist in the same oceanographic area, particularly in highly exploited marine ecosystems such as the western Mediterranean. We quantify for the first time the influence of trawling regime on Cory’s shearwater Calonectris diomedea bycatch in the western Mediterranean longline artisanal fishery. The availability of trawling discards has substantial influence on the foraging and breeding ecology of many seabirds, and trawling inactivity may drive shearwaters to seek alternative food resources, such as baits used in longline fishing. Based on our previous knowledge of the system, we also tested other variables affecting bycatch over 8 yr (1998 to 2005). Within this 2-fishery framework, we found that trawling regime, longline fishing time and breeding stage were key factors explaining shearwater attendance to longline vessels, but mainly trawling regime and fishing time increased the incidental capture of Cory’s shearwaters. More specifically, during the pre-breeding and chick-rearing periods, bycatch dramatically increased during sunrise sets in the absence of trawling activity. Importantly, this study indicates the need for an integrated multi-fisheries management approach for the conservation of seabirds and highlights the necessity of banning longline fishing during periods of trawling inactivity.","European","Mediterranean","Mediterranean",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Trawling regime, longline fishing time and breeding stage were key factors explaining shearwater attendance to longline vessels, but mainly trawling regime and fishing time increased the incidental capture of Cory’s shearwaters. More specifically, during the pre-breeding and chick-rearing periods, bycatch dramatically increased during sunrise sets in the absence of trawling activity. Importantly, this study indicates the need for an integrated multi-fisheries management approach for the conservation of seabirds and highlights the necessity of banning longline fishing during periods of trawling inactivity.","Analysied by-catych data from longlining fisheries "]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G318, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair) ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G319, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G320, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G321, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G322, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G323, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Heavy otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G324, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of otter trawls are 3 knots when fishing but increases to 8 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only have a small potentialto occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G325, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were caught in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Light otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G326, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of otter trawls are 3 knots when fishing but increases to 8 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only have a small potentialto occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G327, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G328, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Evidence suggests that both dolphins and porpoises are capable of detecting gillnets and that, in a heightened state of awareness, they perceive the threat and thus will avoid nets, or at least become entangled less frequently. However, there is also evidence that harbour porpoises may not detect nets until they are too close to avoid entanglement. Two species above all other cetacean species in Northern Europe, appear to be major victims of by-catch from gillnet fisheries. These are the harbour porpoise and short-beaked common dolphin. Gillnets, tangle nets and trammel nets are all deployed on or near the seabed, targeting demersal species such as cod, turbot, lumpfish, plaice, sole and ray. Probably due to harbour porpoise feeding behaviour on or near the seabed, those gear types are associated with having the highest harbour porpoise mortalities. A disproportionately high number of juvenile porpoises amongst by-catches have been reported in several fisheries, for example the Danish gillnet fishery. In the Western English Channel & Approaches, the only fishery besides the bass fishery in which common dolphin by-catch has been recorded and estimates obtained, is the offshore hake / pollack gillnet fishery. This fishery is prosecuted by both Irish and English vessels, which are usually 15m or more in length. Common dolphin by-catch rates were estimated in this fishery over the years 1992-94 and found to be around 200 animals per year. The UK & Irish hake fishery also had a significant annual by-catch of harbour porpoises, estimated for 1992-94 at 2,200 (95% CI: 900-3500; with c. 700 in the UK and 1,500 in the Irish fisheries). This represented 6.2% of the estimated number of porpoises in the region, a level more than three times the amount that was considered sustainable. More recent estimates of porpoise by-catch from gill and tangle nets in the Celtic Sea between 2005 and 2007 gave annual values of 453 (2005) and 728 (2006) from the UK fishery, and 350 (2005-07) from the Irish fishery (ICES, 2008). For 2008, the by-catch estimates of harbour porpoise in gillnet and tangle net fisheries in the Irish and Celtic Sea areas were 498-1409. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G329, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Evidence suggests that both dolphins and porpoises are capable of detecting gillnets and that, in a heightened state of awareness, they perceive the threat and thus will avoid nets, or at least become entangled less frequently. However, there is also evidence that harbour porpoises may not detect nets until they are too close to avoid entanglement. Two species above all other cetacean species in Northern Europe, appear to be major victims of by-catch from gillnet fisheries. These are the harbour porpoise and short-beaked common dolphin. Gillnets, tangle nets and trammel nets are all deployed on or near the seabed, targeting demersal species such as cod, turbot, lumpfish, plaice, sole and ray. Probably due to harbour porpoise feeding behaviour on or near the seabed, those gear types are associated with having the highest harbour porpoise mortalities. A disproportionately high number of juvenile porpoises amongst by-catches have been reported in several fisheries, for example the Danish gillnet fishery. In the Western English Channel & Approaches, the only fishery besides the bass fishery in which common dolphin by-catch has been recorded and estimates obtained, is the offshore hake / pollack gillnet fishery. This fishery is prosecuted by both Irish and English vessels, which are usually 15m or more in length. Common dolphin by-catch rates were estimated in this fishery over the years 1992-94 and found to be around 200 animals per year. The UK & Irish hake fishery also had a significant annual by-catch of harbour porpoises, estimated for 1992-94 at 2,200 (95% CI: 900-3500; with c. 700 in the UK and 1,500 in the Irish fisheries). This represented 6.2% of the estimated number of porpoises in the region, a level more than three times the amount that was considered sustainable. More recent estimates of porpoise by-catch from gill and tangle nets in the Celtic Sea between 2005 and 2007 gave annual values of 453 (2005) and 728 (2006) from the UK fishery, and 350 (2005-07) from the Irish fishery (ICES, 2008). For 2008, the by-catch estimates of harbour porpoise in gillnet and tangle net fisheries in the Irish and Celtic Sea areas were 498-1409. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G330, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Evidence suggests that both dolphins and porpoises are capable of detecting gillnets and that, in a heightened state of awareness, they perceive the threat and thus will avoid nets, or at least become entangled less frequently. However, there is also evidence that harbour porpoises may not detect nets until they are too close to avoid entanglement. Two species above all other cetacean species in Northern Europe, appear to be major victims of by-catch from gillnet fisheries. These are the harbour porpoise and short-beaked common dolphin. Gillnets, tangle nets and trammel nets are all deployed on or near the seabed, targeting demersal species such as cod, turbot, lumpfish, plaice, sole and ray. Probably due to harbour porpoise feeding behaviour on or near the seabed, those gear types are associated with having the highest harbour porpoise mortalities. A disproportionately high number of juvenile porpoises amongst by-catches have been reported in several fisheries, for example the Danish gillnet fishery. In the Western English Channel & Approaches, the only fishery besides the bass fishery in which common dolphin by-catch has been recorded and estimates obtained, is the offshore hake / pollack gillnet fishery. This fishery is prosecuted by both Irish and English vessels, which are usually 15m or more in length. Common dolphin by-catch rates were estimated in this fishery over the years 1992-94 and found to be around 200 animals per year. The UK & Irish hake fishery also had a significant annual by-catch of harbour porpoises, estimated for 1992-94 at 2,200 (95% CI: 900-3500; with c. 700 in the UK and 1,500 in the Irish fisheries). This represented 6.2% of the estimated number of porpoises in the region, a level more than three times the amount that was considered sustainable. More recent estimates of porpoise by-catch from gill and tangle nets in the Celtic Sea between 2005 and 2007 gave annual values of 453 (2005) and 728 (2006) from the UK fishery, and 350 (2005-07) from the Irish fishery (ICES, 2008). For 2008, the by-catch estimates of harbour porpoise in gillnet and tangle net fisheries in the Irish and Celtic Sea areas were 498-1409. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G331, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Entanglement may occur on the baited hooks or in the line itself. High-seas long lines are a particular problem for seabirds, representing a serious conservation threat for albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters. However, they do not appear to be a major problem for marine mammals around UK.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G332, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Entanglement may occur on the baited hooks or in the line itself. High-seas long lines are a particular problem for seabirds, representing a serious conservation threat for albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters. However, they do not appear to be a major problem for marine mammals around UK.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G333, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Small numbers of small cetaceans such as Bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoise become entangled with the leader ropes rather than the traps themselves. However, not all are killed, for example it was found that in herring weirs only 39% of harbour porpoises caught died. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G334, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Small numbers of small cetaceans such as Bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoise become entangled with the leader ropes rather than the traps themselves. However, not all are killed, for example it was found that in herring weirs only 39% of harbour porpoises caught died. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G335, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Small numbers of small cetaceans such as Bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoise become entangled with the leader ropes rather than the traps themselves. However, not all are killed, for example it was found that in herring weirs only 39% of harbour porpoises caught died. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Otter Lutra lutra","Otter Lutra lutra","M_Otter Lutra lutra",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G336, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","During 1975-92, 69 otters were reported as drowned in eel fyke nets, 66 in lobster creels, and one in a fish trap, around the British Isles (mainly Scotland); 32 were recorded as drowned in fishing gear around Ireland in the early 1970s ; and 36 in the same decade in German coastal waters . Incidental mortality amongst lobster creels in the Hebrides indicated a preponderance of females (79%) being caught, thought to be due to the small entrance size. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Otter Lutra lutra","Otter Lutra lutra","M_Otter Lutra lutra",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G337, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","During 1975-92, 69 otters were reported as drowned in eel fyke nets, 66 in lobster creels, and one in a fish trap, around the British Isles (mainly Scotland); 32 were recorded as drowned in fishing gear around Ireland in the early 1970s ; and 36 in the same decade in German coastal waters . Incidental mortality amongst lobster creels in the Hebrides indicated a preponderance of females (79%) being caught, thought to be due to the small entrance size. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Otter Lutra lutra","Otter Lutra lutra","M_Otter Lutra lutra",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G338, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","During 1975-92, 69 otters were reported as drowned in eel fyke nets, 66 in lobster creels, and one in a fish trap, around the British Isles (mainly Scotland); 32 were recorded as drowned in fishing gear around Ireland in the early 1970s ; and 36 in the same decade in German coastal waters . Incidental mortality amongst lobster creels in the Hebrides indicated a preponderance of females (79%) being caught, thought to be due to the small entrance size. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G339, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G340, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G341, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G342, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G343, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Berggren, P. 1994. Bycatches of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Swedish Skaggerak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas: 1973–1993. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 15): 211–215.","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Surface trawl","Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G344, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/217510/3702978B-04EE-438E-962D-B3DD8FA8EA98.pdf","Search","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Europe","Sweden","Skagerrak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas","1973 - 1993","0-100m","Impact","51% of catches were in March April and May and at all depths and all gear types. ","Analysied fishermen information on by-catch","Data was supplied by the fishermen"]
["Berggren, P. 1994. Bycatches of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Swedish Skaggerak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas: 1973–1993. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 15): 211–215.","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Surface trawl","Mid-water trawl (pair) ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G345, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/217510/3702978B-04EE-438E-962D-B3DD8FA8EA98.pdf","Search","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Europe","Sweden","Skagerrak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas","1974 - 1993","0-100m","Impact","51% of catches were in March April and May and at all depths and all gear types. ","Analysied fishermen information on by-catch","Data was supplied by the fishermen"]
["Berggren, P. 1994. Bycatches of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Swedish Skaggerak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas: 1973–1993. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 15): 211–215.","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Surface trawl","Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G346, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/217510/3702978B-04EE-438E-962D-B3DD8FA8EA98.pdf","Search","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Europe","Sweden","Skagerrak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas","1975 - 1993","0-100m","Impact","51% of catches were in March April and May and at all depths and all gear types. ","Analysied fishermen information on by-catch","Data was supplied by the fishermen"]
["Berggren, P. 1994. Bycatches of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Swedish Skaggerak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas: 1973–1993. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 15): 211–215.","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Salmon and Mackerel driftnet","Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G347, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/217510/3702978B-04EE-438E-962D-B3DD8FA8EA98.pdf","Search","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Europe","Sweden","Skagerrak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas","1976 - 1993","0-100m","Impact","51% of catches were in March April and May and at all depths and all gear types. ","Analysied fishermen information on by-catch","Data was supplied by the fishermen"]
["Berggren, P. 1994. Bycatches of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Swedish Skaggerak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas: 1973–1993. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 15): 211–215.","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Salmon and Mackerel driftnet","Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G348, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/217510/3702978B-04EE-438E-962D-B3DD8FA8EA98.pdf","Search","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Europe","Sweden","Skagerrak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas","1977 - 1993","0-100m","Impact","51% of catches were in March April and May and at all depths and all gear types. ","Analysied fishermen information on by-catch","Data was supplied by the fishermen"]
["Berggren, P. 1994. Bycatches of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Swedish Skaggerak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas: 1973–1993. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 15): 211–215.","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Dogfish, Cod and Other bottom gillnet","Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G349, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/217510/3702978B-04EE-438E-962D-B3DD8FA8EA98.pdf","Search","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Europe","Sweden","Skagerrak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas","1978 - 1993","0-100m","Impact","51% of catches were in March April and May and at all depths and all gear types. ","Analysied fishermen information on by-catch","Data was supplied by the fishermen"]
["Berggren, P. 1994. Bycatches of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Swedish Skaggerak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas: 1973–1993. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 15): 211–215.","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Dogfish, Cod and Other bottom gillnet","Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G350, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/217510/3702978B-04EE-438E-962D-B3DD8FA8EA98.pdf","Search","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Europe","Sweden","Skagerrak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas","1979 - 1993","0-100m","Impact","51% of catches were in March April and May and at all depths and all gear types. ","Analysied fishermen information on by-catch","Data was supplied by the fishermen"]
["Berggren, P. 1994. Bycatches of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Swedish Skaggerak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas: 1973–1993. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 15): 211–215.","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Harbour Porpoise","Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Dogfish, Cod and Other bottom gillnet","Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G351, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/217510/3702978B-04EE-438E-962D-B3DD8FA8EA98.pdf","Search","Paper reviews the bycatches in various fisheries between 1973-1993. Gillnets are responsible for more than 80% of all incidental takes. Although bycatches occur all year round. 51% occurring in March, April and May.","Europe","Sweden","Skagerrak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas","1980 - 1993","0-100m","Impact","51% of catches were in March April and May and at all depths and all gear types. ","Analysied fishermen information on by-catch","Data was supplied by the fishermen"]
["CEC 2002. Incidental catches ofsmall cetaceans. Report of the meeting of the subgroup on fishery and the environment (SGFEN) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), Brussels December 2001. SEC (2002) 376. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.",null,"Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G352, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://www.eurocbc.org/IncidCatchesSmallCetaceans_sec_2002_376_en.pdf","Search","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.","Europe","UK","UK",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The UK has several small drift net fisheries. Observations have been made on two of these (with relatively low proportionate effort) and no bycatch has been observed","Summary of bycatch records throughout Europe","Not many samples"]
["CEC 2002. Incidental catches ofsmall cetaceans. Report of the meeting of the subgroup on fishery and the environment (SGFEN) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), Brussels December 2001. SEC (2002) 376. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels","Add summary",null,"Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G353, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://www.eurocbc.org/IncidCatchesSmallCetaceans_sec_2002_376_en.pdf","Search","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.","Europe","UK","UK",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The UK has several small drift net fisheries. Observations have been made on two of these (with relatively low proportionate effort) and no bycatch has been observed","Summary of bycatch records throughout Europe","Not many samples"]
["CEC 2002. Incidental catches ofsmall cetaceans. Report of the meeting of the subgroup on fishery and the environment (SGFEN) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), Brussels December 2001. SEC (2002) 376. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.",null,"Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Set Nets","Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G354, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://www.eurocbc.org/IncidCatchesSmallCetaceans_sec_2002_376_en.pdf","Search","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.","Europe","UK","UK","1995-99","Not Specified","Impact","For the United Kingdom, cetacean bycatch data exists for fisheries for cod, sole, skate and turbot in the North Sea (Table 2.8). Only harbour porpoises have been recorded caught in these fisheries. Porpoise bycatch was assessed for the period 1995-99. The bycatch halved during this period as fishing effort (measured in days at sea) has declined. Bycatch estimates were based on observed bycatches per day at sea within metier, on the assumption that mean effort per day at sea among sampled vessels was an unbiased estimate of mean effort per day at sea for the entire metier.","Summary of bycatch records throughout Europe"]
["CEC 2002. Incidental catches ofsmall cetaceans. Report of the meeting of the subgroup on fishery and the environment (SGFEN) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), Brussels December 2001. SEC (2002) 376. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.",null,"Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Set Nets","Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G355, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://www.eurocbc.org/IncidCatchesSmallCetaceans_sec_2002_376_en.pdf","Search","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.","Europe","UK","UK","1995-99","Not Specified","Impact","For the United Kingdom, cetacean bycatch data exists for fisheries for cod, sole, skate and turbot in the North Sea (Table 2.8). Only harbour porpoises have been recorded caught in these fisheries. Porpoise bycatch was assessed for the period 1995-99. The bycatch halved during this period as fishing effort (measured in days at sea) has declined. Bycatch estimates were based on observed bycatches per day at sea within metier, on the assumption that mean effort per day at sea among sampled vessels was an unbiased estimate of mean effort per day at sea for the entire metier.","Summary of bycatch records throughout Europe"]
["CEC 2002. Incidental catches ofsmall cetaceans. Report of the meeting of the subgroup on fishery and the environment (SGFEN) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), Brussels December 2001. SEC (2002) 376. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.",null,"Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise ","Set Nets","Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G356, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://www.eurocbc.org/IncidCatchesSmallCetaceans_sec_2002_376_en.pdf","Search","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.","Europe","UK","UK","1995-99","Not Specified","Impact","For the United Kingdom, cetacean bycatch data exists for fisheries for cod, sole, skate and turbot in the North Sea (Table 2.8). Only harbour porpoises have been recorded caught in these fisheries. Porpoise bycatch was assessed for the period 1995-99. The bycatch halved during this period as fishing effort (measured in days at sea) has declined. Bycatch estimates were based on observed bycatches per day at sea within metier, on the assumption that mean effort per day at sea among sampled vessels was an unbiased estimate of mean effort per day at sea for the entire metier.","Summary of bycatch records throughout Europe"]
["CEC 2002. Incidental catches ofsmall cetaceans. Report of the meeting of the subgroup on fishery and the environment (SGFEN) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), Brussels December 2001. SEC (2002) 376. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.",null,"Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose dolphin",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G357, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://www.eurocbc.org/IncidCatchesSmallCetaceans_sec_2002_376_en.pdf","Search","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.","Europe","UK","UK",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The UK has several small drift net fisheries. Observations have been made on two of these (with relatively low proportionate effort) and no bycatch has been observed","Summary of bycatch records throughout Europe","Not many samples"]
["CEC 2002. Incidental catches ofsmall cetaceans. Report of the meeting of the subgroup on fishery and the environment (SGFEN) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), Brussels December 2001. SEC (2002) 376. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels","Add summary",null,"Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose dolphin",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G358, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://www.eurocbc.org/IncidCatchesSmallCetaceans_sec_2002_376_en.pdf","Search","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.","Europe","UK","UK",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The UK has several small drift net fisheries. Observations have been made on two of these (with relatively low proportionate effort) and no bycatch has been observed","Summary of bycatch records throughout Europe","Not many samples"]
["CEC 2002. Incidental catches ofsmall cetaceans. Report of the meeting of the subgroup on fishery and the environment (SGFEN) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), Brussels December 2001. SEC (2002) 376. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.",null,"Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose dolphin","Set Nets","Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G359, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://www.eurocbc.org/IncidCatchesSmallCetaceans_sec_2002_376_en.pdf","Search","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.","Europe","UK","UK","1995-99","Not Specified","Impact","For the United Kingdom, cetacean bycatch data exists for fisheries for cod, sole, skate and turbot in the North Sea (Table 2.8). Only harbour porpoises have been recorded caught in these fisheries. Porpoise bycatch was assessed for the period 1995-99. The bycatch halved during this period as fishing effort (measured in days at sea) has declined. Bycatch estimates were based on observed bycatches per day at sea within metier, on the assumption that mean effort per day at sea among sampled vessels was an unbiased estimate of mean effort per day at sea for the entire metier.","Summary of bycatch records throughout Europe"]
["CEC 2002. Incidental catches ofsmall cetaceans. Report of the meeting of the subgroup on fishery and the environment (SGFEN) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), Brussels December 2001. SEC (2002) 376. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.",null,"Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose dolphin","Set Nets","Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G360, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://www.eurocbc.org/IncidCatchesSmallCetaceans_sec_2002_376_en.pdf","Search","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.","Europe","UK","UK","1995-99","Not Specified","Impact","For the United Kingdom, cetacean bycatch data exists for fisheries for cod, sole, skate and turbot in the North Sea (Table 2.8). Only harbour porpoises have been recorded caught in these fisheries. Porpoise bycatch was assessed for the period 1995-99. The bycatch halved during this period as fishing effort (measured in days at sea) has declined. Bycatch estimates were based on observed bycatches per day at sea within metier, on the assumption that mean effort per day at sea among sampled vessels was an unbiased estimate of mean effort per day at sea for the entire metier.","Summary of bycatch records throughout Europe"]
["CEC 2002. Incidental catches ofsmall cetaceans. Report of the meeting of the subgroup on fishery and the environment (SGFEN) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), Brussels December 2001. SEC (2002) 376. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.",null,"Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose dolphin","Set Nets","Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G361, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},"Bycatch","Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","Medium","http://www.eurocbc.org/IncidCatchesSmallCetaceans_sec_2002_376_en.pdf","Search","This report summarises current information concerning the bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries, and makes some preliminary suggestions both for improving information on this subject and for addressing means of minimising such bycatches.","Europe","UK","UK","1995-99","Not Specified","Impact","For the United Kingdom, cetacean bycatch data exists for fisheries for cod, sole, skate and turbot in the North Sea (Table 2.8). Only harbour porpoises have been recorded caught in these fisheries. Porpoise bycatch was assessed for the period 1995-99. The bycatch halved during this period as fishing effort (measured in days at sea) has declined. Bycatch estimates were based on observed bycatches per day at sea within metier, on the assumption that mean effort per day at sea among sampled vessels was an unbiased estimate of mean effort per day at sea for the entire metier.","Summary of bycatch records throughout Europe"]
["Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D.,Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S., Pouvreau, S. 1999. Incidental catches of marine mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41: 297–307.","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present. Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries and seal in one. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. Grey seals were caught in the Irish Celtic Sea herring fishery at a rate of 0.0513 per tow or 0.0396 per hour of towing. The mean ±SD dolphin catch rate for all fisheries combined was 0.048\u00060.013 per tow (one dolphin per 20.7 tows), or 0.0185\u00060.0019 per hour of towing (one dolphin per 98 h of towing) and, for all marine mammals, 0.059\u00060.019 (1 per 17.0 tows) or 0.0124\u00060.0121 (1 per 80.6 h of towing). 95% confidence intervals, calculated on untransformed data, for all fisheries combined were 0.4±1.6 dolphins per 100 h of towing. No operational factors were correlated with by-catch rates but the haul-back procedure was identified as a potentially important factor. All dolphin by-catches occurred during the night which may be a due to an association between cetaceans and trawlers at night. White-sided dolphins and grey seals were observed feeding around the net during towing and this behaviour may make them more vulnerable to capture. Operational difficulties in observing by-catch and potentially significant annual fluctuation in catch rates warrant further observer studies of these and other trawl fisheries","White-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, grey seal Halichoerus grypus, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose dolphin","Trawl fishery","Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G362, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.eurocbc.org/morizuretal1999.pdf","Search","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present.","Europe","North East Atlantic","North East Atlantic","1993 - 1995","Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. All dolphin by catches occured at night","Eleven trawl fisheries operated by four different countries were studied: namely French anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, hake Merluccius merluccius, tuna Thunnus alalunga, black bream Spondyliosoma cantharus and sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax fisheries, UK and French pilchard Sardina pilchardus fisheries, UK mackerel, Irish herring and French and Dutch horse-mackerel Trachurus sp. fisheries. Observers studied as many tows as possible during each fishing trip. The duration, depth and location of each tow were recorded, as well as the tonnage of fish caught and the intended target species. Different fish species may be targeted during the same fishing trip, especially by French trawlers and each tow was allocated to a specific fishery after checking the observer's information with the species composition of landings. Total catch from each tow was estimated by the number of lifts per tow (in the case of vessels which did not use a fish pump) or from the landings data obtained from the fishermen's logbook.The unit of sampling for marine mammals was the tow as it was hoped that all mammals caught could be recorded, identified, measured, and if possible, landed."]
["Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D.,Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S., Pouvreau, S. 1999. Incidental catches of marine mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41: 297–307.","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present. Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries and seal in one. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. Grey seals were caught in the Irish Celtic Sea herring fishery at a rate of 0.0513 per tow or 0.0396 per hour of towing. The mean ±SD dolphin catch rate for all fisheries combined was 0.048\u00060.013 per tow (one dolphin per 20.7 tows), or 0.0185\u00060.0019 per hour of towing (one dolphin per 98 h of towing) and, for all marine mammals, 0.059\u00060.019 (1 per 17.0 tows) or 0.0124\u00060.0121 (1 per 80.6 h of towing). 95% confidence intervals, calculated on untransformed data, for all fisheries combined were 0.4±1.6 dolphins per 100 h of towing. No operational factors were correlated with by-catch rates but the haul-back procedure was identified as a potentially important factor. All dolphin by-catches occurred during the night which may be a due to an association between cetaceans and trawlers at night. White-sided dolphins and grey seals were observed feeding around the net during towing and this behaviour may make them more vulnerable to capture. Operational difficulties in observing by-catch and potentially significant annual fluctuation in catch rates warrant further observer studies of these and other trawl fisheries","White-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, grey seal Halichoerus grypus, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose dolphin","Trawl fishery","Mid-water trawl (pair) ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G363, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.eurocbc.org/morizuretal1999.pdf","Search","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present.","Europe","North East Atlantic","North East Atlantic","1994 - 1995","Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. All dolphin by catches occured at night","Eleven trawl fisheries operated by four different countries were studied: namely French anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, hake Merluccius merluccius, tuna Thunnus alalunga, black bream Spondyliosoma cantharus and sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax fisheries, UK and French pilchard Sardina pilchardus fisheries, UK mackerel, Irish herring and French and Dutch horse-mackerel Trachurus sp. fisheries. Observers studied as many tows as possible during each fishing trip. The duration, depth and location of each tow were recorded, as well as the tonnage of fish caught and the intended target species. Different fish species may be targeted during the same fishing trip, especially by French trawlers and each tow was allocated to a specific fishery after checking the observer's information with the species composition of landings. Total catch from each tow was estimated by the number of lifts per tow (in the case of vessels which did not use a fish pump) or from the landings data obtained from the fishermen's logbook.The unit of sampling for marine mammals was the tow as it was hoped that all mammals caught could be recorded, identified, measured, and if possible, landed."]
["Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D.,Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S., Pouvreau, S. 1999. Incidental catches of marine mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41: 297–307.","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present. Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries and seal in one. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. Grey seals were caught in the Irish Celtic Sea herring fishery at a rate of 0.0513 per tow or 0.0396 per hour of towing. The mean ±SD dolphin catch rate for all fisheries combined was 0.048\u00060.013 per tow (one dolphin per 20.7 tows), or 0.0185\u00060.0019 per hour of towing (one dolphin per 98 h of towing) and, for all marine mammals, 0.059\u00060.019 (1 per 17.0 tows) or 0.0124\u00060.0121 (1 per 80.6 h of towing). 95% confidence intervals, calculated on untransformed data, for all fisheries combined were 0.4±1.6 dolphins per 100 h of towing. No operational factors were correlated with by-catch rates but the haul-back procedure was identified as a potentially important factor. All dolphin by-catches occurred during the night which may be a due to an association between cetaceans and trawlers at night. White-sided dolphins and grey seals were observed feeding around the net during towing and this behaviour may make them more vulnerable to capture. Operational difficulties in observing by-catch and potentially significant annual fluctuation in catch rates warrant further observer studies of these and other trawl fisheries","White-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, grey seal Halichoerus grypus, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose dolphin","Trawl fishery","Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G364, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.eurocbc.org/morizuretal1999.pdf","Search","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present.","Europe","North East Atlantic","North East Atlantic","1995 - 1995","Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. All dolphin by catches occured at night","Eleven trawl fisheries operated by four different countries were studied: namely French anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, hake Merluccius merluccius, tuna Thunnus alalunga, black bream Spondyliosoma cantharus and sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax fisheries, UK and French pilchard Sardina pilchardus fisheries, UK mackerel, Irish herring and French and Dutch horse-mackerel Trachurus sp. fisheries. Observers studied as many tows as possible during each fishing trip. The duration, depth and location of each tow were recorded, as well as the tonnage of fish caught and the intended target species. Different fish species may be targeted during the same fishing trip, especially by French trawlers and each tow was allocated to a specific fishery after checking the observer's information with the species composition of landings. Total catch from each tow was estimated by the number of lifts per tow (in the case of vessels which did not use a fish pump) or from the landings data obtained from the fishermen's logbook.The unit of sampling for marine mammals was the tow as it was hoped that all mammals caught could be recorded, identified, measured, and if possible, landed."]
["Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D.,Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S., Pouvreau, S. 1999. Incidental catches of marine mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41: 297–307.","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present. Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries and seal in one. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. Grey seals were caught in the Irish Celtic Sea herring fishery at a rate of 0.0513 per tow or 0.0396 per hour of towing. The mean ±SD dolphin catch rate for all fisheries combined was 0.048\u00060.013 per tow (one dolphin per 20.7 tows), or 0.0185\u00060.0019 per hour of towing (one dolphin per 98 h of towing) and, for all marine mammals, 0.059\u00060.019 (1 per 17.0 tows) or 0.0124\u00060.0121 (1 per 80.6 h of towing). 95% confidence intervals, calculated on untransformed data, for all fisheries combined were 0.4±1.6 dolphins per 100 h of towing. No operational factors were correlated with by-catch rates but the haul-back procedure was identified as a potentially important factor. All dolphin by-catches occurred during the night which may be a due to an association between cetaceans and trawlers at night. White-sided dolphins and grey seals were observed feeding around the net during towing and this behaviour may make them more vulnerable to capture. Operational difficulties in observing by-catch and potentially significant annual fluctuation in catch rates warrant further observer studies of these and other trawl fisheries","White-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, grey seal Halichoerus grypus, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus","Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal","Trawl fishery","Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G365, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.eurocbc.org/morizuretal1999.pdf","Search","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present.","Europe","North East Atlantic","North East Atlantic","1993 - 1995","Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. All dolphin by catches occured at night","Eleven trawl fisheries operated by four different countries were studied: namely French anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, hake Merluccius merluccius, tuna Thunnus alalunga, black bream Spondyliosoma cantharus and sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax fisheries, UK and French pilchard Sardina pilchardus fisheries, UK mackerel, Irish herring and French and Dutch horse-mackerel Trachurus sp. fisheries. Observers studied as many tows as possible during each fishing trip. The duration, depth and location of each tow were recorded, as well as the tonnage of fish caught and the intended target species. Different fish species may be targeted during the same fishing trip, especially by French trawlers and each tow was allocated to a specific fishery after checking the observer's information with the species composition of landings. Total catch from each tow was estimated by the number of lifts per tow (in the case of vessels which did not use a fish pump) or from the landings data obtained from the fishermen's logbook.The unit of sampling for marine mammals was the tow as it was hoped that all mammals caught could be recorded, identified, measured, and if possible, landed."]
["Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D.,Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S., Pouvreau, S. 1999. Incidental catches of marine mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41: 297–307.","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present. Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries and seal in one. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. Grey seals were caught in the Irish Celtic Sea herring fishery at a rate of 0.0513 per tow or 0.0396 per hour of towing. The mean ±SD dolphin catch rate for all fisheries combined was 0.048\u00060.013 per tow (one dolphin per 20.7 tows), or 0.0185\u00060.0019 per hour of towing (one dolphin per 98 h of towing) and, for all marine mammals, 0.059\u00060.019 (1 per 17.0 tows) or 0.0124\u00060.0121 (1 per 80.6 h of towing). 95% confidence intervals, calculated on untransformed data, for all fisheries combined were 0.4±1.6 dolphins per 100 h of towing. No operational factors were correlated with by-catch rates but the haul-back procedure was identified as a potentially important factor. All dolphin by-catches occurred during the night which may be a due to an association between cetaceans and trawlers at night. White-sided dolphins and grey seals were observed feeding around the net during towing and this behaviour may make them more vulnerable to capture. Operational difficulties in observing by-catch and potentially significant annual fluctuation in catch rates warrant further observer studies of these and other trawl fisheries","White-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, grey seal Halichoerus grypus, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus","Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal","Trawl fishery","Mid-water trawl (pair) ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G366, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.eurocbc.org/morizuretal1999.pdf","Search","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present.","Europe","North East Atlantic","North East Atlantic","1994 - 1995","Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. All dolphin by catches occured at night","Eleven trawl fisheries operated by four different countries were studied: namely French anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, hake Merluccius merluccius, tuna Thunnus alalunga, black bream Spondyliosoma cantharus and sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax fisheries, UK and French pilchard Sardina pilchardus fisheries, UK mackerel, Irish herring and French and Dutch horse-mackerel Trachurus sp. fisheries. Observers studied as many tows as possible during each fishing trip. The duration, depth and location of each tow were recorded, as well as the tonnage of fish caught and the intended target species. Different fish species may be targeted during the same fishing trip, especially by French trawlers and each tow was allocated to a specific fishery after checking the observer's information with the species composition of landings. Total catch from each tow was estimated by the number of lifts per tow (in the case of vessels which did not use a fish pump) or from the landings data obtained from the fishermen's logbook.The unit of sampling for marine mammals was the tow as it was hoped that all mammals caught could be recorded, identified, measured, and if possible, landed."]
["Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D.,Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S., Pouvreau, S. 1999. Incidental catches of marine mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41: 297–307.","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present. Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries and seal in one. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. Grey seals were caught in the Irish Celtic Sea herring fishery at a rate of 0.0513 per tow or 0.0396 per hour of towing. The mean ±SD dolphin catch rate for all fisheries combined was 0.048\u00060.013 per tow (one dolphin per 20.7 tows), or 0.0185\u00060.0019 per hour of towing (one dolphin per 98 h of towing) and, for all marine mammals, 0.059\u00060.019 (1 per 17.0 tows) or 0.0124\u00060.0121 (1 per 80.6 h of towing). 95% confidence intervals, calculated on untransformed data, for all fisheries combined were 0.4±1.6 dolphins per 100 h of towing. No operational factors were correlated with by-catch rates but the haul-back procedure was identified as a potentially important factor. All dolphin by-catches occurred during the night which may be a due to an association between cetaceans and trawlers at night. White-sided dolphins and grey seals were observed feeding around the net during towing and this behaviour may make them more vulnerable to capture. Operational difficulties in observing by-catch and potentially significant annual fluctuation in catch rates warrant further observer studies of these and other trawl fisheries","White-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, grey seal Halichoerus grypus, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus","Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal","Trawl fishery","Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G367, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.eurocbc.org/morizuretal1999.pdf","Search","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present.","Europe","North East Atlantic","North East Atlantic","1995 - 1995","Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. All dolphin by catches occured at night","Eleven trawl fisheries operated by four different countries were studied: namely French anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, hake Merluccius merluccius, tuna Thunnus alalunga, black bream Spondyliosoma cantharus and sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax fisheries, UK and French pilchard Sardina pilchardus fisheries, UK mackerel, Irish herring and French and Dutch horse-mackerel Trachurus sp. fisheries. Observers studied as many tows as possible during each fishing trip. The duration, depth and location of each tow were recorded, as well as the tonnage of fish caught and the intended target species. Different fish species may be targeted during the same fishing trip, especially by French trawlers and each tow was allocated to a specific fishery after checking the observer's information with the species composition of landings. Total catch from each tow was estimated by the number of lifts per tow (in the case of vessels which did not use a fish pump) or from the landings data obtained from the fishermen's logbook.The unit of sampling for marine mammals was the tow as it was hoped that all mammals caught could be recorded, identified, measured, and if possible, landed."]
["Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D.,Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S., Pouvreau, S. 1999. Incidental catches of marine mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41: 297–307.","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present. Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries and seal in one. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. Grey seals were caught in the Irish Celtic Sea herring fishery at a rate of 0.0513 per tow or 0.0396 per hour of towing. The mean ±SD dolphin catch rate for all fisheries combined was 0.048\u00060.013 per tow (one dolphin per 20.7 tows), or 0.0185\u00060.0019 per hour of towing (one dolphin per 98 h of towing) and, for all marine mammals, 0.059\u00060.019 (1 per 17.0 tows) or 0.0124\u00060.0121 (1 per 80.6 h of towing). 95% confidence intervals, calculated on untransformed data, for all fisheries combined were 0.4±1.6 dolphins per 100 h of towing. No operational factors were correlated with by-catch rates but the haul-back procedure was identified as a potentially important factor. All dolphin by-catches occurred during the night which may be a due to an association between cetaceans and trawlers at night. White-sided dolphins and grey seals were observed feeding around the net during towing and this behaviour may make them more vulnerable to capture. Operational difficulties in observing by-catch and potentially significant annual fluctuation in catch rates warrant further observer studies of these and other trawl fisheries",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal","Trawl fishery","Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G368, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.eurocbc.org/morizuretal1999.pdf","Search","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present.","Europe","North East Atlantic","North East Atlantic","1996 - 1995","Not Specified","Impact","Grey Seal wss caught in one of the 11 fisheries. Grey seals were caught in the Irish Celtic Sea herring fishery at a rate of 0.0513 per tow or 0.0396 per hour of towing. Seals were found to be feeding around the net during the tow whihc may make thenm more vulnerable to capture. ","Eleven trawl fisheries operated by four different countries were studied: namely French anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, hake Merluccius merluccius, tuna Thunnus alalunga, black bream Spondyliosoma cantharus and sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax fisheries, UK and French pilchard Sardina pilchardus fisheries, UK mackerel, Irish herring and French and Dutch horse-mackerel Trachurus sp. fisheries. Observers studied as many tows as possible during each fishing trip. The duration, depth and location of each tow were recorded, as well as the tonnage of fish caught and the intended target species. Different fish species may be targeted during the same fishing trip, especially by French trawlers and each tow was allocated to a specific fishery after checking the observer's information with the species composition of landings. Total catch from each tow was estimated by the number of lifts per tow (in the case of vessels which did not use a fish pump) or from the landings data obtained from the fishermen's logbook.The unit of sampling for marine mammals was the tow as it was hoped that all mammals caught could be recorded, identified, measured, and if possible, landed."]
["Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D.,Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S., Pouvreau, S. 1999. Incidental catches of marine mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41: 297–307.","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present. Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries and seal in one. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. Grey seals were caught in the Irish Celtic Sea herring fishery at a rate of 0.0513 per tow or 0.0396 per hour of towing. The mean ±SD dolphin catch rate for all fisheries combined was 0.048\u00060.013 per tow (one dolphin per 20.7 tows), or 0.0185\u00060.0019 per hour of towing (one dolphin per 98 h of towing) and, for all marine mammals, 0.059\u00060.019 (1 per 17.0 tows) or 0.0124\u00060.0121 (1 per 80.6 h of towing). 95% confidence intervals, calculated on untransformed data, for all fisheries combined were 0.4±1.6 dolphins per 100 h of towing. No operational factors were correlated with by-catch rates but the haul-back procedure was identified as a potentially important factor. All dolphin by-catches occurred during the night which may be a due to an association between cetaceans and trawlers at night. White-sided dolphins and grey seals were observed feeding around the net during towing and this behaviour may make them more vulnerable to capture. Operational difficulties in observing by-catch and potentially significant annual fluctuation in catch rates warrant further observer studies of these and other trawl fisheries",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal","Trawl fishery","Mid-water trawl (pair) ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G369, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.eurocbc.org/morizuretal1999.pdf","Search","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present.","Europe","North East Atlantic","North East Atlantic","1997 - 1995","Not Specified","Impact","Grey Seal wss caught in one of the 11 fisheries. Grey seals were caught in the Irish Celtic Sea herring fishery at a rate of 0.0513 per tow or 0.0396 per hour of towing. Seals were found to be feeding around the net during the tow whihc may make thenm more vulnerable to capture. ","Eleven trawl fisheries operated by four different countries were studied: namely French anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, hake Merluccius merluccius, tuna Thunnus alalunga, black bream Spondyliosoma cantharus and sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax fisheries, UK and French pilchard Sardina pilchardus fisheries, UK mackerel, Irish herring and French and Dutch horse-mackerel Trachurus sp. fisheries. Observers studied as many tows as possible during each fishing trip. The duration, depth and location of each tow were recorded, as well as the tonnage of fish caught and the intended target species. Different fish species may be targeted during the same fishing trip, especially by French trawlers and each tow was allocated to a specific fishery after checking the observer's information with the species composition of landings. Total catch from each tow was estimated by the number of lifts per tow (in the case of vessels which did not use a fish pump) or from the landings data obtained from the fishermen's logbook.The unit of sampling for marine mammals was the tow as it was hoped that all mammals caught could be recorded, identified, measured, and if possible, landed."]
["Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D.,Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S., Pouvreau, S. 1999. Incidental catches of marine mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41: 297–307.","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present. Dolphins were caught in four of the 11 fisheries and seal in one. In those fisheries with cetacean bycatch, rates varied from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing and were highest in the French sea bass fishery and lowest in the French tuna fishery. Grey seals were caught in the Irish Celtic Sea herring fishery at a rate of 0.0513 per tow or 0.0396 per hour of towing. The mean ±SD dolphin catch rate for all fisheries combined was 0.048\u00060.013 per tow (one dolphin per 20.7 tows), or 0.0185\u00060.0019 per hour of towing (one dolphin per 98 h of towing) and, for all marine mammals, 0.059\u00060.019 (1 per 17.0 tows) or 0.0124\u00060.0121 (1 per 80.6 h of towing). 95% confidence intervals, calculated on untransformed data, for all fisheries combined were 0.4±1.6 dolphins per 100 h of towing. No operational factors were correlated with by-catch rates but the haul-back procedure was identified as a potentially important factor. All dolphin by-catches occurred during the night which may be a due to an association between cetaceans and trawlers at night. White-sided dolphins and grey seals were observed feeding around the net during towing and this behaviour may make them more vulnerable to capture. Operational difficulties in observing by-catch and potentially significant annual fluctuation in catch rates warrant further observer studies of these and other trawl fisheries",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal","Trawl fishery","Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G370, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Primary data","No","High","http://www.eurocbc.org/morizuretal1999.pdf","Search","Marine mammal by-catch in 11 pelagic trawl fisheries operated by four different countries in the northeast Atlantic was studied. Observers accompanied commercial fishing vessels and monitored 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing. Three species of marine mammal were identified in by-catches (white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, common dolphin, Delphinus delphis and grey seal Halichoerus grypus) and a fourth, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, was probably present.","Europe","North East Atlantic","North East Atlantic","1998 - 1995","Not Specified","Impact","Grey Seal wss caught in one of the 11 fisheries. Grey seals were caught in the Irish Celtic Sea herring fishery at a rate of 0.0513 per tow or 0.0396 per hour of towing. Seals were found to be feeding around the net during the tow whihc may make thenm more vulnerable to capture. ","Eleven trawl fisheries operated by four different countries were studied: namely French anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, hake Merluccius merluccius, tuna Thunnus alalunga, black bream Spondyliosoma cantharus and sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax fisheries, UK and French pilchard Sardina pilchardus fisheries, UK mackerel, Irish herring and French and Dutch horse-mackerel Trachurus sp. fisheries. Observers studied as many tows as possible during each fishing trip. The duration, depth and location of each tow were recorded, as well as the tonnage of fish caught and the intended target species. Different fish species may be targeted during the same fishing trip, especially by French trawlers and each tow was allocated to a specific fishery after checking the observer's information with the species composition of landings. Total catch from each tow was estimated by the number of lifts per tow (in the case of vessels which did not use a fish pump) or from the landings data obtained from the fishermen's logbook.The unit of sampling for marine mammals was the tow as it was hoped that all mammals caught could be recorded, identified, measured, and if possible, landed."]
["Malcolm L. Windsor, Peter Hutchinson, Lars Petter Hansen and David G. Reddin. 2012. Atlantic salmon at sea: Findings from recent research and their implications for management. NASCO document CNL(12)60. Edinburgh, UK. 20pp.","In October 2011, NASCO and ICES Co-Convened the ‘Salmon Summit’, an international symposium entitled 'Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management'. One of the issues is the imact of fisheries ",null,"Salmon","F_Salmon","Surface trawls","Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G371, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},"By catch","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","High","http://www.nasco.int/pdf/reports_other/Salmon_at_sea.pdf","Search","In October 2011, NASCO and ICES Co-Convened the ‘Salmon Summit’, an international symposium entitled 'Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management'. One of the issues is the imact of fisheries ","Europe","Europe","Europe",null,null,"Impact","In the Norwegian Sea, the distribution of post-smolts overlaps with the mackerel fishery in international waters in the second and third quarters of the year. In the late 1990s, post-smolts and mackerel were caught together in June and July in Norwegian research surveys using surface trawls. There were also reports of adult salmon being caught in fisheries targeting herring in the northernmost part of the Norwegian Sea. Estimates developed in 2004/2005 of the bycatch in the mackerel fishery ranged from 0.0002 to 5.93 post-smolts per tonne of mackerel, depending on the source of the data (commercial versus research vessel). This resulted in very large variation in the estimated number of postsmolts caught (from a few individuals to 1.8 million fish). Since these estimates were made, new information from national catch screening programmes in Iceland and the Faroe Islands has become available. Information from Iceland indicated bycatches of 4.8 and 7.0 salmon per 1,000 tonnes of mackerel and herring in 2010 and 2011 respectively, or approximately 169 and 200 salmon in total for the fishery. In the case of the Faroese mackerel fishery, bycatches of up to 37 salmon per 1,000 tonnes were estimated in some months for a total in the fishery of about 180 salmon in 2011. While some fisheries for pelagic species do not appear to result in significant bycatch of salmon, there is great uncertainty in the estimates. Screening large pelagic catches for small post-smolts must be like looking for a needle in a haystack. Furthermore, the estimates do not take into account any additional sources of mortality of salmon such as that associated with the fishing gear but not included in the catch, e.g. fish that may be damaged but escape from the nets. The gear used in these pelagic fisheries is large and covers extensive areas of the sea during fishing. Because of the methods used, many of the figures generated represent minimum estimates and the real extent of the bycatch may be much higher. The quantification of bycatch remains challenging.","A review of relevant information","A small review as part of a bigger project. More infoamtion and investgation required"]
["Malcolm L. Windsor, Peter Hutchinson, Lars Petter Hansen and David G. Reddin. 2012. Atlantic salmon at sea: Findings from recent research and their implications for management. NASCO document CNL(12)60. Edinburgh, UK. 20pp.","In October 2011, NASCO and ICES Co-Convened the ‘Salmon Summit’, an international symposium entitled 'Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management'. One of the issues is the imact of fisheries ",null,"Salmon","F_Salmon","Surface trawls","Mid-water trawl (pair) ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G372, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},"By catch","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","High","http://www.nasco.int/pdf/reports_other/Salmon_at_sea.pdf","Search","In October 2011, NASCO and ICES Co-Convened the ‘Salmon Summit’, an international symposium entitled 'Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management'. One of the issues is the imact of fisheries ","Europe","Europe","Europe",null,null,"Impact","In the Norwegian Sea, the distribution of post-smolts overlaps with the mackerel fishery in international waters in the second and third quarters of the year. In the late 1990s, post-smolts and mackerel were caught together in June and July in Norwegian research surveys using surface trawls. There were also reports of adult salmon being caught in fisheries targeting herring in the northernmost part of the Norwegian Sea. Estimates developed in 2004/2005 of the bycatch in the mackerel fishery ranged from 0.0002 to 5.93 post-smolts per tonne of mackerel, depending on the source of the data (commercial versus research vessel). This resulted in very large variation in the estimated number of postsmolts caught (from a few individuals to 1.8 million fish). Since these estimates were made, new information from national catch screening programmes in Iceland and the Faroe Islands has become available. Information from Iceland indicated bycatches of 4.8 and 7.0 salmon per 1,000 tonnes of mackerel and herring in 2010 and 2011 respectively, or approximately 169 and 200 salmon in total for the fishery. In the case of the Faroese mackerel fishery, bycatches of up to 37 salmon per 1,000 tonnes were estimated in some months for a total in the fishery of about 180 salmon in 2011. While some fisheries for pelagic species do not appear to result in significant bycatch of salmon, there is great uncertainty in the estimates. Screening large pelagic catches for small post-smolts must be like looking for a needle in a haystack. Furthermore, the estimates do not take into account any additional sources of mortality of salmon such as that associated with the fishing gear but not included in the catch, e.g. fish that may be damaged but escape from the nets. The gear used in these pelagic fisheries is large and covers extensive areas of the sea during fishing. Because of the methods used, many of the figures generated represent minimum estimates and the real extent of the bycatch may be much higher. The quantification of bycatch remains challenging.","A review of relevant information","A small review as part of a bigger project. More infoamtion and investgation required"]
["Malcolm L. Windsor, Peter Hutchinson, Lars Petter Hansen and David G. Reddin. 2012. Atlantic salmon at sea: Findings from recent research and their implications for management. NASCO document CNL(12)60. Edinburgh, UK. 20pp.","In October 2011, NASCO and ICES Co-Convened the ‘Salmon Summit’, an international symposium entitled 'Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management'. One of the issues is the imact of fisheries ",null,"Salmon","F_Salmon","Surface trawls","Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G373, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},"By catch","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No","High","http://www.nasco.int/pdf/reports_other/Salmon_at_sea.pdf","Search","In October 2011, NASCO and ICES Co-Convened the ‘Salmon Summit’, an international symposium entitled 'Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management'. One of the issues is the imact of fisheries ","Europe","Europe","Europe",null,null,"Impact","In the Norwegian Sea, the distribution of post-smolts overlaps with the mackerel fishery in international waters in the second and third quarters of the year. In the late 1990s, post-smolts and mackerel were caught together in June and July in Norwegian research surveys using surface trawls. There were also reports of adult salmon being caught in fisheries targeting herring in the northernmost part of the Norwegian Sea. Estimates developed in 2004/2005 of the bycatch in the mackerel fishery ranged from 0.0002 to 5.93 post-smolts per tonne of mackerel, depending on the source of the data (commercial versus research vessel). This resulted in very large variation in the estimated number of postsmolts caught (from a few individuals to 1.8 million fish). Since these estimates were made, new information from national catch screening programmes in Iceland and the Faroe Islands has become available. Information from Iceland indicated bycatches of 4.8 and 7.0 salmon per 1,000 tonnes of mackerel and herring in 2010 and 2011 respectively, or approximately 169 and 200 salmon in total for the fishery. In the case of the Faroese mackerel fishery, bycatches of up to 37 salmon per 1,000 tonnes were estimated in some months for a total in the fishery of about 180 salmon in 2011. While some fisheries for pelagic species do not appear to result in significant bycatch of salmon, there is great uncertainty in the estimates. Screening large pelagic catches for small post-smolts must be like looking for a needle in a haystack. Furthermore, the estimates do not take into account any additional sources of mortality of salmon such as that associated with the fishing gear but not included in the catch, e.g. fish that may be damaged but escape from the nets. The gear used in these pelagic fisheries is large and covers extensive areas of the sea during fishing. Because of the methods used, many of the figures generated represent minimum estimates and the real extent of the bycatch may be much higher. The quantification of bycatch remains challenging.","A review of relevant information","A small review as part of a bigger project. More infoamtion and investgation required"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G374, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["ASMFC (2000) Evaluating fishing gear impacts to submerged aquatic vegetation and determining mitigation strategies. ASMFC Habitat Management Series No.5. Washington D.C, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. pp. 38 pp.","This report examined the  effects of fishing gear on submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and identified mitigation strategies for these impacts.  Certain specific characteristics of SAV were reviewed in this document, since these characteristics may influence SAV susceptibility to damage or loss from fishing gear impacts. The importance of these features vary among species and geographic  location. Injuries that could result from fishing gear are categorised as physical disturbance to plants or increases in turbidity. Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears or as the results of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Fishing gear used in state esturarine waters were identified and described, including their impacts to SAV. Gears or fishing practices that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts of trawls, toothless bay scallop dredges, and toothless crab scrapes, must be evaluated on case-by-case basis, considering factors such as injury type, magnitude, and temporal extent, and the susceptibility of the injured SAV species. Impacts that result in loss of SAV-habitat are considered to be “impacts of significant concern” based on the goals of the Commission’s SAV policy. Below-ground impacts clearly cross the threshold of impact of significant concern. In addition, many above-ground impacts will result in death for the marine species Halophila. Year round closures to all gear and gear prohibitions are identified as options for avoiding impacts to SAV. Options for impact minimization include partial area closures and gear format restrictions or modifications. The report documents current gear regulations for each state that may result in reduction of impacts to SAV-habitat. Impacts of significant concern have been shown to result unequivocally from below ground impacts to most SAV species, and above-ground disturbance for Halophila spp. Fishing gear that result in below-ground disturbances should be avoided at most costs, and the “Avoidance” mitigation strategy should be applied. Disturbance to sexual reproduction is the  impact of next greatest concern. Impacts that interfere with flowering or seed setting may affect the amount of SAV present in the upcoming year. In most cases, partial area closures should be used to offset any seasonal impacts of concern. More risk-averse actions, such as full area closures, may also be used. The impacts which do not fit into these three categories of impacts [(1) below-ground disturbance; (2) impact to Halophila; (3) sexual reproduction disturbance] must be evaluated for degree of impact. As stated earlier in the report, this degree of impact determination is subjective since so little scientific research has occurred in this discipline. If the degree of impact to SAV is considered to be high, then minimization strategies should be employed. If the degree of impact is low, then other environmental stresses should be taken into account when evaluating the need for mitigation. If there is little additional stress such as poor water quality, then no action is required.","Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) e.g. Halophila","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Heavy Otter Trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G375, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed journal article","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes","High","http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/gearImpactsReport.pdf","ABPmer (2013)","Review of the impacts of fishing on submerged aquatic vegetation.","America","15 Atlantic Coast States",null,null,"Not Specified","Impact","Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears, or as the result of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Gears or fishing practices that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts that result in loss of SAV-habitat are considered to be “impacts of significant concern” based on the goals of the Commission’s SAV policy. Below-ground impacts clearly cross the threshold of impact of significant concern. In addition, many above-ground impacts will result in death for the marine species Halophila. Determination of impact significance for above-ground impacts to other species is extremely difficult to impossible with the data currently available. Mitigation strategies are identified as avoidance, minimization, restoration and creation. Only the first two strategies are considered viable because of the difficulty in developing effective restoration efforts for SAV-habitat restoration and creation. Year round closures to all gear and gear prohibitions are identified as options for avoiding impacts to SAV. Options for impact minimization include partial area closures and gear format restrictions or modifications. Impacts of significant concern have been shown to result unequivocally from below-ground impacts to most SAV species, and above-ground disturbance for Halophila spp. Fishing gear that result in below-ground disturbance should be avoided and  the  “Avoidance” mitigation strategy should be applied. Disturbance to sexual reproduction is the impact of next greatest concern. Impacts that interfere with flowering or seed setting may affect the amount of SAV present in the upcoming year. In most cases, partial area closures should be used to offset any seasonal impacts of concern. More risk-averse actions, such as full area closures, may also be used.","Certain specific characteristics of SAV are reviewed in the document, since these characteristics may influence SAV susceptibility to damage or loss from fishing gear impacts. The importance of these features vary among species and geographic location. The characteristics of concern include light requirements, asexual reproductive structures (also called growing tips or meristems), reproductive structures (flowers and seeds), and ability to recover from disturbance or injury. An additional factor that can affect SAV susceptibility to physical damage is the substrate type in which the SAV is found. Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears, or as the result of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Fishing gear used in state estuarine waters and SAV are identified and described, including their potential impacts to SAV. Gears or fishing  characterise that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts of trawls,  toothless bay scallop dredges, and toothless crab scrapes, must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, considering factors such as injury type, magnitude, and temporal extent, and the susceptibility of the injured SAV species ","Literature review"]
["ASMFC (2000) Evaluating fishing gear impacts to submerged aquatic vegetation and determining mitigation strategies. ASMFC Habitat Management Series No.5. Washington D.C, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. pp. 38 pp.","This report examined the  effects of fishing gear on submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and identified mitigation strategies for these impacts.  Certain specific characteristics of SAV were reviewed in this document, since these characteristics may influence SAV susceptibility to damage or loss from fishing gear impacts. The importance of these features vary among species and geographic  location. Injuries that could result from fishing gear are categorised as physical disturbance to plants or increases in turbidity. Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears or as the results of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Fishing gear used in state esturarine waters were identified and described, including their impacts to SAV. Gears or fishing practices that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts of trawls, toothless bay scallop dredges, and toothless crab scrapes, must be evaluated on case-by-case basis, considering factors such as injury type, magnitude, and temporal extent, and the susceptibility of the injured SAV species. Impacts that result in loss of SAV-habitat are considered to be “impacts of significant concern” based on the goals of the Commission’s SAV policy. Below-ground impacts clearly cross the threshold of impact of significant concern. In addition, many above-ground impacts will result in death for the marine species Halophila. Year round closures to all gear and gear prohibitions are identified as options for avoiding impacts to SAV. Options for impact minimization include partial area closures and gear format restrictions or modifications. The report documents current gear regulations for each state that may result in reduction of impacts to SAV-habitat. Impacts of significant concern have been shown to result unequivocally from below ground impacts to most SAV species, and above-ground disturbance for Halophila spp. Fishing gear that result in below-ground disturbances should be avoided at most costs, and the “Avoidance” mitigation strategy should be applied. Disturbance to sexual reproduction is the  impact of next greatest concern. Impacts that interfere with flowering or seed setting may affect the amount of SAV present in the upcoming year. In most cases, partial area closures should be used to offset any seasonal impacts of concern. More risk-averse actions, such as full area closures, may also be used. The impacts which do not fit into these three categories of impacts [(1) below-ground disturbance; (2) impact to Halophila; (3) sexual reproduction disturbance] must be evaluated for degree of impact. As stated earlier in the report, this degree of impact determination is subjective since so little scientific research has occurred in this discipline. If the degree of impact to SAV is considered to be high, then minimization strategies should be employed. If the degree of impact is low, then other environmental stresses should be taken into account when evaluating the need for mitigation. If there is little additional stress such as poor water quality, then no action is required.","Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) e.g. Halophila","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G376, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Peer reviewed journal article","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes","High","http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/gearImpactsReport.pdf","ABPmer (2013)","Review of the impacts of fishing on submerged aquatic vegetation.","America","15 Atlantic Coast States",null,null,"Not Specified","Impact","Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears, or as the result of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Gears or fishing practices that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts that result in loss of SAV-habitat are considered to be “impacts of significant concern” based on the goals of the Commission’s SAV policy. Below-ground impacts clearly cross the threshold of impact of significant concern. In addition, many above-ground impacts will result in death for the marine species Halophila. Determination of impact significance for above-ground impacts to other species is extremely difficult to impossible with the data currently available. Mitigation strategies are identified as avoidance, minimization, restoration and creation. Only the first two strategies are considered viable because of the difficulty in developing effective restoration efforts for SAV-habitat restoration and creation. Year round closures to all gear and gear prohibitions are identified as options for avoiding impacts to SAV. Options for impact minimization include partial area closures and gear format restrictions or modifications. Impacts of significant concern have been shown to result unequivocally from below-ground impacts to most SAV species, and above-ground disturbance for Halophila spp. Fishing gear that result in below-ground disturbance should be avoided and  the  “Avoidance” mitigation strategy should be applied. Disturbance to sexual reproduction is the impact of next greatest concern. Impacts that interfere with flowering or seed setting may affect the amount of SAV present in the upcoming year. In most cases, partial area closures should be used to offset any seasonal impacts of concern. More risk-averse actions, such as full area closures, may also be used.","Certain specific characteristics of SAV are reviewed in the document, since these characteristics may influence SAV susceptibility to damage or loss from fishing gear impacts. The importance of these features vary among species and geographic location. The characteristics of concern include light requirements, asexual reproductive structures (also called growing tips or meristems), reproductive structures (flowers and seeds), and ability to recover from disturbance or injury. An additional factor that can affect SAV susceptibility to physical damage is the substrate type in which the SAV is found. Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears, or as the result of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Fishing gear used in state estuarine waters and SAV are identified and described, including their potential impacts to SAV. Gears or fishing  characterise that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts of trawls,  toothless bay scallop dredges, and toothless crab scrapes, must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, considering factors such as injury type, magnitude, and temporal extent, and the susceptibility of the injured SAV species ","Literature review"]
["ASMFC (2000) Evaluating fishing gear impacts to submerged aquatic vegetation and determining mitigation strategies. ASMFC Habitat Management Series No.5. Washington D.C, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. pp. 38 pp.","This report examined the  effects of fishing gear on submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and identified mitigation strategies for these impacts.  Certain specific characteristics of SAV were reviewed in this document, since these characteristics may influence SAV susceptibility to damage or loss from fishing gear impacts. The importance of these features vary among species and geographic  location. Injuries that could result from fishing gear are categorised as physical disturbance to plants or increases in turbidity. Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears or as the results of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Fishing gear used in state esturarine waters were identified and described, including their impacts to SAV. Gears or fishing practices that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts of trawls, toothless bay scallop dredges, and toothless crab scrapes, must be evaluated on case-by-case basis, considering factors such as injury type, magnitude, and temporal extent, and the susceptibility of the injured SAV species. Impacts that result in loss of SAV-habitat are considered to be “impacts of significant concern” based on the goals of the Commission’s SAV policy. Below-ground impacts clearly cross the threshold of impact of significant concern. In addition, many above-ground impacts will result in death for the marine species Halophila. Year round closures to all gear and gear prohibitions are identified as options for avoiding impacts to SAV. Options for impact minimization include partial area closures and gear format restrictions or modifications. The report documents current gear regulations for each state that may result in reduction of impacts to SAV-habitat. Impacts of significant concern have been shown to result unequivocally from below ground impacts to most SAV species, and above-ground disturbance for Halophila spp. Fishing gear that result in below-ground disturbances should be avoided at most costs, and the “Avoidance” mitigation strategy should be applied. Disturbance to sexual reproduction is the  impact of next greatest concern. Impacts that interfere with flowering or seed setting may affect the amount of SAV present in the upcoming year. In most cases, partial area closures should be used to offset any seasonal impacts of concern. More risk-averse actions, such as full area closures, may also be used. The impacts which do not fit into these three categories of impacts [(1) below-ground disturbance; (2) impact to Halophila; (3) sexual reproduction disturbance] must be evaluated for degree of impact. As stated earlier in the report, this degree of impact determination is subjective since so little scientific research has occurred in this discipline. If the degree of impact to SAV is considered to be high, then minimization strategies should be employed. If the degree of impact is low, then other environmental stresses should be taken into account when evaluating the need for mitigation. If there is little additional stress such as poor water quality, then no action is required.","Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) e.g. Halophila","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G377, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Peer reviewed journal article","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes","High","http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/gearImpactsReport.pdf","ABPmer (2013)","Review of the impacts of fishing on submerged aquatic vegetation.","America","15 Atlantic Coast States",null,null,"Not Specified","Impact","Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears, or as the result of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Gears or fishing practices that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts that result in loss of SAV-habitat are considered to be “impacts of significant concern” based on the goals of the Commission’s SAV policy. Below-ground impacts clearly cross the threshold of impact of significant concern. In addition, many above-ground impacts will result in death for the marine species Halophila. Determination of impact significance for above-ground impacts to other species is extremely difficult to impossible with the data currently available. Mitigation strategies are identified as avoidance, minimization, restoration and creation. Only the first two strategies are considered viable because of the difficulty in developing effective restoration efforts for SAV-habitat restoration and creation. Year round closures to all gear and gear prohibitions are identified as options for avoiding impacts to SAV. Options for impact minimization include partial area closures and gear format restrictions or modifications. Impacts of significant concern have been shown to result unequivocally from below-ground impacts to most SAV species, and above-ground disturbance for Halophila spp. Fishing gear that result in below-ground disturbance should be avoided and  the  “Avoidance” mitigation strategy should be applied. Disturbance to sexual reproduction is the impact of next greatest concern. Impacts that interfere with flowering or seed setting may affect the amount of SAV present in the upcoming year. In most cases, partial area closures should be used to offset any seasonal impacts of concern. More risk-averse actions, such as full area closures, may also be used.","Certain specific characteristics of SAV are reviewed in the document, since these characteristics may influence SAV susceptibility to damage or loss from fishing gear impacts. The importance of these features vary among species and geographic location. The characteristics of concern include light requirements, asexual reproductive structures (also called growing tips or meristems), reproductive structures (flowers and seeds), and ability to recover from disturbance or injury. An additional factor that can affect SAV susceptibility to physical damage is the substrate type in which the SAV is found. Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears, or as the result of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Fishing gear used in state estuarine waters and SAV are identified and described, including their potential impacts to SAV. Gears or fishing  characterise that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts of trawls,  toothless bay scallop dredges, and toothless crab scrapes, must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, considering factors such as injury type, magnitude, and temporal extent, and the susceptibility of the injured SAV species ","Literature review"]
["ASMFC (2000) Evaluating fishing gear impacts to submerged aquatic vegetation and determining mitigation strategies. ASMFC Habitat Management Series No.5. Washington D.C, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. pp. 38 pp.","This report examined the  effects of fishing gear on submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and identified mitigation strategies for these impacts.  Certain specific characteristics of SAV were reviewed in this document, since these characteristics may influence SAV susceptibility to damage or loss from fishing gear impacts. The importance of these features vary among species and geographic  location. Injuries that could result from fishing gear are categorised as physical disturbance to plants or increases in turbidity. Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears or as the results of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Fishing gear used in state esturarine waters were identified and described, including their impacts to SAV. Gears or fishing practices that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts of trawls, toothless bay scallop dredges, and toothless crab scrapes, must be evaluated on case-by-case basis, considering factors such as injury type, magnitude, and temporal extent, and the susceptibility of the injured SAV species. Impacts that result in loss of SAV-habitat are considered to be “impacts of significant concern” based on the goals of the Commission’s SAV policy. Below-ground impacts clearly cross the threshold of impact of significant concern. In addition, many above-ground impacts will result in death for the marine species Halophila. Year round closures to all gear and gear prohibitions are identified as options for avoiding impacts to SAV. Options for impact minimization include partial area closures and gear format restrictions or modifications. The report documents current gear regulations for each state that may result in reduction of impacts to SAV-habitat. Impacts of significant concern have been shown to result unequivocally from below ground impacts to most SAV species, and above-ground disturbance for Halophila spp. Fishing gear that result in below-ground disturbances should be avoided at most costs, and the “Avoidance” mitigation strategy should be applied. Disturbance to sexual reproduction is the  impact of next greatest concern. Impacts that interfere with flowering or seed setting may affect the amount of SAV present in the upcoming year. In most cases, partial area closures should be used to offset any seasonal impacts of concern. More risk-averse actions, such as full area closures, may also be used. The impacts which do not fit into these three categories of impacts [(1) below-ground disturbance; (2) impact to Halophila; (3) sexual reproduction disturbance] must be evaluated for degree of impact. As stated earlier in the report, this degree of impact determination is subjective since so little scientific research has occurred in this discipline. If the degree of impact to SAV is considered to be high, then minimization strategies should be employed. If the degree of impact is low, then other environmental stresses should be taken into account when evaluating the need for mitigation. If there is little additional stress such as poor water quality, then no action is required.","Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) e.g. Halophila","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Purse Seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G378, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Peer reviewed journal article","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes","High","http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/gearImpactsReport.pdf","ABPmer (2013)","Review of the impacts of fishing on submerged aquatic vegetation.","America","15 Atlantic Coast States",null,null,"Not Specified","Impact","Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears, or as the result of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Gears or fishing practices that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts that result in loss of SAV-habitat are considered to be “impacts of significant concern” based on the goals of the Commission’s SAV policy. Below-ground impacts clearly cross the threshold of impact of significant concern. In addition, many above-ground impacts will result in death for the marine species Halophila. Determination of impact significance for above-ground impacts to other species is extremely difficult to impossible with the data currently available. Mitigation strategies are identified as avoidance, minimization, restoration and creation. Only the first two strategies are considered viable because of the difficulty in developing effective restoration efforts for SAV-habitat restoration and creation. Year round closures to all gear and gear prohibitions are identified as options for avoiding impacts to SAV. Options for impact minimization include partial area closures and gear format restrictions or modifications. Impacts of significant concern have been shown to result unequivocally from below-ground impacts to most SAV species, and above-ground disturbance for Halophila spp. Fishing gear that result in below-ground disturbance should be avoided and  the  “Avoidance” mitigation strategy should be applied. Disturbance to sexual reproduction is the impact of next greatest concern. Impacts that interfere with flowering or seed setting may affect the amount of SAV present in the upcoming year. In most cases, partial area closures should be used to offset any seasonal impacts of concern. More risk-averse actions, such as full area closures, may also be used.","Certain specific characteristics of SAV are reviewed in the document, since these characteristics may influence SAV susceptibility to damage or loss from fishing gear impacts. The importance of these features vary among species and geographic location. The characteristics of concern include light requirements, asexual reproductive structures (also called growing tips or meristems), reproductive structures (flowers and seeds), and ability to recover from disturbance or injury. An additional factor that can affect SAV susceptibility to physical damage is the substrate type in which the SAV is found. Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears, or as the result of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Fishing gear used in state estuarine waters and SAV are identified and described, including their potential impacts to SAV. Gears or fishing  characterise that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts of trawls,  toothless bay scallop dredges, and toothless crab scrapes, must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, considering factors such as injury type, magnitude, and temporal extent, and the susceptibility of the injured SAV species ","Literature review"]
["ASMFC (2000) Evaluating fishing gear impacts to submerged aquatic vegetation and determining mitigation strategies. ASMFC Habitat Management Series No.5. Washington D.C, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. pp. 38 pp.","This report examined the  effects of fishing gear on submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and identified mitigation strategies for these impacts.  Certain specific characteristics of SAV were reviewed in this document, since these characteristics may influence SAV susceptibility to damage or loss from fishing gear impacts. The importance of these features vary among species and geographic  location. Injuries that could result from fishing gear are categorised as physical disturbance to plants or increases in turbidity. Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears or as the results of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Fishing gear used in state esturarine waters were identified and described, including their impacts to SAV. Gears or fishing practices that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts of trawls, toothless bay scallop dredges, and toothless crab scrapes, must be evaluated on case-by-case basis, considering factors such as injury type, magnitude, and temporal extent, and the susceptibility of the injured SAV species. Impacts that result in loss of SAV-habitat are considered to be “impacts of significant concern” based on the goals of the Commission’s SAV policy. Below-ground impacts clearly cross the threshold of impact of significant concern. In addition, many above-ground impacts will result in death for the marine species Halophila. Year round closures to all gear and gear prohibitions are identified as options for avoiding impacts to SAV. Options for impact minimization include partial area closures and gear format restrictions or modifications. The report documents current gear regulations for each state that may result in reduction of impacts to SAV-habitat. Impacts of significant concern have been shown to result unequivocally from below ground impacts to most SAV species, and above-ground disturbance for Halophila spp. Fishing gear that result in below-ground disturbances should be avoided at most costs, and the “Avoidance” mitigation strategy should be applied. Disturbance to sexual reproduction is the  impact of next greatest concern. Impacts that interfere with flowering or seed setting may affect the amount of SAV present in the upcoming year. In most cases, partial area closures should be used to offset any seasonal impacts of concern. More risk-averse actions, such as full area closures, may also be used. The impacts which do not fit into these three categories of impacts [(1) below-ground disturbance; (2) impact to Halophila; (3) sexual reproduction disturbance] must be evaluated for degree of impact. As stated earlier in the report, this degree of impact determination is subjective since so little scientific research has occurred in this discipline. If the degree of impact to SAV is considered to be high, then minimization strategies should be employed. If the degree of impact is low, then other environmental stresses should be taken into account when evaluating the need for mitigation. If there is little additional stress such as poor water quality, then no action is required.","Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) e.g. Halophila","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Gill Nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G379, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Peer reviewed journal article","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes","High","http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/gearImpactsReport.pdf","ABPmer (2013)","Review of the impacts of fishing on submerged aquatic vegetation.","America","15 Atlantic Coast States",null,null,"Not Specified","Impact","Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears, or as the result of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Gears or fishing practices that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts that result in loss of SAV-habitat are considered to be “impacts of significant concern” based on the goals of the Commission’s SAV policy. Below-ground impacts clearly cross the threshold of impact of significant concern. In addition, many above-ground impacts will result in death for the marine species Halophila. Determination of impact significance for above-ground impacts to other species is extremely difficult to impossible with the data currently available. Mitigation strategies are identified as avoidance, minimization, restoration and creation. Only the first two strategies are considered viable because of the difficulty in developing effective restoration efforts for SAV-habitat restoration and creation. Year round closures to all gear and gear prohibitions are identified as options for avoiding impacts to SAV. Options for impact minimization include partial area closures and gear format restrictions or modifications. Impacts of significant concern have been shown to result unequivocally from below-ground impacts to most SAV species, and above-ground disturbance for Halophila spp. Fishing gear that result in below-ground disturbance should be avoided and  the  “Avoidance” mitigation strategy should be applied. Disturbance to sexual reproduction is the impact of next greatest concern. Impacts that interfere with flowering or seed setting may affect the amount of SAV present in the upcoming year. In most cases, partial area closures should be used to offset any seasonal impacts of concern. More risk-averse actions, such as full area closures, may also be used.","Certain specific characteristics of SAV are reviewed in the document, since these characteristics may influence SAV susceptibility to damage or loss from fishing gear impacts. The importance of these features vary among species and geographic location. The characteristics of concern include light requirements, asexual reproductive structures (also called growing tips or meristems), reproductive structures (flowers and seeds), and ability to recover from disturbance or injury. An additional factor that can affect SAV susceptibility to physical damage is the substrate type in which the SAV is found. Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears, or as the result of fishery related shoreside activities or aquaculture. Fishing gear used in state estuarine waters and SAV are identified and described, including their potential impacts to SAV. Gears or fishing  characterise that could cause below-ground impacts were identified as clam kicking, hydraulic clam dredging, bay scallop/oyster/mussel/etc. dredges (toothed), and hand or vessel operated rakes or tongs. Impacts of trawls,  toothless bay scallop dredges, and toothless crab scrapes, must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, considering factors such as injury type, magnitude, and temporal extent, and the susceptibility of the injured SAV species ","Literature review"]
["Drabsch, S.L., Tanner, J.E., and Connell, S.D. (2001) Limited infaunal response to experimental trawling in previously untrawled areas.  ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol . 58, 1261-1271  ","There is considerable argument about the effects of bottom trawling on the benthos. Many studies have been done on recently trawled grounds, where community composition has already been modified, and further effects are likely to be minimal. This study tests the effect of trawling on macroinfaunal assemblages in an area where little or no trawling had occurred in the previous 15 years. A spatially replicated Before-After, Control-Impact (BACI) design was used, with adjacent trawl and control corridors. Sampling was done in the same two small sites within each corridor before and after trawling to minimise confounding due to spatial variation. Despite this rigorous design, changes consistent with an effect of trawling were not detected. At only one of the three locations was a potential effect detected. These inconsistent results could be due to different disturbance regimes at each location, influencing the vulnerability of fauna to further disturbance. Given the high levels of variability in infaunal assemblages, however, the changes could also be due to asynchronous natural variation. The combination of high spatial and temporal variability, in association with light trawling gear, means that prawn trawling in South Australia does not have consistent effects on infauna.","Sediment at locations 1 and 3 was medium-coarse sand and shell fragments","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G380, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High","http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/6/1261.full.pdf","ABPmer (2013)","Review of the effects of bottom trawling on macroinfaunal assemblages","Australia","South Australia","upper-central Gulf St Vincent","1999-2000","Approx. 20 metres","Impact","There is a considerable argument for the effects of bottom trawling on the benthos. This study tested the effect or trawling on macroinfaunal assesmblages in an area where little or no trawling had occurred in the previous 15 years. A spatially replicated Before-After, Control-Impact (BACI) design was used, with adjacent trawl and control corridors. Sampling was done in the same two small sites within each corridor before and after trawling to minimise confounding due to spatial variation. Despite this rigorous design, changes consistent with an effect of trawling were not detected. At only one of the three locations was a potential effect detected. The combination of high spatial and temporal variability, in association with light trawling gear, means that prawn trawling in South Australia does not have consistent effects on infauna. ","Three locations, 13–16 km apart, were chosen haphazardly in upper-central Gulf St Vincent (GSV), South Australia. The water depth was around 20m at all locations. The sediment at locations 1 and 3 was medium-coarse sand and shell fragments, while at 2 it was fine silt. Each locations included an east-west orientated \"control\" corridor and an adjacent \"impact\" (trawl) corridor. Two 2 m x 1 m sampling sites, within 10–20 m of each other, were chosen randomly near the centre of each corridor and marked out with steel peg. Trawling was done at night. The trawler made ten adjacent passes along each trawl corridor, which was then repeated to ensure complete coverage, so on average, the entire corridor was trawled twice.The before-trawl sampling was done two months prior to trawling. SCUBA divers collected samples of sediment to 150 mm deep using corers made of 40 mm internal diameter PVC pipe. The samples were fixed in 10% formalin in seawater and buffered with borax immediately after collection. On the pre-trawl sampling trips, twelve replicate cores were collected from each site. The post-trawl samples were collected at locations 2 and 3 within a week of trawling. However, bad weather prevented sampling at location 1 until the next scheduled cruise in January 2000. The samples were washed through 2mm and 1mm mesh sieves with the fauna being picked out from the retained sediment under water. Statistical tests (multivariate and univariate procedures) were carried out on the samples.  Location 1  was analysed separately because the post-trawl samples were collected well after those for the two locations and therefore the analyses from location 1 should be interpreted with caution.  ","Lack of effect of trawling  on infauna in the study is likely to be due to the light trawl gear and low level of trawling used in this experiment , (however other studies have found that severe damage was only detected after repeated trawling of the same ground). The  location 1  data was analysed separately  as the data was collected after those from the other two locations and the data was therefore temporally confounded. The analyses from location 1 should be interpreted with caution as the data are not properly replicated, (however the results from location 1 were only used to back up the results from locations 2 and 3 in the study)."]
["Drabsch, S.L., Tanner, J.E., and Connell, S.D. (2001) Limited infaunal response to experimental trawling in previously untrawled areas.  ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol . 58, 1261-1271  ","There is considerable argument about the effects of bottom trawling on the benthos. Many studies have been done on recently trawled grounds, where community composition has already been modified, and further effects are likely to be minimal. This study tests the effect of trawling on macroinfaunal assemblages in an area where little or no trawling had occurred in the previous 15 years. A spatially replicated Before-After, Control-Impact (BACI) design was used, with adjacent trawl and control corridors. Sampling was done in the same two small sites within each corridor before and after trawling to minimise confounding due to spatial variation. Despite this rigorous design, changes consistent with an effect of trawling were not detected. At only one of the three locations was a potential effect detected. These inconsistent results could be due to different disturbance regimes at each location, influencing the vulnerability of fauna to further disturbance. Given the high levels of variability in infaunal assemblages, however, the changes could also be due to asynchronous natural variation. The combination of high spatial and temporal variability, in association with light trawling gear, means that prawn trawling in South Australia does not have consistent effects on infauna.","Sediment at location 2 was fine silt","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G381, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High","http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/6/1261.full.pdf","ABPmer (2013)","Review of the effects of bottom trawling on macroinfaunal assemblages","Australia","South Australia","upper-central Gulf St Vincent","1999-2000","Approx. 20 metres","Impact","There is a considerable argument for the effects of bottom trawling on the benthos. This study tested the effect or trawling on macroinfaunal assesmblages in an area where little or no trawling had occurred in the previous 15 years. A spatially replicated Before-After, Control-Impact (BACI) design was used, with adjacent trawl and control corridors. Sampling was done in the same two small sites within each corridor before and after trawling to minimise confounding due to spatial variation. Despite this rigorous design, changes consistent with an effect of trawling were not detected. At only one of the three locations was a potential effect detected. The combination of high spatial and temporal variability, in association with light trawling gear, means that prawn trawling in South Australia does not have consistent effects on infauna. ","Three locations, 13–16 km apart, were chosen haphazardly in upper-central Gulf St Vincent (GSV), South Australia. The water depth was around 20m at all locations. The sediment at locations 1 and 3 was medium-coarse sand and shell fragments, while at 2 it was fine silt. Each locations included an east-west orientated \"control\" corridor and an adjacent \"impact\" (trawl) corridor. Two 2 m x 1 m sampling sites, within 10–20 m of each other, were chosen randomly near the centre of each corridor and marked out with steel peg. Trawling was done at night. The trawler made ten adjacent passes along each trawl corridor, which was then repeated to ensure complete coverage, so on average, the entire corridor was trawled twice.The before-trawl sampling was done two months prior to trawling. SCUBA divers collected samples of sediment to 150 mm deep using corers made of 40 mm internal diameter PVC pipe. The samples were fixed in 10% formalin in seawater and buffered with borax immediately after collection. On the pre-trawl sampling trips, twelve replicate cores were collected from each site. The post-trawl samples were collected at locations 2 and 3 within a week of trawling. However, bad weather prevented sampling at location 1 until the next scheduled cruise in January 2000. The samples were washed through 2mm and 1mm mesh sieves with the fauna being picked out from the retained sediment under water. Statistical tests (multivariate and univariate procedures) were carried out on the samples.  Location 1  was analysed separately because the post-trawl samples were collected well after those for the two locations and therefore the analyses from location 1 should be interpreted with caution.  ","Lack of effect of trawling  on infauna in the study is likely to be due to the light trawl gear and low level of trawling used in this experiment , (however other studies have found that severe damage was only detected after repeated trawling of the same ground). The  location 1  data was analysed separately  as the data was collected after those from the other two locations and the data was therefore temporally confounded. The analyses from location 1 should be interpreted with caution as the data are not properly replicated, (however the results from location 1 were only used to back up the results from locations 2 and 3 in the study)."]
["Eleftheriou, A. and Robertson, M.R. (1992)  The effects of experimental scallop dredging on the fauna and physical environment of a shallow sandy community. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research. Vol 30:  289-299.","An experimental dredging operation was carried out in a small sandy bay in Scotland, with the aim of quantitatively assessing the effects of scallop dredging on the benthic fauna and the physical environment. An area within the 10-m depth contour was selected; a 1.2-m modified scallop dredge was operated at frequencies of 2, 4, 12 and 25 dredges, carried out over a period of nine days. The effects on the bottom topography, the physical characteristics of the sediment and the fauna were investigated by grab and core sampling, and direct observations were carried out by a diving team. Observed changes in bottom topography were not translated into changes in the disposition of the sediments, their grade distribution and the organic carbon and chlorophyll content, all of which showed no effects. The infaunal community, which consisted of bivalve molluscs and peracarid crustaceans, both taxa adapted morphologically and behaviourally to a dynamic environment, did not show any significant changes in abundance or biomass. Sessile forms such as polychaetes showed a noticeable decrease, and the burrowing spatangid Echinocardium was substantially reduced from the dredged area. Corresponding changes in the biomass of the different taxa were also evident but not significant. However, the most important effect of this experiment was on the epifaunal and large infaunal organisms recorded by the divers. Large numbers of molluscs (Ensis), echinoderms (Asterias) and crustaceans (Cancer) were killed or damaged by the dredging operations. Very large concentrations of the burrowing sand eel Ammodytes were also destroyed. The overall conclusion to be drawn from this experimental dredging operation is that its effect was limited to the selective elimination of a fraction of the fragile and sedentary components of the infauna, and the destruction of the large epifaunal and infaunal organisms.",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Scallop dredge","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G382, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High","https://www.researchgate.net/profile/M_R_Robertson/publication/229097746_The_effects_of_experimental_scallop_dredging_on_the_fauna_and_physical_environment_of_a_shallow_sandy_community/links/547ed2f60cf2d2200edeaaf4.pdf","ABPmer (2013)","A study to further examine the effects of scallop dredges upon the marine environment and to provide a quantitative assessment as to whether scallop dredging causes short-term changes in the benthic macrofauna and if this type of dredging is responsible for any alteration to the physical environment.  ","United Kingdom","Scotland","Firemore bay on the western shore of Loch Ewe on the west coast of Scotland","1985-07-01","10 metres","Impact","While dredging operations on a sandy bottom had limited effects on the physical environment and the smaller infauna, the larger infauna and some of the epifaunal organisms are eliminated or severely damaged after only a few hauls of the dredge. This experiment provided no information on the long-term and cumulative effects of sustained fishing activity upon the environment and its organisms. However very little is known about the limits of tolerance of ecosystems and reliable methods for predicting their evolution are not yet sufficiently developed therefore its advisable to view any interference with considerable caution. ","The study was carried  out at Firemore, a small sandy bay on the western shore of Loch Ewe on the west coat of Scotland. At the soutern part of the Bay within the 10-metre contour a dredging area was established. Bottom disturbance, designed to imitate the effects of commercial fishing was accomplished by using a 1.2m modified scallop dredge. The dredge was passed over exactly the same track a number of times, a total area of 25m2. Over nine days in August, four sets of samples and observations were collected, each following an increased dredging disturbance. In the middle of the dredged track and in a 6m2 area with a level bottom and homogeneous sediments, a grab sampling station was established and marked with a float. To study the benthic infauna and sedimentary parameters, five sets of three replicate samples were collected using a 0.1m2 Smith-MacIntyre grab before the commencement and subsequent to the each set of dredging tows. The sediment collected by the grab was passed through a 500µm  sieve and taken to the lab for further processing. Sediment samples for organice carbon content and plant pigments were taken by acrylic tubes with a 2.2cm internal diameter and sediment for particle-size analysis were taken with a 4-4cm internal diameter tube. The samples were divided into 2cm fractions and returned to the lab for analysis. Further quantatitive assessment of the epifauna and also the large specimen infaunal community was carried out by divers. Still photgraphy was used to record the changes in epifauna and the ensuing mortalities. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, an analysis of variance and a two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) were applied to the infaunal abundance and biomass data to detech changes caused by the dredging activites. Diversity and eveneness indices for the infaunal community were applied and similarly treated in order to test the difference between treatments. ","Time and weather constriants limited the experiment to a short-term observation of the effects of drading and did not allow and assessment to be be of the possible long-term consequences. Because of the sieving method used the dredge-related mortality in certain fragile organisms could not be assessments. "]
["Ferns, P. N., Rostron, D. M. & Siman, H. Y. (2000). Effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. 37: 464-474.","1. Shellfish of marketable size can be harvested much more quickly and efficiently using mechanical methods such as tractor-powered harvesters and suction dredgers than by traditional methods. The adverse effects of such machines on non-target organisms need to be considered carefully before lincensing such activities. 2. A tractor towed cockle harvester was used to extract cockles from intertidal plots of muddy sand and clean sand in order to investigate the effects on other benthic invertebrates and their predators. 3. Harvesting resulted in the loss of a significant proportion of the most common invertebrates from both areas, ranging in the muddy sand from 31% of Scoloplos armiger (Polychaeta) (initial density 120m-2) to 83% of Pygospio elegans (Polychaeta) (initial density 1850m-2). Significant effects could not be detected in most populations with a density of less than 100m-2. 4. Populations of Pygospio elegansand Hydrobia ulvae (Gastropoda) remain significantly depleted in the area of muddy sand for more than 100 days after harvesting, and Nepht hombergi (Polychaeta), Scaloplos armiger and Bathyporeia pilosa (Amphipoda) for more than 50 days. 5. Invertebrate populations in clean sand with relatively few cockles Cereastoderma edule (Pelecypoda) recovered more quickly than those in muddy sand with a more structured community, which included several tube-dwelling species such as Pygos-pio elegans and Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta). 6. Bird feeding activity increased at first on the harvested areas, with gulls and waders taking advantage of invertebrates made available by harvesting. Subsequently, in the area of muddy sand,  the level of bird activity declined compared with control areas. It remained significantly reduced in curlews Numenius arquata and gulls for more than 80 days after harvesting and in oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus for more than 50 days. 7. It is concluded that from this study that tractor dredged cockles in high density areas causes a sufficiently large mortality of non-target invertebrates that harvesters should be excluded from areas of conservations importance for intertidal communities such as invertebrates, fish and birds. \n","Muddy sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Tractor-towed cockle harvester","Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G383, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High","http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00509.x/epdf","ABPmer (2013)","To look at the effects of mechanical harvesting upon non-target invertebrates and their dependent bird populations","United Kingdom","Wales","Burry Inlet, South Wales","1992-10-01","Not Specified","Impact and recovery"," Harvesting resulted in the loss of a significant proportion of the most common invertebrates from both areas, ranging in the muddy sand from 31% of Scoloplos armiger (Polychaeta) (initial density 120m-2) to 83% of Pygospio elegans (Polychaeta) (initial density 1850m-2). Significant effects could not be detected in most populations with a density of less than 100m-2. Populations of Pygospio elegans and Hydrobia ulvae (Gastropoda) remain significantly depleted in the area of muddy sand for more than 100 days after harvesting, and Nepht hombergi (Polychaeta), Scaloplos armiger and Bathyporeia pilosa (Amphipoda) for more than 50 days. Invertebrate populations in clean sand with relatively few cockles Cereastoderma edule (Pelecypoda) recovered more quickly than those in muddy sand with a more structured community, which included several tube-dwelling species such as Pygos-pio elegans and Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta).  Bird feeding activity increased at first on the harvested areas, with gulls and waders taking advantage of invertebrates made available by harvesting. Subsequently, in the area of muddy sand,  the level of bird activity declined compared with control areas. It remained significantly reduced in curlews Numenius arquata and gulls for more than 80 days after harvesting and in oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegs for more than 50 days.  It is concluded that from this study that tractor dredged cockles in high density areas causes a sufficiently large mortality of non-target invertebrates that harvesters should be excluded from areas of conservations importance for intertidal communities such as invertebrates, fish and birds. ","Two experimental areas in contrasting substratum types, muddy sand (area A) and clean sand (area B) were chosen. These two areas were located in the central parts of the Burry Inlet, in regions of high and low cockle density. Using a tractor-towed cockle harvester sediment was removed from an adjustable depth and transported up a ramp and into a horizontally mounted rotating drum. Within each trial area there were six plots each containing adjacent 30 x 20m harvested and control sectors. On the day before harvesting and immediately after harvesting, which took place on the 29th October 1992, 10 core samples were taken from the control and harvested sectors of each plot. Further samples were taken 15 and 86 days after harvesting. A final set of 10 samples were taken 174 days after harvesting area A. The samples were preserved in 10% formalin and invertebrates were removed subsequently by manual rinsing through a 0 5-mm mesh sieve. A number of statistical tests (e.g. species richness, t-tests, power analysis, ANOVA and least squares differences) were carried out on the pre- and post-harvesting invertebrate communities. Bird footprints were used as an index of activity in order to examine bird foraging behaviour. "]
["Ferns, P. N., Rostron, D. M. & Siman, H. Y. (2000). Effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. 37: 464-474.","1. Shellfish of marketable size can be harvested much more quickly and efficiently using mechanical methods such as tractor-powered harvesters and suction dredgers than by traditional methods. The adverse effects of such machines on non-target organisms need to be considered carefully before lincensing such activities. 2. A tractor towed cockle harvester was used to extract cockles from intertidal plots of muddy sand and clean sand in order to investigate the effects on other benthic invertebrates and their predators. 3. Harvesting resulted in the loss of a significant proportion of the most common invertebrates from both areas, ranging in the muddy sand from 31% of Scoloplos armiger (Polychaeta) (initial density 120m-2) to 83% of Pygospio elegans (Polychaeta) (initial density 1850m-2). Significant effects could not be detected in most populations with a density of less than 100m-2. 4. Populations of Pygospio elegansand Hydrobia ulvae (Gastropoda) remain significantly depleted in the area of muddy sand for more than 100 days after harvesting, and Nepht hombergi (Polychaeta), Scaloplos armiger and Bathyporeia pilosa (Amphipoda) for more than 50 days. 5. Invertebrate populations in clean sand with relatively few cockles Cereastoderma edule (Pelecypoda) recovered more quickly than those in muddy sand with a more structured community, which included several tube-dwelling species such as Pygos-pio elegans and Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta). 6. Bird feeding activity increased at first on the harvested areas, with gulls and waders taking advantage of invertebrates made available by harvesting. Subsequently, in the area of muddy sand,  the level of bird activity declined compared with control areas. It remained significantly reduced in curlews Numenius arquata and gulls for more than 80 days after harvesting and in oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus for more than 50 days. 7. It is concluded that from this study that tractor dredged cockles in high density areas causes a sufficiently large mortality of non-target invertebrates that harvesters should be excluded from areas of conservations importance for intertidal communities such as invertebrates, fish and birds. ","Clean sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Tractor-towed cockle harvester","Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G384, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High","http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00509.x/epdf","ABPmer (2013)","To look at the effects of mechanical harvesting upon non-target invertebrates and their dependent bird populations","United Kingdom","Wales","Burry Inlet, South Wales","1992-10-01","Not Specified","Impact and recovery"," Harvesting resulted in the loss of a significant proportion of the most common invertebrates from both areas, ranging in the muddy sand from 31% of Scoloplos armiger (Polychaeta) (initial density 120m-2) to 83% of Pygospio elegans (Polychaeta) (initial density 1850m-2). Significant effects could not be detected in most populations with a density of less than 100m-2. Populations of Pygospio elegans and Hydrobia ulvae (Gastropoda) remain significantly depleted in the area of muddy sand for more than 100 days after harvesting, and Nepht hombergi (Polychaeta), Scaloplos armiger and Bathyporeia pilosa (Amphipoda) for more than 50 days. Invertebrate populations in clean sand with relatively few cockles Cereastoderma edule (Pelecypoda) recovered more quickly than those in muddy sand with a more structured community, which included several tube-dwelling species such as Pygos-pio elegans and Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta).  Bird feeding activity increased at first on the harvested areas, with gulls and waders taking advantage of invertebrates made available by harvesting. Subsequently, in the area of muddy sand,  the level of bird activity declined compared with control areas. It remained significantly reduced in curlews Numenius arquata and gulls for more than 80 days after harvesting and in oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegs for more than 50 days.  It is concluded that from this study that tractor dredged cockles in high density areas causes a sufficiently large mortality of non-target invertebrates that harvesters should be excluded from areas of conservations importance for intertidal communities such as invertebrates, fish and birds. ","Two experimental areas in contrasting substratum types, muddy sand (area A) and clean sand (area B) were chosen. These two areas were located in the central parts of the Burry Inlet, in regions of high and low cockle density. Using a tractor-towed cockle harvester sediment was removed from an adjustable depth and transported up a ramp and into a horizontally mounted rotating drum. Within each trial area there were six plots each containing adjacent 30 x 20m harvested and control sectors. On the day before harvesting and immediately after harvesting, which took place on the 29th October 1992, 10 core samples were taken from the control and harvested sectors of each plot. Further samples were taken 15 and 86 days after harvesting. A final set of 10 samples were taken 174 days after harvesting area A. The samples were preserved in 10% formalin and invertebrates were removed subsequently by manual rinsing through a 0 5-mm mesh sieve. A number of statistical tests (e.g. species richness, t-tests, power analysis, ANOVA and least squares differences) were carried out on the pre- and post-harvesting invertebrate communities. Bird footprints were used as an index of activity in order to examine bird foraging behaviour. "]
["Kaiser, M.J. and Spencer, B.E. 1996. The effects of beam-trawl disturbance on infaunal communities in different habitats. Journal of Animal Ecology 65: 348-358.","1. Beam-trawling is a source of physical disturbance to marine sedimentary communities in areas less than 50m deep, on the western European continental shelf. Chains attached between the beam-trawl shoes are designed to penetrate the upper few cm of the sediment, which leads to the damage or removal of some infaunal and epifaunal species. In some areas, beam-trawling may be frequent and intense, leading to speculation that it may generate long-term changes in the local benthic fauna.\n2. As part of a larger MAFF study examining the ecological effects of beam-trawling, we investigated its local impact on an infaunal community in the north-eastern Irish Sea. Studies of this type are complicated by the heterogeneity of the environment, hence we adopted a replicated, paired control and treatment design to maximize the chances of detecting any effects due to trawling.\n3. A side-scan sonar survey revealed that the experimental area was characterized by mobile megaripples in the south-eastern sector of the experimental area and stable sediments with uniform topography in the north-western sector. Multivariate analysis of the species abundances from the control areas separated the fauna into two distinct communities which corresponded to the different substratum characteristics. Data from the two regions were therefore treated separately when testing for the effects of trawling.\n4. In the north-western sector, trawling led to 58% decrease in the mean abundance of some taxa and a 50% reduction in the mean number of species per sample. Multivariate analysis revealed that differences between control and fished sites were largely due to the reduction or removal of less common species. These effects were less apparent in the mobile sediments of the south-eastern sector, which had a naturally impoverished fauna and high level of heterogeneity.\n5. Univariate variables, such as abundance and the total number of species per sample, indicated that the variation between replicate samples increased as a result of trawling disturbance. However, examination of the community data using an index of multivariate dispersion revealed no difference between fished and unfished areas. This suggests that the effects of fishing disturbance are consistent between replicate samples. 6. Fishing with demersal gears modifies communities in relatively stable sediments. Frequent and repeated physical disturbance by fishing gears may lead to long-term changes in the benthic community structure of these habitats.","Medium to coarse sand, gravel and broken shell -  study area with stable uniform sediments","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","4m commercial beam trawl (experimental so not described as whitefish or shrimp)","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G385, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Physical distubance to marine sediment communities","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High",null,"ABPmer (2013)","Studied the ecological effects of 4m commercial beam-trawling on coastal infaunal benthic communities. ","European","UK","Liverpool Bay (off north east  coast of Anglesey)",1993,"<50m","Impact","Beam trawling altered infaunal community structure at the stable sediment fished site where the number, abundance and diversity of taxa was significantly reduced.  No similar effect on animals that inhabit mobile sediments was detected.","Quantified the immediate (short term) effects of trawling on benthic infauna on replicate paired control and treatment areas. One area comprised mobile megaripple structures and one  are comprised stable uniform sediment area. Impacts were assessed via infaunal samples and core samples post-trawling."]
["Kaiser, M.J. and Spencer, B.E. 1996. The effects of beam-trawl disturbance on infaunal communities in different habitats. Journal of Animal Ecology 65: 348-358.","1. Beam-trawling is a source of physical disturbance to marine sedimentary communities in areas less than 50m deep, on the western European continental shelf. Chains attached between the beam-trawl shoes are designed to penetrate the upper few cm of the sediment, which leads to the damage or removal of some infaunal and epifaunal species. In some areas, beam-trawling may be frequent and intense, leading to speculation that it may generate long-term changes in the local benthic fauna.\n2. As part of a larger MAFF study examining the ecological effects of beam-trawling, we investigated its local impact on an infaunal community in the north-eastern Irish Sea. Studies of this type are complicated by the heterogeneity of the environment, hence we adopted a replicated, paired control and treatment design to maximize the chances of detecting any effects due to trawling.\n3. A side-scan sonar survey revealed that the experimental area was characterized by mobile megaripples in the south-eastern sector of the experimental area and stable sediments with uniform topography in the north-western sector. Multivariate analysis of the species abundances from the control areas separated the fauna into two distinct communities which corresponded to the different substratum characteristics. Data from the two regions were therefore treated separately when testing for the effects of trawling.\n4. In the north-western sector, trawling led to 58% decrease in the mean abundance of some taxa and a 50% reduction in the mean number of species per sample. Multivariate analysis revealed that differences between control and fished sites were largely due to the reduction or removal of less common species. These effects were less apparent in the mobile sediments of the south-eastern sector, which had a naturally impoverished fauna and high level of heterogeneity.\n5. Univariate variables, such as abundance and the total number of species per sample, indicated that the variation between replicate samples increased as a result of trawling disturbance. However, examination of the community data using an index of multivariate dispersion revealed no difference between fished and unfished areas. This suggests that the effects of fishing disturbance are consistent between replicate samples. 6. Fishing with demersal gears modifies communities in relatively stable sediments. Frequent and repeated physical disturbance by fishing gears may lead to long-term changes in the benthic community structure of these habitats.","Medium to coarse sand, gravel and broken shell - study area with mobile megaripple structures","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","4m commercial beam trawl (experimental so not described as whitefish or shrimp)","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G386, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},"Physical distubance to marine sediment communities","Peer reviewed journal article","Quantative","No","High",null,"ABPmer (2013)","Studied the ecological effects of 4m commercial beam-trawling on coastal infaunal benthic communities. ","European","UK","Liverpool Bay (off north east  coast of Anglesey)",1993,"<50m","Impact","No significant difference in species number, abundance or diversity between the fished and unfished sites in the mobile sediment treatment area, which had a naturally\nimpoverished fauna and high level of heterogeneity.","Quantified the immediate (short term) effects of trawling on benthic infauna on replicate paired control and treatment areas. One area comprised mobile megaripple structures and one  are comprised stable uniform sediment area. Impacts were assessed via infaunal samples and core samples post-trawling."]
["Eno, N.C., MacDonald, D.S., Kinnear, J.A.M., Amos, S.C., Chapman, C.J., Clark, R.A., Bunker, F.St.P.D and Munro, C. 2001. Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 58, 11-20","Examined the effects of fishing with crustacean traps on benthic species in Great Britain by means of qualitative and quantitative experiments. Experimental sites were selected where fishing using pots or creels was practised regularly and where species perceived to be potentially sensitive to damage were present. The effect of Nephrops creels on different sea pen species was studied in Scottish sea lochs. Sea pens were observed to bend in response to the pressure wave before the creel made contact. After smothering and even uprooting, they re-established themselves when in contact with muddy substrate. Observations of lobster and crab pots being hauled from rocky substrates in southern England, revealed that the habitats and their communities appeared relatively unaffected by potting. The slow-growing, long-lived, pink sea fan Eunicella verrucosa were observed to flex under the weight of pots as they passed and then returned back to an upright position. Quantitative studies, undertaken in south England and west Wales, were based on surveys carried out along transect lines before and after a month of pot fishing for crabs and lobsters. The results suggest that four weeks of fairly intense fishing did not have immediate detrimental effects on the abundance of the species selected for study, although some individual ross coral colonies (Pentapora foliacea) were damaged.","Subtidal bedrock reef; Rock with erect epifauna; Pink sea fan; Ross coral; sponge","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Nephrops creels and parlour pots","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G387, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Impact of pots, ropes and anchors","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The effects of fishing with crustacean traps on benthic species in Great Britain by means of qualitative and quantitative experiments. Experimental sites were selected where fishing using pots or creels was practised regularly and where species perceived to be potentially sensitive to damage were present. The effect of Nephrops creels on different sea pen species was studied in Scottish sea lochs. Observations of lobster and crab pots being hauled from rocky substrates was undertaken in southern England. Quantitative studies, undertaken in south England and west Wales, were based on surveys carried out along transect lines before and after a month of pot fishing for crabs and lobsters.","European","UK-E, S, W","Loch Broom, west coast Scotland; Lyme Bay, England; Greenala Point, West Wales.",1995,"Lyme Bay: -14 to -20m, Lyme Bay and Greenala Point: <-23m","Impact","Rocky substrate habitats and communities were relatively unaffected by fishing activity.\n\nRope effects were observed during the course of an investigation into the effects of ghost fishing at Skomer, west Wales (a parallel 15 month element of the study), where potential for abrasion by taught ropes drawn between pots were evidenced rubbing erect epifauna on rock faces (some vertical).\n\nVery few signs of impact on epifaunal species were observed at any of the sites. No difference in the abundance of species was found within the control or experimental plots at either study site. \n\nThe results from west Wales show that the abundance of five sponge species in the experimental plots had increased significantly after potting. In contrast, no significant change in their abundance was found in the control plots, with the exception of Dysidea spp., which increased also in the control plots. Axinellids, Tethya spp., Phorbas spp., and Hemimycale spp. may therefore have increased in abundance as a direct or indirect consequence of potting. Halichondria spp. decreased significantly in abundance in the controls but showed no significant change in the experimental plot, suggesting the effect of an external factor that may have been inhibited in some way through the influence of potting.\n \nAt Lyme Bay the habitats and their communities appeared unaffected by the fishing activity, however, one colony of ross coral Pentapora foliacea was found broken after hauling was complete,  although it was not clear whether this had been caused by the fishing activity. One particularly surprising result was the observation of pink sea fans bending under the action of pots, then returning back to an upright position once the pots had passed. This species is slow growing, long lived and previously considered to be fairly susceptible to damage. It was not, however, clear whether any long-term effects were caused by such action.","Underwater video and miniature depth/temperature recorders on fleets of 30 or 60 creels were used to calculate creel impact velocities and their potential immediate impact on sea pens.\nSCUBA divers dragged creels at speeds from slow to maximum swimming speed (equivalent to boat hauling speeds), with the creels at a low angle and therefore at least 90% of the time in contact with the sediment, over marked areas of seabed (10 m long and 0.45 m wide). Each run was recorded on video and observations were made of the fate of the sea pens for three days after the disturbance event.\n60 baited creels were dropped by divers on to individual or small groups of sea pens and removed after 24 or 48 h. After removal of the creels, divers monitored the fate of each sea pen for a further six days.\n\nAnalysis of species effects was based on single potting events.\nAnalysis of habitat effects was based on a potting intensity of 1,083,000 pot hauls per km2 per year.","Limitations with this study are discussed by Coleman et al. (2013). No longer-term observations were made to see if colonies suffered damage, for example to the soft tissue of sea fans which can leave them vulnerable to epibiont growth and eventual mortality. There were no unfished control areas; the areas in which the experiments were conducted had previously been subject to potting activity. There were issues that may have confounded the experiment so as to make it appear that some species had significantly increased in abundance in response to the potting treatment (this was not considered to be plausible given the life-histories of the species concerned). Silt may have been re-suspended in the experimental fishing plots, enabling smaller individuals to be more easily observed in the fished areas, resulting in a higher abundance in fishing areas. There were also seasonal changes recorded over the four-week potting period such as a dieback of ephemeral algal cover, which may explain why small individuals were encountered more frequently later in the season (Eno et al. 2001)."]
["Eno, N.C., MacDonald, D.S., Kinnear, J.A.M., Amos, S.C., Chapman, C.J., Clark, R.A., Bunker, F.St.P.D and Munro, C. 2001. Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 58, 11-20","Examined the effects of fishing with crustacean traps on benthic species in Great Britain by means of qualitative and quantitative experiments. Experimental sites were selected where fishing using pots or creels was practised regularly and where species perceived to be potentially sensitive to damage were present. The effect of Nephrops creels on different sea pen species was studied in Scottish sea lochs. Sea pens were observed to bend in response to the pressure wave before the creel made contact. After smothering and even uprooting, they re-established themselves when in contact with muddy substrate. Observations of lobster and crab pots being hauled from rocky substrates in southern England, revealed that the habitats and their communities appeared relatively unaffected by potting. The slow-growing, long-lived, pink sea fan Eunicella verrucosa were observed to flex under the weight of pots as they passed and then returned back to an upright position. Quantitative studies, undertaken in south England and west Wales, were based on surveys carried out along transect lines before and after a month of pot fishing for crabs and lobsters. The results suggest that four weeks of fairly intense fishing did not have immediate detrimental effects on the abundance of the species selected for study, although some individual ross coral colonies (Pentapora foliacea) were damaged.","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef; Pink sea fan; Ross coral; sponge","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Nephrops creels and parlour pots","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G388, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Impact of pots, ropes and anchors","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The effects of fishing with crustacean traps on benthic species in Great Britain by means of qualitative and quantitative experiments. Experimental sites were selected where fishing using pots or creels was practised regularly and where species perceived to be potentially sensitive to damage were present. The effect of Nephrops creels on different sea pen species was studied in Scottish sea lochs. Observations of lobster and crab pots being hauled from rocky substrates was undertaken in southern England. Quantitative studies, undertaken in south England and west Wales, were based on surveys carried out along transect lines before and after a month of pot fishing for crabs and lobsters.","European","UK-E, S, W","Loch Broom, west coast Scotland; Lyme Bay, England; Greenala Point, West Wales.",1995,"Lyme Bay: -14 to -20m, Lyme Bay and Greenala Point: <-23m","Impact","Rocky substrate habitats and communities were relatively unaffected by fishing activity.\n\nRope effects were observed during the course of an investigation into the effects of ghost fishing at Skomer, west Wales (a parallel 15 month element of the study), where potential for abrasion by taught ropes drawn between pots were evidenced rubbing erect epifauna on rock faces (some vertical).\n\nVery few signs of impact on epifaunal species were observed at any of the sites. No difference in the abundance of species was found within the control or experimental plots at either study site. \n\nThe results from west Wales show that the abundance of five sponge species in the experimental plots had increased significantly after potting. In contrast, no significant change in their abundance was found in the control plots, with the exception of Dysidea spp., which increased also in the control plots. Axinellids, Tethya spp., Phorbas spp., and Hemimycale spp. may therefore have increased in abundance as a direct or indirect consequence of potting. Halichondria spp. decreased significantly in abundance in the controls but showed no significant change in the experimental plot, suggesting the effect of an external factor that may have been inhibited in some way through the influence of potting.\n \nAt Lyme Bay the habitats and their communities appeared unaffected by the fishing activity, however, one colony of ross coral Pentapora foliacea was found broken after hauling was complete,  although it was not clear whether this had been caused by the fishing activity. One particularly surprising result was the observation of pink sea fans bending under the action of pots, then returning back to an upright position once the pots had passed. This species is slow growing, long lived and previously considered to be fairly susceptible to damage. It was not, however, clear whether any long-term effects were caused by such action.","Underwater video and miniature depth/temperature recorders on fleets of 30 or 60 creels were used to calculate creel impact velocities and their potential immediate impact on sea pens.\nSCUBA divers dragged creels at speeds from slow to maximum swimming speed (equivalent to boat hauling speeds), with the creels at a low angle and therefore at least 90% of the time in contact with the sediment, over marked areas of seabed (10 m long and 0.45 m wide). Each run was recorded on video and observations were made of the fate of the sea pens for three days after the disturbance event.\n60 baited creels were dropped by divers on to individual or small groups of sea pens and removed after 24 or 48 h. After removal of the creels, divers monitored the fate of each sea pen for a further six days.\n\nAnalysis of species effects was based on single potting events.\nAnalysis of habitat effects was based on a potting intensity of 1,083,000 pot hauls per km2 per year.","Limitations with this study are discussed by Coleman et al. (2013). No longer-term observations were made to see if colonies suffered damage, for example to the soft tissue of sea fans which can leave them vulnerable to epibiont growth and eventual mortality. There were no unfished control areas; the areas in which the experiments were conducted had previously been subject to potting activity. There were issues that may have confounded the experiment so as to make it appear that some species had significantly increased in abundance in response to the potting treatment (this was not considered to be plausible given the life-histories of the species concerned). Silt may have been re-suspended in the experimental fishing plots, enabling smaller individuals to be more easily observed in the fished areas, resulting in a higher abundance in fishing areas. There were also seasonal changes recorded over the four-week potting period such as a dieback of ephemeral algal cover, which may explain why small individuals were encountered more frequently later in the season (Eno et al. 2001)."]
["Eno, N.C., MacDonald, D.S., Kinnear, J.A.M., Amos, S.C., Chapman, C.J., Clark, R.A., Bunker, F.St.P.D and Munro, C. 2001. Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 58, 11-20","Examined the effects of fishing with crustacean traps on benthic species in Great Britain by means of qualitative and quantitative experiments. Experimental sites were selected where fishing using pots or creels was practised regularly and where species perceived to be potentially sensitive to damage were present. The effect of Nephrops creels on different sea pen species was studied in Scottish sea lochs. Sea pens were observed to bend in response to the pressure wave before the creel made contact. After smothering and even uprooting, they re-established themselves when in contact with muddy substrate. Observations of lobster and crab pots being hauled from rocky substrates in southern England, revealed that the habitats and their communities appeared relatively unaffected by potting. The slow-growing, long-lived, pink sea fan Eunicella verrucosa were observed to flex under the weight of pots as they passed and then returned back to an upright position. Quantitative studies, undertaken in south England and west Wales, were based on surveys carried out along transect lines before and after a month of pot fishing for crabs and lobsters. The results suggest that four weeks of fairly intense fishing did not have immediate detrimental effects on the abundance of the species selected for study, although some individual ross coral colonies (Pentapora foliacea) were damaged.","Subtidal mud; Sea pen","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Nephrops creels and parlour pots","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G389, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Impact of pots, ropes and anchors","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The effects of fishing with crustacean traps on benthic species in Great Britain by means of qualitative and quantitative experiments. Experimental sites were selected where fishing using pots or creels was practised regularly and where species perceived to be potentially sensitive to damage were present. The effect of Nephrops creels on different sea pen species was studied in Scottish sea lochs. Observations of lobster and crab pots being hauled from rocky substrates was undertaken in southern England. Quantitative studies, undertaken in south England and west Wales, were based on surveys carried out along transect lines before and after a month of pot fishing for crabs and lobsters.","European","UK-E, S, W","Loch Broom, west coast Scotland; Lyme Bay, England; Greenala Point, West Wales.",1995,"Lyme Bay: -14 to -20m, Lyme Bay and Greenala Point: <-23m","Impact","No lasting effects on the muddy substrate.\n\nVery few signs of impact on epifaunal species were observed at any of the sites. No difference in the abundance of species was found within the control or experimental plots at either study site. \n\nAt the Scottish sites studies , it was found that the sea-pens (Pennatula phosphorea, Virgularia mirabilis and Funiculina quadrangularis) bend as a result of a pressure wave, which is generated ahead of the sinking creel. This protects the tip of the sea-pen from damage through impact. After being smothered, or even uprooted, all three species of sea-pen reinserted and up righted themselves providing that the penduncle was in contact with the mud. There were no lasting effects on the muddy substrate and no species other than the sea pens, which were characteristic of the areas selected, were studied.","Underwater video and miniature depth/temperature recorders on fleets of 30 or 60 creels were used to calculate creel impact velocities and their potential immediate impact on sea pens.\nSCUBA divers dragged creels at speeds from slow to maximum swimming speed (equivalent to boat hauling speeds), with the creels at a low angle and therefore at least 90% of the time in contact with the sediment, over marked areas of seabed (10 m long and 0.45 m wide). Each run was recorded on video and observations were made of the fate of the sea pens for three days after the disturbance event.\n60 baited creels were dropped by divers on to individual or small groups of sea pens and removed after 24 or 48 h. After removal of the creels, divers monitored the fate of each sea pen for a further six days.\n\nAnalysis of species effects was based on single potting events.\nAnalysis of habitat effects was based on a potting intensity of 1,083,000 pot hauls per km2 per year.","Limitations with this study are discussed by Coleman et al. (2013). No longer-term observations were made to see if colonies suffered damage, for example to the soft tissue of sea fans which can leave them vulnerable to epibiont growth and eventual mortality. There were no unfished control areas; the areas in which the experiments were conducted had previously been subject to potting activity. There were issues that may have confounded the experiment so as to make it appear that some species had significantly increased in abundance in response to the potting treatment (this was not considered to be plausible given the life-histories of the species concerned). Silt may have been re-suspended in the experimental fishing plots, enabling smaller individuals to be more easily observed in the fished areas, resulting in a higher abundance in fishing areas. There were also seasonal changes recorded over the four-week potting period such as a dieback of ephemeral algal cover, which may explain why small individuals were encountered more frequently later in the season (Eno et al. 2001)."]
["Gall, S., Plymouth University PhD student. Research on the impacts of potting in South Devon. Funded by the Devon and Severn IFCA.","Sarah Gall, a PhD student at Plymouth University, is researching the impacts of potting in South Devon (subtidal bedrock reef and subtidal boulder and cobble reef), carried out with funding from the Devon and Severn IFCA.  The ecology aspect of the research aims to quantify the direct impacts of potting, including pots landing, movement of pots in the water and rope scour, and hauling, for strings of inkwell and parlour pots. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pots (parlour and inkwell)","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G390, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Impacts of pots and ropes","Ongoing research","Primary data","No","N/A","For further information please contact Sarah Gall on sarah.gall@plymouth.ac.uk","PIET","The ecology aspect of the research aims to quantify the direct impacts of potting, including pots landing, movement of pots in the water and rope scour, and hauling, for strings of inkwell and parlour pots.","European","UK-E","South Devon","Ongoing","Not specified","Impact","The ecology aspect of the research aims to quantify the direct impacts of potting, including pots landing, movement of pots in the water and rope scour, and hauling, for strings of inkwell and parlour pots. GoPro digital cameras are put onto pots to capture video footage to monitor these aspects. Pots are set, and left for half an hour in the water (this is restricted by the battery life of the camera). This research is still in progress (3 years into a 4 year PhD study) and results are not yet available, however indications are that impacts are not substantial. This reflects the fact that it is not the whole base of a pot that comes into contact with the seabed but only the rims, and when hauling, the pots do not drag for long distances on the bottom of the seabed. It also appears that the pots and ropes are fairly stationary during the time that they are on the ground. Final research results are expected in the summer of 2016.","GoPro digital cameras are put onto pots to capture video footage to monitor these aspects. Pots are set, and left for half an hour in the water (this is restricted by the battery life of the camera). This research is still in progress (3 years into a 4 year PhD study) and results are not yet available. Final research results are expected in the summer of 2016.","Unknown"]
["Gall, S., Plymouth University PhD student. Research on the impacts of potting in South Devon. Funded by the Devon and Severn IFCA.","Sarah Gall, a PhD student at Plymouth University, is researching the impacts of potting in South Devon (subtidal bedrock reef and subtidal boulder and cobble reef), carried out with funding from the Devon and Severn IFCA.  The ecology aspect of the research aims to quantify the direct impacts of potting, including pots landing, movement of pots in the water and rope scour, and hauling, for strings of inkwell and parlour pots. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Pots (parlour and inkwell)","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G391, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Impacts of pots and ropes","Ongoing research","Primary data","No","N/A","For further information please contact Sarah Gall on sarah.gall@plymouth.ac.uk","PIET","The ecology aspect of the research aims to quantify the direct impacts of potting, including pots landing, movement of pots in the water and rope scour, and hauling, for strings of inkwell and parlour pots.","European","UK-E","South Devon","Ongoing","Not specified","Impact","The ecology aspect of the research aims to quantify the direct impacts of potting, including pots landing, movement of pots in the water and rope scour, and hauling, for strings of inkwell and parlour pots. GoPro digital cameras are put onto pots to capture video footage to monitor these aspects. Pots are set, and left for half an hour in the water (this is restricted by the battery life of the camera). This research is still in progress (3 years into a 4 year PhD study) and results are not yet available, however indications are that impacts are not substantial. This reflects the fact that it is not the whole base of a pot that comes into contact with the seabed but only the rims, and when hauling, the pots do not drag for long distances on the bottom of the seabed. It also appears that the pots and ropes are fairly stationary during the time that they are on the ground. Final research results are expected in the summer of 2016.","GoPro digital cameras are put onto pots to capture video footage to monitor these aspects. Pots are set, and left for half an hour in the water (this is restricted by the battery life of the camera). This research is still in progress (3 years into a 4 year PhD study) and results are not yet available. Final research results are expected in the summer of 2016.","Unknown"]
["Rees, A., Plymouth University PhD student. Research on the impacts of different levels of potting intensity in Lyme Bay. Funded by the Blue Marine Foundation.","Research on the impacts of different levels of potting intensity in Lyme Bay.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pots (parlour)","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G392, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Impacts of pots and ropes","Ongoing research","Primary data","No","N/A","For further information please contact Adam Rees on adam.rees@plymouth.ac.uk","PIET","The objective of the study is to designate a set of test areas across the Lyme Bay MPA where potting activity can be regulated by the fishing community and samples regularly taken to assess differences between the treatments and whether any spill over is occurring.","European","UK-E","Lyme Bay, South Devon.","Ongoing","Not specified","Impact","Research is still in progress and results are not available yet. However, in the winter of 2013/14, storms affected the bay and some of the benthic diversity was lost, as well as some of the experimental pots. This project has thus been extended by an additional year and is due to be completed in 2017.","Each test area will be 500m x 500m and located on mixed ground or rocky reef for comparability. Four types of treatment are planned: no potting, low density pots (5 to 10 pots), mid-density pots (15 to 25 pots) and high density pots (30+ pots), with actual numbers of pots per 500x500 area determined in discussion with fishermen. The four treatments will be replicated four times across the MPA, with a set of treatments located near each local fishing port, giving a total of 16 experimental areas. The test areas will be located in areas of similar depth and seabed type to ensure maximum comparability. Once designated, agreed levels of commercial potting will be undertaken from within the test areas as part of regular fishing activity. This will be monitored and regulated by the fishermen within each local port. Sites will be monitored using underwater video on towed sled. This research is still in progress (2 years into a 4.5 year PhD study) and results are not yet available. Final research results are expected in the summer of 2017.\n\nIntensity calculations are based on the highest density of pots (approx. 30) per 500x500m area. This equates to 30 pots in 0.25km2 area = 120 pots in 1km2. Assuming pots are hauled on average three times a week 120 x (52x3) = 19,000 pots per km2 per year. \nHowever, it should be noted that during the summer months pots could be hauled everyday (weather dependant), and in winter if the weather is good they could also be hauled every day. However, in winters such as 2013/2014 a pot may not have been lifted for over 3 months. ","Unknown"]
["Rees, A., Plymouth University PhD student. Research on the impacts of different levels of potting intensity in Lyme Bay. Funded by the Blue Marine Foundation.","Research on the impacts of different levels of potting intensity in Lyme Bay.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Pots (parlour)","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G393, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Impacts of pots and ropes","Ongoing research","Primary data","No","N/A","For further information please contact Adam Rees on adam.rees@plymouth.ac.uk","PIET","The objective of the study is to designate a set of test areas across the Lyme Bay MPA where potting activity can be regulated by the fishing community and samples regularly taken to assess differences between the treatments and whether any spill over is occurring.","European","UK-E","Lyme Bay, South Devon.","Ongoing","Not specified","Impact","Research is still in progress and results are not available yet. However, in the winter of 2013/14, storms affected the bay and some of the benthic diversity was lost, as well as some of the experimental pots. This project has thus been extended by an additional year and is due to be completed in 2017.","Each test area will be 500m x 500m and located on mixed ground or rocky reef for comparability. Four types of treatment are planned: no potting, low density pots (5 to 10 pots), mid-density pots (15 to 25 pots) and high density pots (30+ pots), with actual numbers of pots per 500x500 area determined in discussion with fishermen. The four treatments will be replicated four times across the MPA, with a set of treatments located near each local fishing port, giving a total of 16 experimental areas. The test areas will be located in areas of similar depth and seabed type to ensure maximum comparability. Once designated, agreed levels of commercial potting will be undertaken from within the test areas as part of regular fishing activity. This will be monitored and regulated by the fishermen within each local port. Sites will be monitored using underwater video on towed sled. This research is still in progress (2 years into a 4.5 year PhD study) and results are not yet available. Final research results are expected in the summer of 2017.\n\nIntensity calculations are based on the highest density of pots (approx. 30) per 500x500m area. This equates to 30 pots in 0.25km2 area = 120 pots in 1km2. Assuming pots are hauled on average three times a week 120 x (52x3) = 19,000 pots per km2 per year. \nHowever, it should be noted that during the summer months pots could be hauled everyday (weather dependant), and in winter if the weather is good they could also be hauled every day. However, in winters such as 2013/2014 a pot may not have been lifted for over 3 months. ","Unknown"]
["Fitzsimmons, C., University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Research on the impacts of potting in Northumberland.","Work by Newcastle University assessing the impact of potting at different intensity levels.","Faunal-algal crusts ","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G394, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Impacts of pots, ropes and anchors","Grey literature","Primary data","No","High","For further information please contact Clare Fitzsimmons","PIET","A study assessing a series of 10m by 10m ‘impact areas’ and a 10m by 10m ‘control area’. In the impact areas, they deployed different intensity levels of pot fishing, working with creel fishers.  This study is being extended to kelp park in 2015 and chalk reef in 2016.","European","UK-E","Northumberland","Ongoing","Not specified","Impact","Despite trying to deploy large numbers of pots in a small area (orders of magnitude greater than current levels of fishing effort in the area) no significant impact on the faunal-algal crust habitat was detected.","A subsequent study assessed a series of 10m by 10m ‘impact areas’ and a 10m by 10m ‘control area’. In the impact areas, they deployed different intensity levels of pot fishing, working with creel fishers.","It should be noted that for the intensity studies the ‘control’ site was not a ‘no fishing’ area, but subject to normal levels of fishing activity, which occurs in the region."]
["Fitzsimmons, C., University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Research on the impacts of potting in Northumberland.","Work by Newcastle University assessing the impact of potting at different intensity levels.","Faunal-algal crusts ","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G395, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Impacts of pots, ropes and anchors","Grey literature","Primary data","No","High","For further information please contact Clare Fitzsimmons","PIET","A study assessing a series of 10m by 10m ‘impact areas’ and a 10m by 10m ‘control area’. In the impact areas, they deployed different intensity levels of pot fishing, working with creel fishers.  This study is being extended to kelp park in 2015 and chalk reef in 2016.","European","UK-E","Northumberland","Ongoing","Not specified","Impact","Despite trying to deploy large numbers of pots in a small area (orders of magnitude greater than current levels of fishing effort in the area) no significant impact on the faunal-algal crust habitat was detected.","A subsequent study assessed a series of 10m by 10m ‘impact areas’ and a 10m by 10m ‘control area’. In the impact areas, they deployed different intensity levels of pot fishing, working with creel fishers.","It should be noted that for the intensity studies the ‘control’ site was not a ‘no fishing’ area, but subject to normal levels of fishing activity, which occurs in the region."]
["Fitzsimmons, C., University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Research on the impacts of potting in Northumberland.","Work by Newcastle University assessing the impact of potting at different intensity levels.","Chalk reefs","Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G396, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Impacts of pots, ropes and anchors","Grey literature","Primary data","No","High","For further information please contact Clare Fitzsimmons","PIET","A study assessing a series of 10m by 10m ‘impact areas’ and a 10m by 10m ‘control area’. In the impact areas, they deployed different intensity levels of pot fishing, working with creel fishers.  This study is being extended to kelp park in 2015 and chalk reef in 2016.","European","UK-E","Northumberland","Ongoing","Not specified","Impact","This study will assess a series of 10m by 10m ‘impact areas’ and a 10m by 10m ‘control area’ within chalk reef habitat. Different intensity levels of pot fishing will be deployed in the impacts areas. This work will be undertaken in 2016.","A subsequent study assessed a series of 10m by 10m ‘impact areas’ and a 10m by 10m ‘control area’. In the impact areas, they deployed different intensity levels of pot fishing, working with creel fishers.","It should be noted that for the intensity studies the ‘control’ site was not a ‘no fishing’ area, but subject to normal levels of fishing activity, which occurs in the region."]
["Fitzsimmons, C., University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Research on the impacts of potting in Northumberland.","Work by Newcastle University assessing the impact of potting at different intensity levels.","Kelp park","Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G397, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Impacts of pots, ropes and anchors","Grey literature","Primary data","No","High","For further information please contact Clare Fitzsimmons","PIET","A study assessing a series of 10m by 10m ‘impact areas’ and a 10m by 10m ‘control area’. In the impact areas, they deployed different intensity levels of pot fishing, working with creel fishers.  This study is being extended to kelp park in 2015 and chalk reef in 2016.","European","UK-E","Northumberland","Ongoing","Not specified","Impact","This study will assess a series of 10m by 10m ‘impact areas’ and a 10m by 10m ‘control area’ within chalk reef habitat. Different intensity levels of pot fishing will be deployed in the impacts areas. ","A subsequent study assessed a series of 10m by 10m ‘impact areas’ and a 10m by 10m ‘control area’. In the impact areas, they deployed different intensity levels of pot fishing, working with creel fishers.","It should be noted that for the intensity studies the ‘control’ site was not a ‘no fishing’ area, but subject to normal levels of fishing activity, which occurs in the region."]
["Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Research on the physical impacts of pots on SAC features in Northern Ireland.","AFBI are about two thirds of the way through a Research and Development project on the physical impact of pots on SAC features. Their studies have focused mainly on the experimental deployment of pots with cameras and accelerometers with some associated faunal analysis. They are proposing to make some recommendations on codes of practise for hauling with or against tide.","Horse mussel beds","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G398, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Not specified","Ongoing research","Primary data","No","N/A","For further information please contact Matt Service","PIET","Ongoing research looking into the physical impact of pots on SAC features.","European","UK-NI","Northern Ireland","Ongoing","Unknown","Impact","Results are not yet available but preliminary indications are that there is minimal, if any, effect on horse mussel beds.","Unknown","Unknown"]
["Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Research on the physical impacts of pots on SAC features in Northern Ireland.","AFBI are about two thirds of the way through a Research and Development project on the physical impact of pots on SAC features. Their studies have focused mainly on the experimental deployment of pots with cameras and accelerometers with some associated faunal analysis. They are proposing to make some recommendations on codes of practise for hauling with or against tide.","Horse mussel","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G399, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Not specified","Ongoing research","Primary data","No","N/A","For further information please contact Matt Service","PIET","Ongoing research looking into the physical impact of pots on SAC features.","European","UK-NI","Northern Ireland","Ongoing","Unknown","Impact","Results are not yet available but preliminary indications are that there is minimal, if any, effect on horse mussel beds.","Unknown","Unknown"]
["Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Research on the physical impacts of pots on SAC features in Northern Ireland.","AFBI are about two thirds of the way through a Research and Development project on the physical impact of pots on SAC features. Their studies have focused mainly on the experimental deployment of pots with cameras and accelerometers with some associated faunal analysis. They are proposing to make some recommendations on codes of practise for hauling with or against tide.","Horse mussel beds","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G400, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Not specified","Ongoing research","Primary data","No","N/A","For further information please contact Matt Service","PIET","Ongoing research looking into the physical impact of pots on SAC features.","European","UK-NI","Northern Ireland","Ongoing","Unknown","Impact","Results are not yet available but preliminary indications are that there is minimal, if any, effect on horse mussel beds.","Unknown","Unknown"]
["Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Research on the physical impacts of pots on SAC features in Northern Ireland.","AFBI are about two thirds of the way through a Research and Development project on the physical impact of pots on SAC features. Their studies have focused mainly on the experimental deployment of pots with cameras and accelerometers with some associated faunal analysis. They are proposing to make some recommendations on codes of practise for hauling with or against tide.","Maerl","Maerl","Maerl","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G401, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Not specified","Ongoing research","Primary data","No","N/A","For further information please contact Matt Service","PIET","Ongoing research looking into the physical impact of pots on SAC features.","European","UK-NI","Northern Ireland","Ongoing","Unknown","Impact","Results are not yet available but preliminary indications are that there is minimal, if any, effect on maerl.","Unknown","Unknown"]
["Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Research on the physical impacts of pots on SAC features in Northern Ireland.","AFBI are about two thirds of the way through a Research and Development project on the physical impact of pots on SAC features. Their studies have focused mainly on the experimental deployment of pots with cameras and accelerometers with some associated faunal analysis. They are proposing to make some recommendations on codes of practise for hauling with or against tide.","Rocky reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G402, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Not specified","Ongoing research","Primary data","No","N/A","For further information please contact Matt Service","PIET","Ongoing research looking into the physical impact of pots on SAC features.","European","UK-NI","Northern Ireland","Ongoing","Unknown","Impact","Results are not yet available but preliminary indications are that there is minimal, if any, effect on rocky reef.","Unknown","Unknown"]
["Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Research on the physical impacts of pots on SAC features in Northern Ireland.","AFBI are about two thirds of the way through a Research and Development project on the physical impact of pots on SAC features. Their studies have focused mainly on the experimental deployment of pots with cameras and accelerometers with some associated faunal analysis. They are proposing to make some recommendations on codes of practise for hauling with or against tide.","Subtidal sandbanks","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G403, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Not specified","Ongoing research","Primary data","No","N/A","For further information please contact Matt Service","PIET","Ongoing research looking into the physical impact of pots on SAC features.","European","UK-NI","Northern Ireland","Ongoing","Unknown","Impact","Results are not yet available but preliminary indications are that there is minimal, if any, effect on sandbanks.","Unknown","Unknown"]
["Isles of Scilly IFCA. Qualitative study assessing impact of potting on reef through underwater video.","In collaboration with Natural England, local diving organisations, the Isles of Scilly Fishermen’s Association and a team from Plymouth University, IoSIFCA will be undertaking camera surveys this summer using a combination of underwater cameras, towed scanners and a diving team. ","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G404, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Not specified","Ongoing research","Primary data","No","N/A","For further information please contact the Isles of Scilly IFCA on maritime@scilly.gov.uk","PIET","The aim is to identify if the relatively light potting effort on reef habitat has a damaging effect on the protected features in the EMS, and also in the eleven sub-sites that make up the Isles of Scilly MCZ.","European","UK-IoS","Isles of Scilly","Ongoing","Unknown","Impact","Results not yet available.","Research will be undertaken using a combination of underwater cameras, towed scanners and a diving team. Initially, a list of representative sites that demonstrate the quality of the marine environment where potting is present/absent is being drawn up. Data is also being collected on numbers of boats, pots, spatial distribution of effort to go alongside the video evidence. Surveys are due to take place summer 2014, potentially extending into summer 2015.","Unknown"]
["Haynes, T., Bell, J., Saunders, G., Irving, R., Williams, J. and Bell. G. (2014) Marine Strategy Framework Directive Shallow Sublittoral Rock Indicators for Fragile Sponge and Anthozoan Assemblages Part 1: Developing Proposals for Potential Indicators. JNCC Report No. 524, Nature Bureau and Environment Systems Ltd. for JNCC, JNCC Peterborough.","Skomer species dataset, incorporating analyses of sponge species data collected at Skomer MNR as part of a PhD research project at Victoria University of Wellington (Berman 2012), were analysed. The response of sponge and anthozoan species composition and abundance to a range of environmental conditions was tested by applying analytical tests to field data that was obtained during the data capture phase of this project.","Sponges: Axinella dissimilis; Axinella\ninfundibuliformis; Haliclona oculata; Stelligera stuposa; Raspailia ramosa","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G405, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Grey literature","Primary data","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Report_524_web3.pdf","PIET","Analysis of data collected at Skomer MNR as part of a PhD research project at Victoria University of Wellington (Berman 2012).","European","UK-E","Skomer","2006 to 2009","Unknown","Impact","Physical disturbance is known to have a major impact on the abundance and distribution patterns of benthic organisms, and in the context of rocky reef environments this is most likely to come from fishing activities, particularly from potting/creeling. Abrasion was identified as the most significant known pressure affecting sponge and anthozoan assemblages, predominantly by means of direct physical damage and entanglement.\n\nRegression analysis indicated that there was no significant relationship between potting density and species abundance (p≥0.05), however, analysis of the data for testing and validation proved inconclusive due to the limited availability of suitable (fit-for-purpose) environmental and pressure data. The surveys were not designed to test changes driven by a wide range of anthropogenic pressures and as a consequence the power to detect those changes was not a consideration of the original sampling design. This meant the existing datasets were not well suited for validation.","Within the Skomer dataset, five sponge species were present that had been identified during the expert consultation as susceptible to abrasion. These were Axinella dissimilis, Axinella infundibuliformis, Haliclona oculata, Stelligera stuposa and Raspailia ramosa. Total species abundance and potting data were tested (a proxy for abrasion). Species data were available for the period 2006-2009, from which data from three years were analysed; 2006, 2008 and 2009. The autumn dataset consisted of species records for three sample sites in 2006, two in 2008 and one in 2009. Only autumn species records were analysed, providing a total of seven records. Spring and summer species records were not analysed as it was considered that the species surveys could have been undertaken prior to fishing activity. Autumn species data were therefore used as a yearly summary of species composition, in the same way that the available fishing pot data are annual summaries of fishing activity. Species data for 2007 were not analysed due to a lack of autumn species data for that year. No specific data were available regarding abrasion. However, Skomer MNR researchers record annual summaries of fishing pot locations within the MNR. These data were therefore used as a proxy for abrasion by calculating pot density within a 50m radius. The precise positions of the three sponge survey sites were unknown, as no locational data were available for the sites. Therefore an estimate was made for the purpose of this spatial data analysis.","The results were considered inconclusive due to the limited availability of suitable (fit-for-purpose) environmental and pressure data."]
["Haynes, T., Bell, J., Saunders, G., Irving, R., Williams, J. and Bell. G. (2014) Marine Strategy Framework Directive Shallow Sublittoral Rock Indicators for Fragile Sponge and Anthozoan Assemblages Part 1: Developing Proposals for Potential Indicators. JNCC Report No. 524, Nature Bureau and Environment Systems Ltd. for JNCC, JNCC Peterborough.","Skomer species dataset, incorporating analyses of sponge species data collected at Skomer MNR as part of a PhD research project at Victoria University of Wellington (Berman 2012), were analysed. The response of sponge and anthozoan species composition and abundance to a range of environmental conditions was tested by applying analytical tests to field data that was obtained during the data capture phase of this project.","Sponges: Axinella dissimilis; Axinella\ninfundibuliformis; Haliclona oculata; Stelligera stuposa; Raspailia ramosa","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G406, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Grey literature","Primary data","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Report_524_web3.pdf","PIET","Analysis of data collected at Skomer MNR as part of a PhD research project at Victoria University of Wellington (Berman 2012).","European","UK-E","Skomer","2006 to 2009","Unknown","Impact","Physical disturbance is known to have a major impact on the abundance and distribution patterns of benthic organisms, and in the context of rocky reef environments this is most likely to come from fishing activities, particularly from potting/creeling. Abrasion was identified as the most significant known pressure affecting sponge and anthozoan assemblages, predominantly by means of direct physical damage and entanglement.\n\nRegression analysis indicated that there was no significant relationship between potting density and species abundance (p≥0.05), however, analysis of the data for testing and validation proved inconclusive due to the limited availability of suitable (fit-for-purpose) environmental and pressure data. The surveys were not designed to test changes driven by a wide range of anthropogenic pressures and as a consequence the power to detect those changes was not a consideration of the original sampling design. This meant the existing datasets were not well suited for validation.","Within the Skomer dataset, five sponge species were present that had been identified during the expert consultation as susceptible to abrasion. These were Axinella dissimilis, Axinella infundibuliformis, Haliclona oculata, Stelligera stuposa and Raspailia ramosa. Total species abundance and potting data were tested (a proxy for abrasion). Species data were available for the period 2006-2009, from which data from three years were analysed; 2006, 2008 and 2009. The autumn dataset consisted of species records for three sample sites in 2006, two in 2008 and one in 2009. Only autumn species records were analysed, providing a total of seven records. Spring and summer species records were not analysed as it was considered that the species surveys could have been undertaken prior to fishing activity. Autumn species data were therefore used as a yearly summary of species composition, in the same way that the available fishing pot data are annual summaries of fishing activity. Species data for 2007 were not analysed due to a lack of autumn species data for that year. No specific data were available regarding abrasion. However, Skomer MNR researchers record annual summaries of fishing pot locations within the MNR. These data were therefore used as a proxy for abrasion by calculating pot density within a 50m radius. The precise positions of the three sponge survey sites were unknown, as no locational data were available for the sites. Therefore an estimate was made for the purpose of this spatial data analysis.","The results were considered inconclusive due to the limited availability of suitable (fit-for-purpose) environmental and pressure data."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Chalk reefs","Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G407, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","Static gear is deployed regularly on rocky grounds, either in the form of pots or creels, or as bottom set gill or trammel nets. Whilst the potential for damage is lower per unit deployment compared to towed gear, there is a risk of cumulative damage to sensitive species if use is intensive. Damage could be caused during the setting of pots or nets and their associated ground lines and anchors, and by their movement over the bottom during rough weather and during recovery.\nSpecies that are able to bore into chalk reefs for example, piddocks and the boring sponge Cliona celata, are predicted to be relatively unaffected by fishing using static gears or towed gears that do not damage the reef. Emergent organisms could be tangled, damaged or removed by the setting and/or hauling of static gears (pots, long-lines or anchored nets) and anchors. However, in general, compared to towed gear, benthic communities are relatively unaffected by static gears (pots, long-lines or anchored nets) due to the relatively small area of seabed directly affected.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Coarse sands and gravels","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G408, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","Benthic communities are relatively unaffected by static fishing gears (fish or crustacean pots, long-lines or anchored nets) compared to towed gears, because of the relatively small area of seabed directly affected. Benthic community biomass in areas subjected to only static gear use has been reported to be significantly greater compared to areas in which trawling has occurred within the last two years. However, epifauna may be damaged by weights and ropes or entangled and removed. Where the gear drags or bounces the damage will be more widespread.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Eelgrass meadow","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G409, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","Based on observations and the general physical characteristics of lobster pots, it is considered that pots consistently set and hauled in an eelgrass meadow can cause damage by leaf shearing, damaging meristems, uprooting plants and, if left long enough on the bottom, can cause damage by smothering and light attenuation.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Kelp","Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G410, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","Static gear is deployed regularly on shallow rocky grounds, either in the form of pots or creels, or as bottom set gill or trammel nets. Whilst the potential for damage is lower per unit deployment compared to towed gear, there is a risk of cumulative damage to sensitive species if use is intensive. Damage could be caused during the setting of pots or nets and their associated ground lines and anchors, and by their movement over the bottom during rough weather and during recovery. It is likely that static gears, and weights and ropes associated with such gears, would have the potential to damage or remove kelp through entanglement.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Maerl","Maerl","Maerl","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G411, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","Benthic communities are relatively unaffected by static fishing gears (pots, long-lines or anchored nets) due to the relatively small area of seabed directly affected. Benthic community biomass in areas subjected to only static gear use has been reported to be significantly greater compared to areas in which trawling has occurred within the last two years.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Mussel beds","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G412, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","The characterising species of these habitat groups (i.e. oysters and mussels) have outer shells which provide some protection against physical impacts. However, these shells can be broken by direct pressure.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Mussel beds","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G413, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","The characterising species of these habitat groups (i.e. oysters and mussels) have outer shells which provide some protection against physical impacts. However, these shells can be broken by direct pressure.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Mussel beds","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G414, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","The characterising species of these habitat groups (i.e. oysters and mussels) have outer shells which provide some protection against physical impacts. However, these shells can be broken by direct pressure.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Rock habitat","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G415, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","Pots and creels are deployed regularly on rocky grounds. Damage could be caused during the setting of pots or nets and their associated ground lines and anchors and by their movement over the bottom during rough weather and during recovery. There is a risk of cumulative damage to sensitive species if use is intensive.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G416, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","Subtidal S. alveolata and S. spinulosa reefs may be affected by the use of static and towed fishing gears.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G417, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","The impact of pots, if deployed correctly, are of limited concern on subtidal muds, although the sensitivity of erect epifauna to these activities is species dependant.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G418, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","The impact of pots, if deployed correctly, are of limited concern on subtidal stable muddy sands, although the sensitivity of erect epifauna to these activities is species dependant.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Subtidal muddy sands and sandy muds","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G419, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","The impact of pots, if deployed correctly, are of limited concern on subtidal stable muddy sands and sandy muds, although the sensitivity of erect epifauna to these activities is species dependant.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Subtidal muddy sands and sandy muds","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G420, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","The impact of pots, if deployed correctly, are of limited concern on subtidal stable muddy sands and sandy muds, although the sensitivity of erect epifauna to these activities is species dependant.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Subtidal sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G421, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","The impact of pots, if deployed correctly, are of limited concern on subtidal  sands, although the sensitivity of erect epifauna to these activities is species dependant.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Vertical and underboulder surfaces","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G422, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","Static gears, such as pots, may impact vertical rock surfaces during setting or hauling.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","The Environment Agency commissioned MarLIN and ABPmer to conduct a review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. The scope of this desk-based study was to identify and review the physical impacts of fishing activities on marine benthic habitats. Physical impacts arise through direct contact with fishing gears, or from activities associated with fishing, e.g. dropping of weighted pots, anchoring of boats and trampling arising from shore access. The report reviewed the current state of knowledge on the resistance (intolerance), resilience (recovery) and hence sensitivity of several marine habitats to the effects of commercial fishing activities in the UK. The study identified 130 separate parameters or ecological attributes used in 70 sensitivity assessment methodologies or studies of the effects of fishing activities, together with the links between fishing intensity and habitat response.","Vertical and underboulder surfaces","Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G423, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291018/scho1110bteq-e-e.pdf","PIET","Literature review of existing approaches for assessing the sensitivity of marine benthic habitats to fishing impacts. Most information relating to potting refers to Eno et al 2001 and Hall et al 2008.","European","N/a","Based on UK habitats and species","N/a","N/a","Impact","Static gears, such as pots, may impact vertical rock surfaces during setting or hauling.","Literature Review","Sensitivity assessment, not always specific to potting."]
["Scottish MPA Project (2013) Fisheries Management Guidance. Maerl Beds: Maerl or coarse shell gravel with burrowing sea cucumbers. July 2013.","The fisheries management guidance has been produced to provide advice on the impact various fishing activities may have on MPA search features in Scotland’s seas. The advice is organised by features and gear types. Fishing gears are grouped to combine those with broadly similar impacts, but where there is likely to be variation within a group of features (e.g. for high and low energy sand habitats), this has been taken into account. Where possible the guidance has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals.","Maerl or coarse shell gravel with burrowing sea cucumbers.","Maerl","Maerl","Demersal static gears (including pots, traps, lines and nets)","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G424, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Unspecified","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/SMPA_fisheries_management_guidance_maerl_beds_July2013.pdf","PIET","Literature review on the impacts of fishing on maerl beds, followed by advice on fisheries management, including demersal static gears (including pots, traps, lines and nets).","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact","No direct evidence of the effects of static gear on maerl beds was found. However, given the fragility of maerl and length of recovery time, a high intensity of deployment and recovery of static gear could cause sufficient abrasion to have a detrimental effect (MacDonald et al, 1996). Further research will be required to determine the level of fishing that would produce an unacceptable impact.\n\nAlthough there are no specific studies of static gear interactions with these features, JNCC/SNH advice suggests that management measures that limit the intensity of fishing with static gears should be considered. Site condition monitoring or evidence arising from relevant studies will inform the requirement to reassess this recommendation.","Literature Review/Sensitivity assessment","Evidence to support this assumption is limited. There is no published evidence specifically for static gear impacts on this feature and sensitivity of these habitats to physical disturbance has been used to determine advice."]
["Coleman, R.A., Hoskin, M.G., von Carlshausen, E. and Davis, C.M. (2013) Using a no-take zone to assess the impacts of fishing: Sessile epifauna appear insensitive to environmental disturbances from commercial potting. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 440, 100–107.","Aside from effects on target populations and/or by catch, there is widespread interest in the physical impacts of fishing activity on marine systems. Frequently, it is the effect of mobile gear such as dredges and trawls which are of principal concern. The ecological consequences of passive/static gear such as pots and traps on benthic communities are far less understood. The establishment of a Sanctuary Zone/No-Take Zone at Lundy Island in 2003 allowed us to test the idea that if potting for crustaceans has an impact on benthic assemblages, then on the cessation of potting, assemblages should become different from those where potting continues. A concurrent study using experimental potting within the No-Take Zone allowed a separate test of this idea, but with a controlled fishing effort. ","Subtidal bedrock reef; boring sponge; branching sponge; Dead men's fingers; sponge; Trumpet anemone","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pots (parlour)","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G425, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098112004170","PIET","In 2003, designation of the UK's first statutory no-take zone (NTZ) at Lundy island in the Bristol Channel to conserve circalittoral fauna presented a unique opportunity to examine both the potential impacts of potting on sessile reef epifauna and their potential recovery, post-designation. As well as supporting an important potting fishery (primarily for lobster, but brown, spider and velvet crabs are also harvested), Lundy also has various statutory conservation designations in recognition of the national and international significance of its marine habitats and species; i.e. Marine Nature Reserve (MNR) under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1982 and Special Area of Conservation (SAC) under the EU Habitats Directive (Anon, 1992). \n\nNotable amongst Lundy's important features are the bedrock and boulder reef habitats surrounding the island, which are the main habitats that are targeted by the local potting fishery. An important reason for the designation of the Lundy NTZ was concern for the potential impact of lobster potting on Lundy's reef habitats. Since it was thought that the physical disruption caused by potting gear is likely to be detrimental to assemblages of sessile epibiota then if potting was stopped then there should be changes in assemblages in the closed areas. This expectation was underpinned by the large body of evidence from NTZs elsewhere in the World indicating that sanctuary level protection can trigger lasting, often rapid, increases in the abundance, productivity and diversity of marine organisms. \n\nExperimental results indicated that the lobster populations at Lundy responded to the designation of the NTZ with one of the fastest increases ever noted (Hoskin et al., 2011), and it is possible that fishing activity could have been displaced from the NTZ to outside, thus increasing the potting pressure in such areas.\n\nHypothesis 1 - If potting had the impacts suggested then it would be expected that the assemblage of sessile epifauna in circalittoral reef habitats in places where potting had stopped (inside the NTZ) will change more over time since these are now only subject to natural environmental variation whereas the sites subject to continued fishing effort would show much less temporal variation since the imposition of the NTZ since these assemblages will be subject to pressures from potting and from natural variations. \nHypothesis 2 - It would also be expected that those species of sessile epifauna most susceptible to impacts of potting will become relatively more abundant inside the NTZ over the 4 years of the study, compared to similar habitats where fishing continues over the same time-scale.\nHypothesis 3 - The assemblage of sessile epifauna in experimentally potted locations in an area otherwise protected from any other form of fishing would show greater divergence when compared to control sites also within the NTZ where there had been no experimental potting.\nHypothesis 4 - Individual species of sessile epifauna would be less abundant in experimentally potted locations sites compared to control sites.","European","UK-E","Lundy Island","2004 to 2007","-15 to -25m","Impact","Potting for Crustacea on rocky habitats in inshore waters may well be a benign fishery with limited impact on benthic assemblages. Our study shows there were no conservation benefits, in terms of the investigated species, arising from exclusion of potting in this Marine Protected Area (MPA). For some MPAs it may be possible to permit limited potting to allow small-scale artisanal fisheries to persist.\n\nDuring 4 years of sampling there were no important changes (potential effects of the NTZ or otherwise) in the assemblage of sessile epifauna that was monitored for this study, either in terms of multivariate composition or the abundances of individual species. The two main findings to come from quantifying the responses of circalittoral epifauna were (i) consistent differences in the abundances of certain species between the NTZ on the east coast of Lundy and the control location on the west coast (e.g. dead men's fingers Alcyonium digitatum, ross coral Pentapora fascialis and the boring sponge, Cliona celata); and (ii), for a different set of species, consistent differences between replicate sites within the NTZ (e.g. the trumpet anemone Aiptasia mutablis, the sponge Raspalia ramosa and axinellid sponges). These spatial differences were unchanging throughout the monitoring programme, so they almost certainly reflect the influence of perennial environmental differences among the locations concerned (e.g. differences in wave energy, depth, etc.). These results were consistent with those obtained by Eno et al. (2001), although it should be noted that their study was a much smaller spatial and temporal scale than the one presented here. The fact that no epifaunal species increased in abundance within the NTZ or declined in abundance in areas outside the NTZ suggests that these species are all generally insensitive to commercial shellfish potting and that consequently, commercial potting probably has little impact on benthic assemblages in contrast with benthic trawling.","Two control locations on the west coast of Lundy and 2 locations within the NTZ on the east coast to test hypothesis that the assemblage of sessile epifauna in circalittoral reef habitats in places where potting had stopped (inside the NTZ) will change more over time since these are now only subject to natural environmental variation whereas the sites subject to continued fishing effort would show much less temporal variation since these sites will be subject to pressures from potting and from natural variations. It would also be expected that those species of sessile epifauna most susceptible to impacts of potting will become relatively more abundant inside the NTZ over the 5 years of the study, compared to similar habitats where fishing continues over the same time-scale.\n\nTwo locations inside the NTZ not previously subject to potting and two locations inside the NTZ which had not been potted for 4 years were used to test the hypothesis that the assemblage of sessile epifauna in experimentally potted locations in an area otherwise protected from any other form of fishing would show greater divergence when compared to control sites also within the NTZ where there had been no experimental potting. The authors also predicted that individual species of sessile epifauna would be less abundant in experimentally potted locations sites compared to control sites.\n\nWithin each location, epifauna were sampled by scuba divers in six random sites. In each plot, divers recorded epifaunal abundances in each of 12 quadrats (75×75 cm) placed at predetermined random distances along a transect (giving a total of 72 quadrat counts per location). Only quadrats falling on 90–100% rock habitat were sampled. Where this condition was not met, the diver moved onto the next random position and so on. All transects were laid out parallel to the shore, and adjacent quadrats were 1–5.5 m apart.\n\nAnalyses of data from pilot work at Lundy suggested that 72 samples per site was sufficient to maximise the precision of mean estimates of epifaunal abundances per 0.75×0.75 m quadrat. Sampling was done in late summer each of years 1–4 (August–September 2004, July–August 2005, 2006 and 2007).\n\nFishing locations inside the NTZ had one fishing event per year. Each fishing event was 5 days. 40 pots per day were set in a 0.1km2 area. This gives a potting intenstity of 2000 pots per km2 per year.","A certain number of limitations should be noted with this study including the fact that the measure of effort intensity within the experimental potting sites involved only five days of fishing per year. Furthermore, fishing effort within the ‘fished’ sites on the west coast of Lundy was not recorded, other than anecdotal observations of vessels operating in the area. Therefore, it cannot be confirmed that the ‘fished’ sites were actually used for potting, or at what level of intensity. The results were also based on the hypothesis of a detectable effect after four years since the implementation of the NTZ. If habitats have been exposed to sustained fishing impact over many years, the recovery could longer than the timeframe of the study (Coleman et al. 2013). "]
["Coleman, R.A., Hoskin, M.G., von Carlshausen, E. and Davis, C.M. (2013) Using a no-take zone to assess the impacts of fishing: Sessile epifauna appear insensitive to environmental disturbances from commercial potting. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 440, 100–107.","Aside from effects on target populations and/or by catch, there is widespread interest in the physical impacts of fishing activity on marine systems. Frequently, it is the effect of mobile gear such as dredges and trawls which are of principal concern. The ecological consequences of passive/static gear such as pots and traps on benthic communities are far less understood. The establishment of a Sanctuary Zone/No-Take Zone at Lundy Island in 2003 allowed us to test the idea that if potting for crustaceans has an impact on benthic assemblages, then on the cessation of potting, assemblages should become different from those where potting continues. A concurrent study using experimental potting within the No-Take Zone allowed a separate test of this idea, but with a controlled fishing effort. ","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef; boring sponge; branching sponge; Dead men's fingers; sponge; Trumpet anemone","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Pots (parlour)","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G426, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High","http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098112004170","PIET","In 2003, designation of the UK's first statutory no-take zone (NTZ) at Lundy island in the Bristol Channel to conserve circalittoral fauna presented a unique opportunity to examine both the potential impacts of potting on sessile reef epifauna and their potential recovery, post-designation. As well as supporting an important potting fishery (primarily for lobster, but brown, spider and velvet crabs are also harvested), Lundy also has various statutory conservation designations in recognition of the national and international significance of its marine habitats and species; i.e. Marine Nature Reserve (MNR) under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1982 and Special Area of Conservation (SAC) under the EU Habitats Directive (Anon, 1992). \n\nNotable amongst Lundy's important features are the bedrock and boulder reef habitats surrounding the island, which are the main habitats that are targeted by the local potting fishery. An important reason for the designation of the Lundy NTZ was concern for the potential impact of lobster potting on Lundy's reef habitats. Since it was thought that the physical disruption caused by potting gear is likely to be detrimental to assemblages of sessile epibiota then if potting was stopped then there should be changes in assemblages in the closed areas. This expectation was underpinned by the large body of evidence from NTZs elsewhere in the World indicating that sanctuary level protection can trigger lasting, often rapid, increases in the abundance, productivity and diversity of marine organisms. \n\nExperimental results indicated that the lobster populations at Lundy responded to the designation of the NTZ with one of the fastest increases ever noted (Hoskin et al., 2011), and it is possible that fishing activity could have been displaced from the NTZ to outside, thus increasing the potting pressure in such areas.\n\nHypothesis 1 - If potting had the impacts suggested then it would be expected that the assemblage of sessile epifauna in circalittoral reef habitats in places where potting had stopped (inside the NTZ) will change more over time since these are now only subject to natural environmental variation whereas the sites subject to continued fishing effort would show much less temporal variation since the imposition of the NTZ since these assemblages will be subject to pressures from potting and from natural variations. \nHypothesis 2 - It would also be expected that those species of sessile epifauna most susceptible to impacts of potting will become relatively more abundant inside the NTZ over the 4 years of the study, compared to similar habitats where fishing continues over the same time-scale.\nHypothesis 3 - The assemblage of sessile epifauna in experimentally potted locations in an area otherwise protected from any other form of fishing would show greater divergence when compared to control sites also within the NTZ where there had been no experimental potting.\nHypothesis 4 - Individual species of sessile epifauna would be less abundant in experimentally potted locations sites compared to control sites.","European","UK-E","Lundy Island","2004 to 2007","-15 to -25m","Impact","Potting for Crustacea on rocky habitats in inshore waters may well be a benign fishery with limited impact on benthic assemblages. Our study shows there were no conservation benefits, in terms of the investigated species, arising from exclusion of potting in this Marine Protected Area (MPA). For some MPAs it may be possible to permit limited potting to allow small-scale artisanal fisheries to persist.\n\nDuring 4 years of sampling there were no important changes (potential effects of the NTZ or otherwise) in the assemblage of sessile epifauna that was monitored for this study, either in terms of multivariate composition or the abundances of individual species. The two main findings to come from quantifying the responses of circalittoral epifauna were (i) consistent differences in the abundances of certain species between the NTZ on the east coast of Lundy and the control location on the west coast (e.g. dead men's fingers Alcyonium digitatum, ross coral Pentapora fascialis and the boring sponge, Cliona celata); and (ii), for a different set of species, consistent differences between replicate sites within the NTZ (e.g. the trumpet anemone Aiptasia mutablis, the sponge Raspalia ramosa and axinellid sponges). These spatial differences were unchanging throughout the monitoring programme, so they almost certainly reflect the influence of perennial environmental differences among the locations concerned (e.g. differences in wave energy, depth, etc.). These results were consistent with those obtained by Eno et al. (2001), although it should be noted that their study was a much smaller spatial and temporal scale than the one presented here. The fact that no epifaunal species increased in abundance within the NTZ or declined in abundance in areas outside the NTZ suggests that these species are all generally insensitive to commercial shellfish potting and that consequently, commercial potting probably has little impact on benthic assemblages in contrast with benthic trawling.","Two control locations on the west coast of Lundy and 2 locations within the NTZ on the east coast to test hypothesis that the assemblage of sessile epifauna in circalittoral reef habitats in places where potting had stopped (inside the NTZ) will change more over time since these are now only subject to natural environmental variation whereas the sites subject to continued fishing effort would show much less temporal variation since these sites will be subject to pressures from potting and from natural variations. It would also be expected that those species of sessile epifauna most susceptible to impacts of potting will become relatively more abundant inside the NTZ over the 5 years of the study, compared to similar habitats where fishing continues over the same time-scale.\n\nTwo locations inside the NTZ not previously subject to potting and two locations inside the NTZ which had not been potted for 4 years were used to test the hypothesis that the assemblage of sessile epifauna in experimentally potted locations in an area otherwise protected from any other form of fishing would show greater divergence when compared to control sites also within the NTZ where there had been no experimental potting. The authors also predicted that individual species of sessile epifauna would be less abundant in experimentally potted locations sites compared to control sites.\n\nWithin each location, epifauna were sampled by scuba divers in six random sites. In each plot, divers recorded epifaunal abundances in each of 12 quadrats (75×75 cm) placed at predetermined random distances along a transect (giving a total of 72 quadrat counts per location). Only quadrats falling on 90–100% rock habitat were sampled. Where this condition was not met, the diver moved onto the next random position and so on. All transects were laid out parallel to the shore, and adjacent quadrats were 1–5.5 m apart.\n\nAnalyses of data from pilot work at Lundy suggested that 72 samples per site was sufficient to maximise the precision of mean estimates of epifaunal abundances per 0.75×0.75 m quadrat. Sampling was done in late summer each of years 1–4 (August–September 2004, July–August 2005, 2006 and 2007).\n\nFishing locations inside the NTZ had one fishing event per year. Each fishing event was 5 days. 40 pots per day were set in a 0.1km2 area. This gives a potting intenstity of 2000 pots per km2 per year.","A certain number of limitations should be noted with this study including the fact that the measure of effort intensity within the experimental potting sites involved only five days of fishing per year. Furthermore, fishing effort within the ‘fished’ sites on the west coast of Lundy was not recorded, other than anecdotal observations of vessels operating in the area. Therefore, it cannot be confirmed that the ‘fished’ sites were actually used for potting, or at what level of intensity. The results were also based on the hypothesis of a detectable effect after four years since the implementation of the NTZ. If habitats have been exposed to sustained fishing impact over many years, the recovery could longer than the timeframe of the study (Coleman et al. 2013). "]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Biogenic reef on sediment; Honeycomb worm","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G427, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","Biogenic reef on sediment habitats were assessed as having medium sensitivity to heavy levels of potting and low sensitivity to all other levels of potting activity.\n\nHoneycomb worm reefs were assessed as being of medium sensitivity to all levels of potting activity.","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Biogenic reef on sediment","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G428, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","Biogenic reef on sediment habitats were assessed as having medium sensitivity to heavy levels of potting and low sensitivity to all other levels of potting activity.","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Dynamic, shallow water fine sands","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G429, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","Dynamic, shallow water fine sands were assessed as having low sensitivity to all levels of potting activity. ","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Kelp and seaweeds on sand scoured rock","Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G430, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","Kelp and seaweeds on sand scoured rock were assessed as having low sensitivity to all levels of potting activity. ","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Maerl","Maerl","Maerl","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G431, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","The sensitivity of maerl beds to impacts from potting were mixed depending on the level of potting activity. Maerl was assessed as having high sensitivity to heavy potting activity, decreasing to medium sensitivity for moderate levels of potting activity and low sensitivity for light and single use potting.","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Oyster beds; Stable muddy sands, sandy muds and mud; Stable species in rich mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G432, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","Oyster beds were assessed as having medium sensitivity to heavy levels of potting and low sensitivity to all other levels of potting activity.\n\nIt is thought that in the majority of 'Stable muddy sands, sandy muds and mud' habitats, provided pots are deployed correctly, their limited bottom contact means that their impacts are not considered to be a major concern. However there is the potential for the snagging of gear and subsequent entanglement and damage to fragile epifauna, particularly as the level of fishing activity and thereby density level of anchors and ropes increases.\n\nStable species in rich mixed sediments habitats were assessed as having medium sensitivity to heavy levels of potting and low sensitivity to all other levels of potting activity.","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Oyster beds; Sand and gravel with long-lived bivalves","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G433, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","Oyster beds were assessed as having medium sensitivity to heavy levels of potting and low sensitivity to all other levels of potting activity.\n\nIt is thought that in the majority of 'Sand and gravel with long-lived bivalves' habitats, provided pots are deployed correctly, their limited bottom contact means that their impacts are not considered to be a major concern. However there is the potential for the snagging of gear and subsequent entanglement and damage to fragile epifauna, particularly as the level of fishing activity and thereby density level of anchors and ropes increases.","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Rock with erect and branching spp.; Rock with low-lying fast-growing faunal turf; Shallow subtidal rock with kelp; Vertical subtidal rock with associated community","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G434, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","Rock with erect and branching spp. were assessed as having medium sensitivity to heavy and moderate levels of potting and low sensitivity to low intensity and single pass levels of potting activity.\n\nRock with low-lying fast-growing faunal turf were assessed as having medium sensitivity to heavy levels of potting and low sensitivity to all other levels of potting activity.\n\nShallow subtidal rock with kelp were assessed as having medium sensitivity to heavy levels of potting and low sensitivity to all other levels of potting activity.\n\nVertical subtidal rock with associated community habitats have been classified as having a high sensitivity to heavy and moderate levels of fishing activity and medium sensitivity to light intensity and single fishing events, in terms of the number of pots set in a specified area. This is particularly relevant for this habitat which is susceptible to accidental wipe-outs.","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Seagrass beds","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G435, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","Seagrass beds had a high sensitivity to heavy levels of potting activity; medium sensitivity to moderate and low levels of potting and low sensitivity to single potting usage. ","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Stable but tide-swept cobbles, pebbles and gravel; Under-boulder and cobble shallow subtidal communities","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G436, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","Stable but tide-swept cobbles, pebbles and gravel were assessed as having low sensitivity to all levels of potting activity.\n\nUnder-boulder and cobble shallow subtidal communities were assessed as having medium sensitivity to heavy levels of potting and low sensitivity to all other levels of potting activity.","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Stable but tide-swept cobbles, pebbles and gravel","Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G437, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","Stable but tide-swept cobbles, pebbles and gravel were assessed as having low sensitivity to all levels of potting activity.","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Stable muddy sands, sandy muds and mud","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G438, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","It is thought that in the majority of 'Stable muddy sands, sandy muds and mud' habitats, provided pots are deployed correctly, their limited bottom contact means that their impacts are not considered to be a major concern. However there is the potential for the snagging of gear and subsequent entanglement and damage to fragile epifauna, particularly as the level of fishing activity and thereby density level of anchors and ropes increases.","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Stable muddy sands, sandy muds and mud","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G439, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","It is thought that in the majority of 'Stable muddy sands, sandy muds and mud' habitats, provided pots are deployed correctly, their limited bottom contact means that their impacts are not considered to be a major concern. However there is the potential for the snagging of gear and subsequent entanglement and damage to fragile epifauna, particularly as the level of fishing activity and thereby density level of anchors and ropes increases.","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Unstable coarse sediments supporting robust fauna ","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G440, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","Unstable coarse sediments supporting robust fauna were assessed as having low sensitivity to all levels of potting activity. ","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","This study aimed to provide a scientifically robust methodology to assess the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing activities.  The original methodology for this study was developed at a Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) workshop held at Beaumaris (March 2006). The approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). ","Vertical subtidal rock with associated community","Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G441, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Peer reviewed journal article","Reviewed Literature","No","High","http://www.ccw.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=81dace10-269b-4a57-b721-0481acf4f58a&version=-1&lang=en","PIET","The sensitivity of habitats was assessed initially from peer-reviewed studies of human activities that affect the sea floor (e.g. fishing and aggregate extraction). The sensitivity breakpoints of habitats were identified using the degree of species decline from a disturbance event, the spatial extent of a disturbance event and the species subsequent recovery rates. A literature review on the current scientific debate on the recovery of benthic habitats to disturbance events was also conducted. This review was based on the work of Hall et al. (2008). In relation to potting the sensitivity assessment for all habitats and for all intensities of potting are the same within the Hall et al (2008) and Eno et al (2013) reviews.","European","UK-W","Wales",2006,"Unknown","Impact","Vertical subtidal rock with associated community habitats have been classified as having a high sensitivity to heavy and moderate levels of fishing activity and medium sensitivity to light intensity and single fishing events, in terms of the number of pots set in a specified area. This is particularly relevant for this habitat which is susceptible to accidental wipe-outs.","The Beaumaris approach aimed to assess habitat sensitivity to fishing by comparing the severity of a fishing event against the rate of habitat recovery to derive a habitat sensitivity score (high, medium or low). The approach used two matrices which contained three main components; the intensity of the disturbance and the spatial footprint of the disturbance (which were used together to assess the severity of the disturbance event) and the rate of recovery from the disturbance event. This approach relied on identifying the sensitivity breakpoints of habitats (i.e. identifying the differences between high, medium or low sensitivity) to a fishing event and assessing the rate of habitat recovery to provide the final sensitivity score.\n\nAn alternative approach to mapping habitat sensitivity was subsequently agreed upon between the authors. A matrix approach was still used, with one axis composed of the types of fishing activities employed in Wales and the other of marine habitat types found in Wales. For each fishing activity the sensitivity was scored for four levels of activity, ranging between a single fishing event and levels of activity commensurate with a modern commercial fishing operation. For static gear - pots these levels of activities were defined as:\nHeavy - Lifted daily, more than 5 pots per hectare (i.e. 100m by 100m)\nModerate - Lifted daily, 2- 4 pots per hectare\nLight - Lifted daily, less than 2 pots per hectare\nSingle - Single accidental fishing event of a string\n\nThe revised matrix was completed using a combination of scientific literature and expert judgement at workshops (with both University of Liverpool and CCW staff), to identify the sensitivity of habitats according to fishing type and the level of fishing activity.","Sensitivity assessment."]
["Hartnoll, R. G., 1998. Circalittoral faunal turf biotopes: An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs, Volume VIII. Scottish Association of Marine Sciences, Oban, Scotland.","The UK Marine SACs LIFE Project has been established to help implement the Habitats Directive. While the overall project goal is to facilitate the establishment of management schemes for 12 of the candidate SAC sites, a key component of the project assesses the sensitivity characteristics and related conservation requirements of selected sub-features of  Annex I habitats. This understanding will contribute to more effective management of these habitats by guiding the detailed definition of the conservation objectives and monitoring programmes and by identifying those activities that may lead to deterioration or disturbance. This report focuses specifically on Circalittoral faunal turf biotopes. ","Circalittoral faunal turfs","Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G442, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://www.ukmarinesac.org.uk/pdfs/circfaun.pdf","PIET","The evidence for incidental damage by anchoring, potting, and diving activity is largely anecdotal, or based on short term experimental or observational studies.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","It is generally assumed that potting damage is limited in most 'Circalittoral Faunal Turfs' (CFT) biotopes, but this assumption requires verification. Potting is thought to be a lesser risk than towed gear on the basis of current experience, but long term risks need to be assessed. \n\nStatic gear is deployed regularly on rocky grounds, either in the form of pots or creels, or as bottom set gill or trammel nets. Whilst the potential for damage is lower per unit deployment compared to towed gear, there is a risk of cumulative damage to sensitive species if use is intensive. Damage could be caused during the setting of pots or nets and their associated ground lines and anchors, and by their movement over the bottom during rough weather and during recovery. Prior to the study by Eno et al. (1996) the impact of pots and creels had received little examination, and was generally considered to be small. They carried out observational and experimental studies on rocky substrata, and found no evidence for significant general community damage resulting from potting. \n\n\nSpecimens of the brittle ‘ross coral’ Pentapora foliacea were broken, but the pink sea fan (Eunicella verucosa) bent under the weight of passing pots, and returned to an upright position (from Eno et al., 2001). Based on these short-term studies potting damage would seem to be limited and specific. However long term damage may nevertheless occur as a result of cumulative sub lethal damage to impacted animals, and further study is needed.","Literature Review","Literature review"]
["Hartnoll, R. G., 1998. Circalittoral faunal turf biotopes: An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs, Volume VIII. Scottish Association of Marine Sciences, Oban, Scotland.","The UK Marine SACs LIFE Project has been established to help implement the Habitats Directive. While the overall project goal is to facilitate the establishment of management schemes for 12 of the candidate SAC sites, a key component of the project assesses the sensitivity characteristics and related conservation requirements of selected sub-features of  Annex I habitats. This understanding will contribute to more effective management of these habitats by guiding the detailed definition of the conservation objectives and monitoring programmes and by identifying those activities that may lead to deterioration or disturbance. This report focuses specifically on Circalittoral faunal turf biotopes. ","Circalittoral faunal turfs","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G443, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://www.ukmarinesac.org.uk/pdfs/circfaun.pdf","PIET","The evidence for incidental damage by anchoring, potting, and diving activity is largely anecdotal, or based on short term experimental or observational studies.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","It is generally assumed that potting damage is limited in most 'Circalittoral Faunal Turfs' (CFT) biotopes, but this assumption requires verification. Potting is thought to be a lesser risk than towed gear on the basis of current experience, but long term risks need to be assessed. \n\nStatic gear is deployed regularly on rocky grounds, either in the form of pots or creels, or as bottom set gill or trammel nets. Whilst the potential for damage is lower per unit deployment compared to towed gear, there is a risk of cumulative damage to sensitive species if use is intensive. Damage could be caused during the setting of pots or nets and their associated ground lines and anchors, and by their movement over the bottom during rough weather and during recovery. Prior to the study by Eno et al. (1996) the impact of pots and creels had received little examination, and was generally considered to be small. They carried out observational and experimental studies on rocky substrata, and found no evidence for significant general community damage resulting from potting. \n\n\nSpecimens of the brittle ‘ross coral’ Pentapora foliacea were broken, but the pink sea fan (Eunicella verucosa) bent under the weight of passing pots, and returned to an upright position (from Eno et al., 2001). Based on these short-term studies potting damage would seem to be limited and specific. However long term damage may nevertheless occur as a result of cumulative sub lethal damage to impacted animals, and further study is needed.","Literature Review","Literature review"]
["Hartnoll, R. G., 1998. Circalittoral faunal turf biotopes: An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs, Volume VIII. Scottish Association of Marine Sciences, Oban, Scotland.","The UK Marine SACs LIFE Project has been established to help implement the Habitats Directive. While the overall project goal is to facilitate the establishment of management schemes for 12 of the candidate SAC sites, a key component of the project assesses the sensitivity characteristics and related conservation requirements of selected sub-features of  Annex I habitats. This understanding will contribute to more effective management of these habitats by guiding the detailed definition of the conservation objectives and monitoring programmes and by identifying those activities that may lead to deterioration or disturbance. This report focuses specifically on Circalittoral faunal turf biotopes. ","Circalittoral faunal turfs","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G444, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://www.ukmarinesac.org.uk/pdfs/circfaun.pdf","PIET","The evidence for incidental damage by anchoring, potting, and diving activity is largely anecdotal, or based on short term experimental or observational studies.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","It is generally assumed that potting damage is limited in most 'Circalittoral Faunal Turfs' (CFT) biotopes, but this assumption requires verification. Potting is thought to be a lesser risk than towed gear on the basis of current experience, but long term risks need to be assessed. \n\nStatic gear is deployed regularly on rocky grounds, either in the form of pots or creels, or as bottom set gill or trammel nets. Whilst the potential for damage is lower per unit deployment compared to towed gear, there is a risk of cumulative damage to sensitive species if use is intensive. Damage could be caused during the setting of pots or nets and their associated ground lines and anchors, and by their movement over the bottom during rough weather and during recovery. Prior to the study by Eno et al. (1996) the impact of pots and creels had received little examination, and was generally considered to be small. They carried out observational and experimental studies on rocky substrata, and found no evidence for significant general community damage resulting from potting. \n\n\nSpecimens of the brittle ‘ross coral’ Pentapora foliacea were broken, but the pink sea fan (Eunicella verucosa) bent under the weight of passing pots, and returned to an upright position (from Eno et al., 2001). Based on these short-term studies potting damage would seem to be limited and specific. However long term damage may nevertheless occur as a result of cumulative sub lethal damage to impacted animals, and further study is needed.","Literature Review","Literature review"]
["Holt, T.J., Rees, E.I., Hawkins, S.J., and Seed, R (1998) Biogenic Reefs (volume IX). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project). 170 Pages.","The UK Marine SACs LIFE Project has been established to help implement the Habitats Directive. While the overall project goal is to facilitate the establishment of management schemes for 12 of the candidate SAC sites, a key component of the project assesses the sensitivity characteristics and related conservation requirements of selected sub-features of  Annex I habitats. This understanding will contribute to more effective management of these habitats by guiding the detailed definition of the conservation objectives and monitoring programmes and by identifying those activities that may lead to deterioration or disturbance. This report focuses specifically on biogenic reef biotopes. ","Blue mussel; Horse mussel","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G445, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://www.ukmarinesac.org.uk/pdfs/biogreef.pdf","PIET","The evidence for incidental damage by anchoring, potting, and diving activity is largely anecdotal, or based on short term experimental or observational studies.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","Whelk fishing using pots is frequently carried out over rough ground, so might be assumed to be relatively common on Modiolus dominated areas. Strings of several hundred pots can be used on Modiolus beds to the north of the Isle of Man and off the Lleyn Peninsula. Damage is not likely to be severe, and it is suspected that the emergent epifaunal bioherms of the Lleyn are probably more sensitive than the more infaunal reef / bank areas off the north of the Isle of Man.\n\nEffects on M. edulis from potting predicted to be minimal.","Literature Review","Literature review"]
["Holt, T.J., Rees, E.I., Hawkins, S.J., and Seed, R (1998) Biogenic Reefs (volume IX). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project). 170 Pages.","The UK Marine SACs LIFE Project has been established to help implement the Habitats Directive. While the overall project goal is to facilitate the establishment of management schemes for 12 of the candidate SAC sites, a key component of the project assesses the sensitivity characteristics and related conservation requirements of selected sub-features of  Annex I habitats. This understanding will contribute to more effective management of these habitats by guiding the detailed definition of the conservation objectives and monitoring programmes and by identifying those activities that may lead to deterioration or disturbance. This report focuses specifically on biogenic reef biotopes. ","Blue mussel; Horse mussel","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G446, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://www.ukmarinesac.org.uk/pdfs/biogreef.pdf","PIET","The evidence for incidental damage by anchoring, potting, and diving activity is largely anecdotal, or based on short term experimental or observational studies.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","Whelk fishing using pots is frequently carried out over rough ground, so might be assumed to be relatively common on Modiolus dominated areas. Strings of several hundred pots can be used on Modiolus beds to the north of the Isle of Man and off the Lleyn Peninsula. Damage is not likely to be severe, and it is suspected that the emergent epifaunal bioherms of the Lleyn are probably more sensitive than the more infaunal reef / bank areas off the north of the Isle of Man.\n\nEffects on M. edulis from potting predicted to be minimal.","Literature Review","Literature review"]
["Holt, T.J., Rees, E.I., Hawkins, S.J., and Seed, R (1998) Biogenic Reefs (volume IX). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project). 170 Pages.","The UK Marine SACs LIFE Project has been established to help implement the Habitats Directive. While the overall project goal is to facilitate the establishment of management schemes for 12 of the candidate SAC sites, a key component of the project assesses the sensitivity characteristics and related conservation requirements of selected sub-features of  Annex I habitats. This understanding will contribute to more effective management of these habitats by guiding the detailed definition of the conservation objectives and monitoring programmes and by identifying those activities that may lead to deterioration or disturbance. This report focuses specifically on biogenic reef biotopes. ","Blue mussel; Horse mussel","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G447, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://www.ukmarinesac.org.uk/pdfs/biogreef.pdf","PIET","The evidence for incidental damage by anchoring, potting, and diving activity is largely anecdotal, or based on short term experimental or observational studies.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","Whelk fishing using pots is frequently carried out over rough ground, so might be assumed to be relatively common on Modiolus dominated areas. Strings of several hundred pots can be used on Modiolus beds to the north of the Isle of Man and off the Lleyn Peninsula. Damage is not likely to be severe, and it is suspected that the emergent epifaunal bioherms of the Lleyn are probably more sensitive than the more infaunal reef / bank areas off the north of the Isle of Man.\n\nEffects on M. edulis from potting predicted to be minimal.","Literature Review","Literature review"]
["Holt, T.J., Rees, E.I., Hawkins, S.J., and Seed, R (1998) Biogenic Reefs (volume IX). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project). 170 Pages.","The UK Marine SACs LIFE Project has been established to help implement the Habitats Directive. While the overall project goal is to facilitate the establishment of management schemes for 12 of the candidate SAC sites, a key component of the project assesses the sensitivity characteristics and related conservation requirements of selected sub-features of  Annex I habitats. This understanding will contribute to more effective management of these habitats by guiding the detailed definition of the conservation objectives and monitoring programmes and by identifying those activities that may lead to deterioration or disturbance. This report focuses specifically on biogenic reef biotopes. ","Honeycomb worm; Ross worm","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G448, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://www.ukmarinesac.org.uk/pdfs/biogreef.pdf","PIET","The evidence for incidental damage by anchoring, potting, and diving activity is largely anecdotal, or based on short term experimental or observational studies.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","Effects on S. alveolata and S. spinulosa from potting predicted to be minimal.","Literature Review","Literature review"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Blue mussel beds; Horse mussel beds","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G449, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact and recovery","Blue mussel beds are assessed as moderately sensitive to the effects of demersal static gears (surface abrasion). It is possible that a proportion of mussel patches and their associate species will be removed. Recoverability is likely to be high.\n\nSensitivity of horse mussel beds to static gears is low but depending on type of epifauna it may increase to medium under high fishing intensity.","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Blue mussel beds; Horse mussel beds","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G450, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nBlue mussel beds are assessed as moderately sensitive to the effects of demersal static gears (surface abrasion). It is possible that a proportion of mussel patches and their associate species will be removed. Recoverability is likely to be high.\n\nSensitivity of horse mussel beds to static gears is low but depending on type of epifauna it may increase to medium under high fishing intensity.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact and recovery","Blue mussel beds are assessed as moderately sensitive to the effects of demersal static gears (surface abrasion). It is possible that a proportion of mussel patches and their associate species will be removed. Recoverability is likely to be high.\n\nSensitivity of horse mussel beds to static gears is low but depending on type of epifauna it may increase to medium under high fishing intensity.","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Blue mussel beds; Horse mussel beds","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G451, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nBlue mussel beds are assessed as moderately sensitive to the effects of demersal static gears (surface abrasion). It is possible that a proportion of mussel patches and their associate species will be removed. Recoverability is likely to be high.\n\nSensitivity of horse mussel beds to static gears is low but depending on type of epifauna it may increase to medium under high fishing intensity.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact and recovery","Blue mussel beds are assessed as moderately sensitive to the effects of demersal static gears (surface abrasion). It is possible that a proportion of mussel patches and their associate species will be removed. Recoverability is likely to be high.\n\nSensitivity of horse mussel beds to static gears is low but depending on type of epifauna it may increase to medium under high fishing intensity.","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Chalk communities ","Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G452, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact and recovery","The potential for damage to littoral chalk communities from potting activities is lower per unit deployment compared to towed gear. However, there is a risk of cumulative damage to sensitive species if use is intensive. Species that are able to bore into chalk reefs for example, piddocks and the boring sponge Cliona celata, are predicted to be relatively unaffected by fishing using static gears that do not damage the reef. Sensitivity to low intensity potting is considered low. ","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Estuarine rocky habitats","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G453, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact and recovery","Mechanical impacts of static gear (e.g. pots, weights and anchors hitting the seabed, hauling gear over seabed, rubbing/entangling effect of ropes) can damage some species. Other species appear to be resilient to individual fishing operations but the effects of high fishing intensity are unknown. Recovery will be slow resulting in significant reduction or even loss of characteristic species. The individual impact of a single fishing operation may be slight but cumulative damage may be significant. Sensitivity to low intensity potting is considered low.","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Fragile sponge and anthozoan communities on subtidal rocky habitats","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G454, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact and recovery","Mechanical impacts of static gear (e.g. weights and anchors hitting the seabed, hauling gear over seabed, rubbing / entangling effect of ropes) can damage some species within fragile sponge and anthozoan communities on subtidal rocky habitats. Other species appear to be resilient to individual fishing operations. The individual impact of a single fishing operation may be slight but the impacts of repeated exposure to these types of fishing gear at high levels of fishing activity are unknown. Sensitivity to low intensity potting is considered low.","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Fragile sponge and anthozoan communities on subtidal rocky habitats; High, moderate and low energy circalittoral rock; Infralittoral rock","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G455, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact and recovery","Mechanical impacts of static gear (e.g. weights and anchors hitting the seabed, hauling gear over seabed, rubbing / entangling effect of ropes) can damage some species within fragile sponge and anthozoan communities on subtidal rocky habitats; circalittoral rocky habitats; or infralittoral rocky habitats. Other species appear to be resilient to individual fishing operations. The individual impact of a single fishing operation may be slight but the impacts of repeated exposure to these types of fishing gear at high levels of fishing activity are unknown. Sensitivity to low intensity potting is considered low.","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Honeycomb worm reefs and Ross worm reefs","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G456, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","Sensitivity of Sabellaria reefs to static gears is low to medium depending on fishing intensity.","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Maerl","Maerl","Maerl","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G457, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact and recovery","Maerl is fragile and recovery is extremely long; anything which disrupts or penetrates the surface and/or drags on the seabed is likely to cause the maerl to be broken up or buried, silted over etc. As such, demersal static gears may have a negative impact on maerl beds but the severity of the impact in terms of achieving conservation objectives would depend on fishing intensity as well as type of gear.","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Sea pen and burrowing megafauna communities; Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G458, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","This broad scale habitat covers a range of habitats and biological communities on muds and sandy muds. While some variability in sensitivity is to be expected at this broad-scale, the great majority of cases occur in extremely sheltered areas (sealochs, sheltered estuaries and harbours and at depth) characterised by undisturbed muddy sediments with a rich and diverse fauna. The stable nature of the sediments makes them generally susceptible to disturbance from demersal towed fishing gear but much less so to static gear.\n\nImpacts on sediment structure are likely to be minimal. However, some species (e.g. sea pens, sea fans) may be resilient to impacts from pots, ropes etc. while other species could suffer damage or detachment from the substrate. While the impact of individual fishing events may be small, cumulative effects may be significant. It is not possible to quantify the level of fishing activity that would result in significant damage. ","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Seagrass beds","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G459, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","Pots set and hauled in seagrass beds can cause damage by cutting off leaves, uprooting plants and, if left long enough on the bottom, can cause damage by smothering and blocking light. The extent of damage by pots depends on the number of pots set, soak time and hauling frequency.","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Subtidal coarse sediment","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G460, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","Coarse sand and gravel sediments occurring in shallow water, wave exposed and tide-swept coasts are highly mobile, and subject to high levels of natural disturbance. Relatively few animals are able to live in this type of habitat and those which do are adapted to living in such a highly disturbed environment. Therefore, this habitat is not considered to be sensitive to the type of impacts caused by static demersal gears (surface abrasion).","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Subtidal sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G461, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","There is potential for damage from dragged anchors but, assuming they are set correctly, demersal static gears are not considered to have a significant impact.","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","This document is intended to provide advice on:\n1) the impact that various fishing activities may have upon most MCZ broad scale and FOCI habitat features (some habitats are so heterogeneous that such advice is not possible);\n2) the likelihood of potential management options to appropriately mitigate fisheries impacts and help the conservation objective be delivered.","Boring sponge; Piddocks","Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G462, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Medium","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/1105%20MARINE%20CONSERVATION%20ZONES%20AND%20FISHERIES-FINAL.pdf","PIET","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/A","N/a","Impact","Species that are able to bore into chalk reefs, for example the boring sponge Cliona celata and piddocks, are predicted to be relatively unaffected by fishing using static gears that do not damage the reef.","Literature Review","Where possible the review has been based on evidence from peer-reviewed scientific journals. However, it should be noted that gear impact studies for many species and habitats are not covered in the primary literature. In such instances grey literature (such as Government agency reports), expert judgement and the use of proxies for habitats, species and gears were applied to inform assessments.\n\nIt is noted that features will display a range of sensitivities to fishing activities. The sensitivity at the site level may depend on the specific benthic community characterising the feature at the site or local natural environmental conditions, but will also reflect differing impacts of different gears. Where relevant, the advice elaborates the conditions under which a feature may be more or less sensitive, so that regional projects and fisheries managers can take this into consideration.\n\nFor some habitats and species no differentiation between static gear (pots, traps, lines and nets) impacts has been made."]
["ASMFC (2000) Evaluating fishing gear impacts to submerged aquatic vegetation and determining mitigation strategies. ASMFC Habitat Management Series No.5. Washington D.C, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. pp. 38 pp.","To enhance protection of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), an SAV policy was adopted in 1997 with the goal of preserving SAV, and ultimately achieving a net gain in SAV distribution and abundance. Injuries that could result from fishing gear are categorised as physical disturbance to plants or increases in turbidity. Physical disturbances are of great concern, and are classified as leaf shearing, seed or flower shearing, uprooting, below-ground impacts, or burial. Sources of impact are identified as attributable directly to fishing gears, or as the result of fishery related shore side activities or aquaculture. Fishing gear used in state estuarine waters and SAV are identified and described, including their potential impacts to SAV.","Seagrass beds","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G463, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"International Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Low","http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/gearImpactsReport.pdf","PIET","Literature review ","USA","USA","USA",2000,null,"Impact","Although each individual trap has a relatively small footprint (approximately 4-8 square feet), the shear numbers of this gear could result in impacts of concern to submerged aquatic vegetation-habitat. The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary has concluded that derelict or long-soaking traps can displace seagrass (NOAA 1996).  Lobster traps in New England waters have been considered to contribute to SAV loss (Colarusso, pers. com.); however, scientific studies documenting these losses have not been completed.","Literature Review","Literature review"]
["Young, T. E. (2013) Assessing the impact of potting on chalk reef communities in the Flamborough Head European Marine Site. Report to the North Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority. Unpublished thesis (MSc) Newcastle University. Pp74.","Potting for lobster and crab is the predominant fishing activity that takes place in Flamborough Head European Marine Site (FHEMS), supporting landings into Bridlington harbour of 281 tonnes of lobster and 1664 tonnes of crab in 2012 (NEIFCA, 2013a). This report assesses the impact of physical disturbance from lobster pots on chalk reef communities in FHEMS. It is the first high resolution vulnerability analysis undertaken in the North Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (NEIFCA) district.","Bryozoan; Decapods; Hydrozoa; Kelp; Mollusca; Rhodophyta","Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G464, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Primary data","No","Medium","Contact North Eastern IFCA at ne-ifca@eastriding.gov.uk","PIET","This report assesses the impact of physical disturbance from lobster pots on chalk reef communities in FHEMS. Approximately 1km2 of infralittoral coastline was identified as having very high vulnerability to potting. Field survey work was undertaken to verify the assessment, using the Flamborough Head No Take Zone (NTZ) as a control site to test the null hypothesis, “there is no significant difference in community assemblage between the NTZ and the fished sites as a result of cessation of potting”.","European","UK-E","Flamborough Head",2013,"-4m","Impact and recovery","Analysis shows that pots are not distributed randomly, but positioned to target certain habitat types. Overlaying the effort intensity map with the sensitivity map demonstrated that areas of moderate to high fishing intensity coincide with habitats that have a moderate sensitivity level, resulting in high (approx. 3km2) to very high (1km2) relative vulnerability to potting around the headland. This analysis only applies in the summer months when relative potting intensity is at its highest inshore.\n\nResults of the survey in combination with the vulnerability assessment suggest the level of potting in FHEMS may be having an impact on benthic conservation features with a statistically significant difference in community assemblage identified between NTZ and FS (ANOSIM, r= 0.1167, p=0.042). The higher abundance of Mollusca, Hydrozoa and Rhodopyhta within the NTZ indicates that potting may be impacting these taxa.\n\nThe higher percentage of bare substrate (7.2%) found in the fished site suggests that abrasive action may be removing sessile benthic epibiota from the seabed.\n\nResults of the survey in combination with the vulnerability assessment suggest the level of potting in FHEMS may be having an impact on benthic conservation features with a statistically significant difference in community assemblage identified between NTZ and fished site. A higher abundance of benthic taxa, namely Mollusca, Hydrozoa and Rhodophyta, was identified inside the NTZ. Ocrophyte communities were higher in abundance in the FS than the NTZ. The higher abundance of Ochrophyta, namely Sacharinna latissima, in the FS is inconsistent with other taxonomic groups. S. latissima is intolerant to physical abrasion yet has high recoverability (White and Marshall, 2007) therefore one would expect that consistently high levels of potting activity would hinder settlement potential. Potting intensity in the FS may not be consistent over time, potentially providing the opportunity for S. latissima to settle. However, this explanation is unlikely as FHEMS is fished year round by potters; „fishing the line‟ of the NTZ is common behaviour which maintains fishing pressure on benthic communities within the FS (Wood, 2013). The static gear fishery is territorial in nature, resulting in repeated deployment of gear in the same areas over time, increasing risk of cumulative damage to sensitive species (Roberts et al, 2010).\n\nThe similarity in abundance of Bryozoans between sites suggests potting pressure may not be impacting abundance. Little is known of the biology and ecology of Alcyonidium diaphanum (Porter et al, 2001), frequently recorded in FHEMS (Davies and Sotheran, 1995; Howson et al, 2003; Wood et al, 1988), yet recovery success of Bryozoan species is likely to be related to magnitude of disturbance (Palumbi and Jackson, 1982). The NTZ may therefore be exhibiting legacy effects from its former fished state. The higher frequency of Decapods in the NTZ may be related to protection afforded by MPA designation (Hoskin et al, 2011). An alternative explanation may be that decapods have a preference for structurally complex habitats (Robinson & Tully, 2000), provided in the NTZ by a higher abundance of benthic organisms.","Effort intensity mapping: Three boat transects were conducted during the first half of June 2013, to obtain GPS coordinates of actively fished pot locations. Three points were randomly chosen from within the survey area of the NTZ and three in the FS, as starting points for video transects. A transect time of 15 minutes was applied to each transect to standardize samples and reduce variability in design. Still frames were spliced from each section of the video where the image was classified as two or above on a scale of image clarity (1= bad, 3= good). Images were randomised via Excel inbuilt Rand() function, sorted from low to high and the first 30 used for analysis. Analysis of images and associated video footage identified abundance of each category (Bryozoa Ochrophyta Anthozoa Rhodophyta Hydrozoa Porifera (encrust) Decapoda Porifera (erect) Mollusca Annelida) using the semi-quantitative SACFOR abundance scale. Substrate type was assessed using the MNCR sediment scale and processed separately. Two observers were used to reduce observer bias and ensure consistency of approach.\n\nIn total, an estimated 3,562 pots were being fished in the EMS when the survey took place in June 2013. Given an EMS area of 63km2, on average 57 pots per km2 were fished in June 2013, equating to 678 pots per km2 per year.\nHowever, potting intensity varied across the region with the lowest relative potting intensity (0 – 125 pots/km2), occuring on the North side and the highest relative potting intensity (250+ pots/km2), occurring South of the headland. The highest count of fleets within a 1km2 grid cell was 17 (17 x 25 = 425 pots), representing an extremely high concentration of effort.\n\nTo assess spatial distribution of potting activity between seasons, sixteen years of NEIFCA vessel sightings data were collated from 1996 – 2012. Effort intensity thresholds were defined by calculating the maximum potting potential (PP) of a given area. Therefore, the maximum PP per km2 can be defined as 20x25 = 500m long fleets, with 0.2km spacings = 10 fleets / 250 pots per 1km2. As FHEMS is 64km2, the maximum PP in FHEMS is 16,000 pots, or 640 fleets.\n","A degree of uncertainty must be associated with the results due to unusually adverse weather (Jan – March, 2013), which scoured the seafloor within the NTZ and the fished site, vastly reducing epibiota across both sites. Visual assessment of video footage gathered by Seasearch dive teams in the NTZ in September 2012, prior to the extensive period of adverse sea conditions, showed very high benthic cover of both fauna and flora, highlighting the scale of damage caused. The extent to which prolonged adverse weather conditions may have influenced the outcome of this study is unknown.\n\nEfforts were made to standardise environmental and physical characteristics between sites to reduce variability. Despite this, a high degree of variation may be influencing results. Changing tidal conditions through the survey day increased turbidity and speed of the camera over ground, reducing image quality and making it difficult to identify small/cryptic organisms. This may have biased results as the first three transects (NTZ) were conducted during/shortly after slack tide with the last three transects (FS) during ebb tide.\n\nIn addition, only large epilithic organisms were visible from the imagery reducing the efficacy of the survey as animals such as ascidians and sponges, the abundance of which may also provide a good indication of abrasion (Eno et al, 2001), could not be detected. Incorporating diver surveys into the survey design may help overcome these issues."]
["Young, T. E. (2013) Assessing the impact of potting on chalk reef communities in the Flamborough Head European Marine Site. Report to the North Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority. Unpublished thesis (MSc) Newcastle University. Pp74.","Potting for lobster and crab is the predominant fishing activity that takes place in Flamborough Head European Marine Site (FHEMS), supporting landings into Bridlington harbour of 281 tonnes of lobster and 1664 tonnes of crab in 2012 (NEIFCA, 2013a). This report assesses the impact of physical disturbance from lobster pots on chalk reef communities in FHEMS. It is the first high resolution vulnerability analysis undertaken in the North Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (NEIFCA) district.","Kelp","Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G465, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Primary data","No","Medium","Contact North Eastern IFCA at ne-ifca@eastriding.gov.uk","PIET","This report assesses the impact of physical disturbance from lobster pots on chalk reef communities in FHEMS. Approximately 1km2 of infralittoral coastline was identified as having very high vulnerability to potting. Field survey work was undertaken to verify the assessment, using the Flamborough Head No Take Zone (NTZ) as a control site to test the null hypothesis, “there is no significant difference in community assemblage between the NTZ and the fished sites as a result of cessation of potting”.","European","UK-E","Flamborough Head",2013,"-4m","Impact and recovery","Analysis shows that pots are not distributed randomly, but positioned to target certain habitat types. Overlaying the effort intensity map with the sensitivity map demonstrated that areas of moderate to high fishing intensity coincide with habitats that have a moderate sensitivity level, resulting in high (approx. 3km2) to very high (1km2) relative vulnerability to potting around the headland. This analysis only applies in the summer months when relative potting intensity is at its highest inshore.\n\nOcrophyte communities were higher in abundance in the FS than the NTZ. The higher abundance of Ochrophyta, namely Sacharinna latissima, in the FS is inconsistent with other taxonomic groups. S. latissima is intolerant to physical abrasion yet has high recoverability (White and Marshall, 2007) therefore one would expect that consistently high levels of potting activity would hinder settlement potential. Potting intensity in the FS may not be consistent over time, potentially providing the opportunity for S. latissima to settle. However, this explanation is unlikely as FHEMS is fished year round by potters; „fishing the line‟ of the NTZ is common behaviour which maintains fishing pressure on benthic communities within the FS (Wood, 2013). The static gear fishery is territorial in nature, resulting in repeated deployment of gear in the same areas over time, increasing risk of cumulative damage to sensitive species (Roberts et al, 2010).\n\nA degree of uncertainty must be associated with the results due to unusually adverse weather (Jan – March, 2013), which scoured the seafloor within the NTZ and the fished site.","Effort intensity mapping: Three boat transects were conducted during the first half of June 2013, to obtain GPS coordinates of actively fished pot locations. Three points were randomly chosen from within the survey area of the NTZ and three in the FS, as starting points for video transects. A transect time of 15 minutes was applied to each transect to standardize samples and reduce variability in design. Still frames were spliced from each section of the video where the image was classified as two or above on a scale of image clarity (1= bad, 3= good). Images were randomised via Excel inbuilt Rand() function, sorted from low to high and the first 30 used for analysis. Analysis of images and associated video footage identified abundance of each category (Bryozoa Ochrophyta Anthozoa Rhodophyta Hydrozoa Porifera (encrust) Decapoda Porifera (erect) Mollusca Annelida) using the semi-quantitative SACFOR abundance scale. Substrate type was assessed using the MNCR sediment scale and processed separately. Two observers were used to reduce observer bias and ensure consistency of approach.\n\nIn total, an estimated 3,562 pots were being fished in the EMS when the survey took place in June 2013. Given an EMS area of 63km2, on average 57 pots per km2 were fished in June 2013, equating to 678 pots per km2 per year.\nHowever, potting intensity varied across the region with the lowest relative potting intensity (0 – 125 pots/km2), occuring on the North side and the highest relative potting intensity (250+ pots/km2), occurring South of the headland. The highest count of fleets within a 1km2 grid cell was 17 (17 x 25 = 425 pots), representing an extremely high concentration of effort.\n\nTo assess spatial distribution of potting activity between seasons, sixteen years of NEIFCA vessel sightings data were collated from 1996 – 2012. Effort intensity thresholds were defined by calculating the maximum potting potential (PP) of a given area. Therefore, the maximum PP per km2 can be defined as 20x25 = 500m long fleets, with 0.2km spacings = 10 fleets / 250 pots per 1km2. As FHEMS is 64km2, the maximum PP in FHEMS is 16,000 pots, or 640 fleets.\n","A degree of uncertainty must be associated with the results due to unusually adverse weather (Jan – March, 2013), which scoured the seafloor within the NTZ and the fished site, vastly reducing epibiota across both sites. Visual assessment of video footage gathered by Seasearch dive teams in the NTZ in September 2012, prior to the extensive period of adverse sea conditions, showed very high benthic cover of both fauna and flora, highlighting the scale of damage caused. The extent to which prolonged adverse weather conditions may have influenced the outcome of this study is unknown.\n\nEfforts were made to standardise environmental and physical characteristics between sites to reduce variability. Despite this, a high degree of variation may be influencing results. Changing tidal conditions through the survey day increased turbidity and speed of the camera over ground, reducing image quality and making it difficult to identify small/cryptic organisms. This may have biased results as the first three transects (NTZ) were conducted during/shortly after slack tide with the last three transects (FS) during ebb tide.\n\nIn addition, only large epilithic organisms were visible from the imagery reducing the efficacy of the survey as animals such as ascidians and sponges, the abundance of which may also provide a good indication of abrasion (Eno et al, 2001), could not be detected. Incorporating diver surveys into the survey design may help overcome these issues."]
["NOAA (1996). Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Final Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement. 3 Volumes. NOAA/NOS/OCRM/Sanctuaries and Reserves Division. Marathon, FL.","This abstract describes the Final Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement (FMP/EIS) for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The comprehensive management plan includes implementing regulations to govern the overall management of the Sanctuary and to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities for the enjoyment of present and future generations.","Seagrass beds","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G466, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","International Government report","Reviewed Literature","No","Low","http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/mgmtplans/fmp3.pdf","PIET","Sensitivity assessment.","USA","USA","Florida Keys","N/a","N/a","Impact","Trapping. Seagrass beds can be displaced by derelict traps and long-soaking traps. Damage from lobster and crab traps is primarily seasonal (July to April).","Literature Review","Literature review"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Blue mussel beds; Horse mussel beds","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G467, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Blue mussel beds were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.\n\nHorse mussel beds were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Blue mussel beds; Horse mussel beds","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G468, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Blue mussel beds were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.\n\nHorse mussel beds were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Blue mussel beds; Horse mussel beds","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G469, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Blue mussel beds were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.\n\nHorse mussel beds were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Burrowed mud; Sea pen and burrowing megafauna communities; Subtidal mixed muddy sediments","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G470, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Burrowed mud was considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.\n\nSea pen and burrowing megafauna communities were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.\n\nSubtidal mixed muddy sediments were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Fragile sponge and anthozoan communities on subtidal rocky habitats; Northern sea fan communities","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G471, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Fragile sponge and anthozoan communities on subtidal rocky habitats were considered to have a high sensitivity to surface abrasion.\n\nNorthern sea fan communities were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Fragile sponge and anthozoan communities on subtidal rocky habitats; Northern sea fan communities","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G472, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Fragile sponge and anthozoan communities on subtidal rocky habitats were considered to have a high sensitivity to surface abrasion.\n\nNorthern sea fan communities were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment","Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G473, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment were considered to have a low sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Maerl","Maerl","Maerl","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G474, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Maerl beds were considered to have a high sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Northern sea fan communities","Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G475, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Northern sea fan communities were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Oyster beds; Sheltered muddy gravels; Subtidal mixed muddy sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G476, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Ostrea edulis beds were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.\n\nSheltered muddy gravels were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.\n\nSubtidal mixed muddy sediments were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Oyster beds; Subtidal sands and gravels","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G477, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Ostrea edulis beds were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.\n\nSubtidal sands and gravels were considered to have a sensitivity ranging from not sensitive to high for surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Sabellaria alveolata reefs; Sabellaria spinulosa reefs","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G478, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Sabellaria alveolata reefs were considered to have a low sensitivity to surface abrasion.\n\nSabellaria spinulosa reefs were considered to have a low sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Seagrass beds","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G479, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Seagrass beds were considered to have a low to medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Shallow tide swept coarse sands with burrowing bivalves","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G480, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Shallow tide swept coarse sands with burrowing bivalves were considered to have a low sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Subtidal chalk","Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G481, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Subtidal chalk was considered to have a low sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Subtidal mixed muddy sediments","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G482, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Subtidal mixed muddy sediments were considered to have a medium sensitivity to surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Subtidal sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G483, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Subtidal sands were considered to have a sensitivity ranging from not sensitive to medium for surface abrasion.","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Methodology developed for a matrix describing the sensitivity of features to pressures through a workshop based approach.","Tide swept algal communities; Tide swept channels","Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G484, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Surface abrasion","Government report","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/MB0102_Sensitivity_Assessment[1].pdf","PIET","Sensitivity scores for marine features are given against certain pressures e.g. surface abrasion. Sensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. ","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","N/a","Impact and recovery (sensitivity)","Tide swept algal communities were considered to have a low sensitivity to surface abrasion","The pressures-features sensitivity matrix was developed in three stages. In the first stage, a draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were developed and the sensitivity matrix was block-filled with existing assessments where relevant. The draft methodology and pressure benchmarks were reviewed by the Project Steering Group and Science Advisory Panel.\nIn the second stage, two expert workshops were convened to undertake sensitivity assessments to complete the population of the matrix and to provide feedback on the application of the methodology and pressure benchmarks.\nIn the third stage, the information from the workshops was reviewed and collated and remaining gaps were completed by the project team to provide a draft final matrix.\n\nSensitivity is based on a combination of resistance and resilience to a given pressure at a defined benchmark. Surface abrasion is defined as damage to seabed surface features where impacts are confined to the surface e.g. damage to epifauna/flora on sediment and rock.\n","Sensitivities relate to surface abrasion (from any activity) and are not specific to potting."]
["Fowler, S. (1989) Nature Conservation implication of damage to the seabed by commercial fishing operations. Nature Conservancy Council Report No.79, pp 1-33.","This report reviews the main impacts of commercial fishing operations on the seabed and their significance for marine nature conservation. Brief descriptions are provided of the main categories of fishing operations which may damage seabed communities and habitats; including trawling and dredging, hydraulic dredging, potting and tangle netting. The impact of these activities on the benthos and their marine nature conservation implications are described. The report concludes that the impact of modern fishing methods can have a severe impact on the seabed and benthic communities, particularly the epifauna, long-lived infaunal species, maerl and seagrasses.","Ross coral","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G485, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Pubs90_Report_79_Print.pdf","PIET","Sources of information are from scientific journals, unpublished research reports, the fishing press, anecdotal comments from divers and fishermen and reports of ICES committees.","European","UK","UK","N/a","N/a","Impact","No attempt was made to quantify potting effort in Britain but a wider range of species and larger areas are being fished than in the previous few decades. The fishing pressures on many traditional areas such as south west Britain have also increased considerably, to a state where it seems unlikely that current levels can be sustained. Not only are established fishermen using many more pots than was the case a few years ago, but part-timers are also joining the fishery in many regions.\n\nErect and delicate organisms (seafans, bryozoans, sponges and corals) may be damaged or detached by the impact of pots landing on the seabed. The ross coral, Pentapora foliacea, are particularly vulnerable to pots being laid on or dragged over the seabed. Many other epifaunal species will also affected by such mechanical damage. ","Literature review","Literature review"]
["Fowler, S. (1989) Nature Conservation implication of damage to the seabed by commercial fishing operations. Nature Conservancy Council Report No.79, pp 1-33.","This report reviews the main impacts of commercial fishing operations on the seabed and their significance for marine nature conservation. Brief descriptions are provided of the main categories of fishing operations which may damage seabed communities and habitats; including trawling and dredging, hydraulic dredging, potting and tangle netting. The impact of these activities on the benthos and their marine nature conservation implications are described. The report concludes that the impact of modern fishing methods can have a severe impact on the seabed and benthic communities, particularly the epifauna, long-lived infaunal species, maerl and seagrasses.","Ross coral","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Pot type not specified","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G486, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Expert opinion","No","Low","http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Pubs90_Report_79_Print.pdf","PIET","Sources of information are from scientific journals, unpublished research reports, the fishing press, anecdotal comments from divers and fishermen and reports of ICES committees.","European","UK","UK","N/a","N/a","Impact","No attempt was made to quantify potting effort in Britain but a wider range of species and larger areas are being fished than in the previous few decades. The fishing pressures on many traditional areas such as south west Britain have also increased considerably, to a state where it seems unlikely that current levels can be sustained. Not only are established fishermen using many more pots than was the case a few years ago, but part-timers are also joining the fishery in many regions.\n\nErect and delicate organisms (seafans, bryozoans, sponges and corals) may be damaged or detached by the impact of pots landing on the seabed. The ross coral, Pentapora foliacea, are particularly vulnerable to pots being laid on or dragged over the seabed. Many other epifaunal species will also affected by such mechanical damage. ","Literature review","Literature review"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).","The Loch Creran Marine SAC Management Plan represents a progressive working agreement between stakeholders with interests in the present and future management of the loch. The management plan is a tool that competent and relevant statutory authorities can use to help ensure that they are fulfilling the requirements set down by the Habitats Directive when making future development decisions, whilst taking into account the multiple social and economic dependencies of the area. It is also a reference for those wishing to develop or use the area, to determine if their proposed activities are compatible with the requirements of the Habitats Directive.\n\nCreel fishing for prawns (Nephrops norvegicus) and velvet swimming crab (Necora puber) occurs within Loch Creran. Although not a common fishery in the area, whelk (Buccinus undatum) fishing has also occurred in Loch Creran in the past.","Horse mussel beds","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Pots (whelk) and creels","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G487, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Medium","http://www.argyllmarinesac.org/pdfs/lcfulldocument.pdf","PIET","Management Plan","European","UK-S","Loch Creran","N/a","Down to -49m","Impact","Potential exists for fishing related activities to come into direct contact with the conservation interests; horse mussel beds. Horse mussel beds are fragile habitats, highly sensitive to physical disturbance and therefore can be damaged when whelk and creel fishing gear are dropped on the seabed. The equipment used in whelk potting is very heavy, consisting of a series of concrete weighted buckets distributed along lengths of rope. A leaded sinking line runs from the equipment on the seabed to a marker float so that excess line does not float on the surface. Creels can weigh in excess of 20 kg. When dropped, the pots have the potential to cause extensive damage to the biogenic reefs. When retrieved, pots may be dragged along the seabed potentially causing impacts to a larger area. In addition, the leaded lines can also become tangled around the horse mussel beds causing further impact.","Literature review","Management plan - limited primary evidence"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).","The Loch Creran Marine SAC Management Plan represents a progressive working agreement between stakeholders with interests in the present and future management of the loch. The management plan is a tool that competent and relevant statutory authorities can use to help ensure that they are fulfilling the requirements set down by the Habitats Directive when making future development decisions, whilst taking into account the multiple social and economic dependencies of the area. It is also a reference for those wishing to develop or use the area, to determine if their proposed activities are compatible with the requirements of the Habitats Directive.\n\nCreel fishing for prawns (Nephrops norvegicus) and velvet swimming crab (Necora puber) occurs within Loch Creran. Although not a common fishery in the area, whelk (Buccinus undatum) fishing has also occurred in Loch Creran in the past.","Horse mussel beds","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Pots (whelk) and creels","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G488, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature/Expert opinion","No","Medium","http://www.argyllmarinesac.org/pdfs/lcfulldocument.pdf","PIET","Management Plan","European","UK-S","Loch Creran","N/a","Down to -49m","Impact","Potential exists for fishing related activities to come into direct contact with the conservation interests; horse mussel beds. Horse mussel beds are fragile habitats, highly sensitive to physical disturbance and therefore can be damaged when whelk and creel fishing gear are dropped on the seabed. The equipment used in whelk potting is very heavy, consisting of a series of concrete weighted buckets distributed along lengths of rope. A leaded sinking line runs from the equipment on the seabed to a marker float so that excess line does not float on the surface. Creels can weigh in excess of 20 kg. When dropped, the pots have the potential to cause extensive damage to the biogenic reefs. When retrieved, pots may be dragged along the seabed potentially causing impacts to a larger area. In addition, the leaded lines can also become tangled around the horse mussel beds causing further impact.","Literature review","Management plan - limited primary evidence"]
["Adey, Jonathan Max (2007) Aspects of the sustainability of creel fishing for Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), on the west coast of Scotland. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. ","This thesis describes a study of a number of aspects of the Nephrops creel fishery, including an assessment of the environmental impacts of the Nephrops creel fishery. An assessment of the management measures implemented in the Torridon creel fishery show that limiting effort of individual fishermen has been successful, but this has been followed by an increase in the number of boats fishing within the area, leading to an overall increase in effort. It is concluded that creel fishing areas need to be considered on a case-by-case basis, accounting for biological characteristics of individual stocks, as well as management issues at a local scale.","Brittle star; Sea pen","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Creels","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G489, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Primary data","No","Medium","http://theses.gla.ac.uk/524/","PIET","PhD thesis which aimed to:\n1. Compare the population density of the three sea pen species and the brittle star A. loveni between zones of trawl and creel fishing and among areas of different environmental conditions.\n2. Compare epibenthic community composition in zones of trawl and creel fishing and in areas of different environmental conditions.\n3. Compare the incidence of damaged sea pens between the creel-only and trawled zones.","European","UK-S","West coast of Scotland\n- Loch Torridon\n- Inner Sound\n- North Minch","2000 to 2005","-90 to -140m","Impact","In comparison to fishing using bottom-towed gears, creels might be considered to be environmentally benign, since they are highly selective for the target species and have a low physical disturbance to the seabed (Jennings & Kaiser, 1998). This difference is highlighted in a study by Ziegler (2006) who compared the impacts of the two methods of fishing for Nephrops (trawl and creel), calculating that an area of seabed covering 3900m2 is kept in a permanently disturbed condition, per kg Nephrops landed in the trawl fishery compared to an area of only 62m2 in the creel fishery.\n\nUsing sea pens as an indicator of physical disturbance of the sea bed showed that impacts from creeling were low. The sea pens Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea were caught in moderate quantities in the creel fishery, but were still observed in high densities on creel grounds. Comparison with trawled areas showed some differences in density, the most notable being that the tall sea pen Funiculina quadrangularis was less abundant on trawled grounds, indicating an adverse effect of bottom-towed gear. \n\nHighest densities of Asteronyx loveni, P. quadrangularis, Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea were observed in areas where only creel fishing occurred. The numbers of both A. loveni and F. quadrangularis were significantly greater in the creel zone than the trawl zone. No significant differences were found among fishing zones for P. phosphorea and V. mirabilis.","A colour television camera and lights mounted on a sledge (Shand & Priestley, 1999) were towed slowly (<1 knot) for 10 minutes astern of the research vessel. The camera viewed a strip of seabed of known width and the sledge was fitted with an odometer with a 1-m circumference wheel, allowing for the distance travelled and therefore the area surveyed to be measured.\n\nIn the present study, recordings from stations occupied during FRS surveys in 2000, 2002 and 2003 were examined. All distinguishable animals were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level and the number of each species noted for the whole recording at each station was examined. Numbers of individuals were totalled and divided by the area of seabed viewed to obtain absolute densities at each site. Differences in quality of recordings meant it was necessary to identify some animals to higher taxonomic groups. The results from additional sites in the northern Inner Sound and BUTEC range surveyed by UMBSM, were included in the analysis of the densities of F. quadrangularis and A. loveni.\n\nOwing to the variability in environmental conditions among sites, it was necessary to select sites with similar environmental conditions from each fishing area (creel and trawl). Sites with similar depths and hydrographic conditions (open sea areas) were compared, and sites where the bottom was visibly rocky were rejected.\n\nSea pen densities were analysed in relation to area (Upper Loch Torridon, lower Loch Torridon, northern Inner Sound, southern Inner Sound, North Minch, Loch Gairloch), depth ranges (<50m, 50-100m, 1 00-150 m, > 150 m) and fishing method (creeling or trawling). Proportions of different sea pen species damaged or dead at each site were calculated by dividing the number of damaged/dead sea pens by the total number of sea pens observed at each site (considering only sites where sea pens were present). Sea pens were considered damaged if they were no longer in an upright position or visibly broken.","Study compares relative abundances between trawled and creel fished areas. It is important take account of environmental conditions while assessing the effects of fishing, since most of the `trawl' and `creel' sites were located in areas with different hydrographic and physical characteristics. The trawl sites examined were located in the North Minch, which is an area of open sea where much of the seabed is deep (average depth of trawl sites 140 m) with soft mud (Admiralty chart). In contrast, the majority of creel sites were in Loch Torridon and Loch Gairloch, which have variable depth (average depth of creel sites 90 m), sediment type (Admiralty chart) and hydrographic conditions. These differences in habitat must be considered when interpreting the results."]
["Adey, Jonathan Max (2007) Aspects of the sustainability of creel fishing for Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), on the west coast of Scotland. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. ","This thesis describes a study of a number of aspects of the Nephrops creel fishery, including an assessment of the environmental impacts of the Nephrops creel fishery. An assessment of the management measures implemented in the Torridon creel fishery show that limiting effort of individual fishermen has been successful, but this has been followed by an increase in the number of boats fishing within the area, leading to an overall increase in effort. It is concluded that creel fishing areas need to be considered on a case-by-case basis, accounting for biological characteristics of individual stocks, as well as management issues at a local scale.","Brittle star","Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds","Creels","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G490, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Primary data","No","Medium","http://theses.gla.ac.uk/524/","PIET","PhD thesis which aimed to:\n1. Compare the population density of the three sea pen species and the brittle star A. loveni between zones of trawl and creel fishing and among areas of different environmental conditions.\n2. Compare epibenthic community composition in zones of trawl and creel fishing and in areas of different environmental conditions.\n3. Compare the incidence of damaged sea pens between the creel-only and trawled zones.","European","UK-S","West coast of Scotland\n- Loch Torridon\n- Inner Sound\n- North Minch","2000 to 2005","-90 to -140m","Impact","In comparison to fishing using bottom-towed gears, creels might be considered to be environmentally benign, since they are highly selective for the target species and have a low physical disturbance to the seabed (Jennings & Kaiser, 1998). This difference is highlighted in a study by Ziegler (2006) who compared the impacts of the two methods of fishing for Nephrops (trawl and creel), calculating that an area of seabed covering 3900m2 is kept in a permanently disturbed condition, per kg Nephrops landed in the trawl fishery compared to an area of only 62m2 in the creel fishery.\n\nHighest densities of Asteronyx loveni, P. quadrangularis, Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea were observed in areas where only creel fishing occurred. The numbers of both A. loveni and F. quadrangularis were significantly greater in the creel zone than the trawl zone.","A colour television camera and lights mounted on a sledge (Shand & Priestley, 1999) were towed slowly (<1 knot) for 10 minutes astern of the research vessel. The camera viewed a strip of seabed of known width and the sledge was fitted with an odometer with a 1-m circumference wheel, allowing for the distance travelled and therefore the area surveyed to be measured.\n\nIn the present study, recordings from stations occupied during FRS surveys in 2000, 2002 and 2003 were examined. All distinguishable animals were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level and the number of each species noted for the whole recording at each station was examined. Numbers of individuals were totalled and divided by the area of seabed viewed to obtain absolute densities at each site. Differences in quality of recordings meant it was necessary to identify some animals to higher taxonomic groups. The results from additional sites in the northern Inner Sound and BUTEC range surveyed by UMBSM, were included in the analysis of the densities of F. quadrangularis and A. loveni.\n\nOwing to the variability in environmental conditions among sites, it was necessary to select sites with similar environmental conditions from each fishing area (creel and trawl). Sites with similar depths and hydrographic conditions (open sea areas) were compared, and sites where the bottom was visibly rocky were rejected.\n\nSea pen densities were analysed in relation to area (Upper Loch Torridon, lower Loch Torridon, northern Inner Sound, southern Inner Sound, North Minch, Loch Gairloch), depth ranges (<50m, 50-100m, 1 00-150 m, > 150 m) and fishing method (creeling or trawling). Proportions of different sea pen species damaged or dead at each site were calculated by dividing the number of damaged/dead sea pens by the total number of sea pens observed at each site (considering only sites where sea pens were present). Sea pens were considered damaged if they were no longer in an upright position or visibly broken.","Study compares relative abundances between trawled and creel fished areas. It is important take account of environmental conditions while assessing the effects of fishing, since most of the `trawl' and `creel' sites were located in areas with different hydrographic and physical characteristics. The trawl sites examined were located in the North Minch, which is an area of open sea where much of the seabed is deep (average depth of trawl sites 140 m) with soft mud (Admiralty chart). In contrast, the majority of creel sites were in Loch Torridon and Loch Gairloch, which have variable depth (average depth of creel sites 90 m), sediment type (Admiralty chart) and hydrographic conditions. These differences in habitat must be considered when interpreting the results."]
["Stephenson, F., Fitzsimmons, C., Polunin, N.V.C., Mill, A.C., Scott, C.L. (2015). Assessing Long-Term Benthic Impacts Of Potting In Northumberland. Report to Natural England.","Collaborative project between Newcastle University and Natural England, supported by Northumberland Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (NIFCA) seeks to understand the effects of pot fishing intensity on biotopes within the Berwick and North Northumberland Coast European Marine Site.","Faunal-algal crusts ","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Parlour pots","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G491, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Primary data","No","Medium","For further information please contact Catherine Scott @ Natural England","PIET","A series of investigations assessing the effects of pot fishing intensity on biotopes. \nInitial work investigated the impact of potting on substrates by analysing biotope information from existing surveys conducted for Natural England in 2002/3 and 2011. The resultant biotope information was analysed in conjunction with potting intensity data (e.g. activity and landings).\nA subsequent study used telemetry to look at how far pots move when they are deployed, by tagging pots with a level of 5m accuracy. ","European","UK-E","Norhtumberland","Video footgae: 2002/2003 and 2011\nTelemetry: 2013","Video footage: transect corridors were stratified by depth (0-10 m, 10-20 m and 20 m+)\nTelemetry devices: -22 and -25m","Impact","Monitoring data from 2003 and 2011 (five transects), provided by Natural England, have been analysed and compared with maps of density of fishing effort. Fishing effort was not shown to be correlated to biodiversity aspects of the faunal-algal crusts habitat they were considering (no statistically significant difference). \n\nThis study used telemetry to look at how far pots move when they are deployed, by tagging pots with a level of 5m accuracy. The area potentially impacted by pot movements ranged from 53 to 115m² per pot (mean 85.8m²), apparently mainly driven by the tide. The areas potentially impacted by potting may in reality be smaller as the estimates used in this research are conservative due to the relatively high error associated with the acoustic telemetry.","Video footage from three transects were analysed for this project. For the purposes of this study the video footage of the 100m tows was randomly sampled every 10–30 seconds (mean sampling time 17.2 secs, mean samples per tow = 9.1). When the video footage was paused the image was blurred due to the movement of the camera and low display resolution. Therefore, 2-second samples were used to identify substrate and species. When random samples did not yield usable footage, i.e. if bottom substrate was not visible, the next random time generated was used. Species present were recorded to the lowest taxonomic level using up-to-date identification manuals.  Biotope classifications were then assigned using identified species with the aid of ‘The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland, Version 04.05’ (Connor et al., 2004).\nSubsequently, a more detailed analysis of the video monitoring footage from three transects in the BNNC EMA collected in 2002/03 and 2011 was undertaken. This included analysis of change of; taxonomic composition of assemblages, species diversity and ecologically important species between years.\n\nA further study explored pot movement at a test area in the south of the Northumberland Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (NIFCA) district, close to the port of Blyth. An experimental configuration was designed to represent gear commonly deployed in North-East England. Ten standard 10mm steel framed parlour pots (68 x 46 x 38 cm) were attached to a mainline (12 mm polypropylene rope) using 2 m lengths of rope at intervals of ~18 m. The string of pots was anchored at each end with a 25 kg weight. Marker buoys were attached to each end of the string in order to facilitate retrieval. The length of rope used to attach the buoys was at least twice as long as the water depth at each site. Parlour pot entrances were closed in order to stop ghost fishing. Fleets were deployed at two sites: Site 1 (21.5 m depth below chart datum) and site 2 (25.4 m depth below chart datum). Tags were attached to the centre of three pots using 4 mm cable ties. Positions of each pot were recorded every 1-5 minutes for the duration of the experiment (08 - 31 May 2013). Complete data were also recorded for wave, tidal and wind strength and direction. 24-hour groupings were chosen as a minimum, but not unusual, amount of time that fishers leave fleets of pots to soak. ","The video footage surveys were designed to report on habitats and biotopes in the area over time from before designation of the SAC, and as part of condition monitoring, rather than a focussed study on impacts affecting habitats and biotopes.\n\nThe estimates used in this research are conservative due to the relatively high error associated with the acoustic telemetry.  Furthermore, the low number of significant pot movements makes statistically confirming qualitatively observed patterns and disaggregating primary drivers of movement difficult. "]
["Stephenson, F., Fitzsimmons, C., Polunin, N.V.C., Mill, A.C., Scott, C.L. (2015). Assessing Long-Term Benthic Impacts Of Potting In Northumberland. Report to Natural England.","Collaborative project between Newcastle University and Natural England, supported by Northumberland Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (NIFCA) seeks to understand the effects of pot fishing intensity on biotopes within the Berwick and North Northumberland Coast European Marine Site.","Faunal-algal crusts ","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Parlour pots","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G492, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Pots, ropes, anchors","Grey literature","Primary data","No","Medium","For further information please contact Catherine Scott @ Natural England","PIET","A series of investigations assessing the effects of pot fishing intensity on biotopes. \nInitial work investigated the impact of potting on substrates by analysing biotope information from existing surveys conducted for Natural England in 2002/3 and 2011. The resultant biotope information was analysed in conjunction with potting intensity data (e.g. activity and landings).\nA subsequent study used telemetry to look at how far pots move when they are deployed, by tagging pots with a level of 5m accuracy. ","European","UK-E","Norhtumberland","Video footgae: 2002/2003 and 2011\nTelemetry: 2013","Video footage: transect corridors were stratified by depth (0-10 m, 10-20 m and 20 m+)\nTelemetry devices: -22 and -25m","Impact","Monitoring data from 2003 and 2011 (five transects), provided by Natural England, have been analysed and compared with maps of density of fishing effort. Fishing effort was not shown to be correlated to biodiversity aspects of the faunal-algal crusts habitat they were considering (no statistically significant difference). \n\nThis study used telemetry to look at how far pots move when they are deployed, by tagging pots with a level of 5m accuracy. The area potentially impacted by pot movements ranged from 53 to 115m² per pot (mean 85.8m²), apparently mainly driven by the tide. The areas potentially impacted by potting may in reality be smaller as the estimates used in this research are conservative due to the relatively high error associated with the acoustic telemetry.","Video footage from three transects were analysed for this project. For the purposes of this study the video footage of the 100m tows was randomly sampled every 10–30 seconds (mean sampling time 17.2 secs, mean samples per tow = 9.1). When the video footage was paused the image was blurred due to the movement of the camera and low display resolution. Therefore, 2-second samples were used to identify substrate and species. When random samples did not yield usable footage, i.e. if bottom substrate was not visible, the next random time generated was used. Species present were recorded to the lowest taxonomic level using up-to-date identification manuals.  Biotope classifications were then assigned using identified species with the aid of ‘The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland, Version 04.05’ (Connor et al., 2004).\nSubsequently, a more detailed analysis of the video monitoring footage from three transects in the BNNC EMA collected in 2002/03 and 2011 was undertaken. This included analysis of change of; taxonomic composition of assemblages, species diversity and ecologically important species between years.\n\nA further study explored pot movement at a test area in the south of the Northumberland Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (NIFCA) district, close to the port of Blyth. An experimental configuration was designed to represent gear commonly deployed in North-East England. Ten standard 10mm steel framed parlour pots (68 x 46 x 38 cm) were attached to a mainline (12 mm polypropylene rope) using 2 m lengths of rope at intervals of ~18 m. The string of pots was anchored at each end with a 25 kg weight. Marker buoys were attached to each end of the string in order to facilitate retrieval. The length of rope used to attach the buoys was at least twice as long as the water depth at each site. Parlour pot entrances were closed in order to stop ghost fishing. Fleets were deployed at two sites: Site 1 (21.5 m depth below chart datum) and site 2 (25.4 m depth below chart datum). Tags were attached to the centre of three pots using 4 mm cable ties. Positions of each pot were recorded every 1-5 minutes for the duration of the experiment (08 - 31 May 2013). Complete data were also recorded for wave, tidal and wind strength and direction. 24-hour groupings were chosen as a minimum, but not unusual, amount of time that fishers leave fleets of pots to soak. ","The video footage surveys were designed to report on habitats and biotopes in the area over time from before designation of the SAC, and as part of condition monitoring, rather than a focussed study on impacts affecting habitats and biotopes.\n\nThe estimates used in this research are conservative due to the relatively high error associated with the acoustic telemetry.  Furthermore, the low number of significant pot movements makes statistically confirming qualitatively observed patterns and disaggregating primary drivers of movement difficult. "]
["Lindeboom, H.J. & de Groot, S.J. (1998). The effects of different types of fisheries on the North Sea and Irish Sea benthic ecosystems. The Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel.","Part of a big study on the effects of different types of fisheries on the North Sea and Irish Sea benthic ecosystems. Effects of trawling were studied in a number of parallel strips (1-7). Before experimental disturbance a survey was carried out to determine initial densities of invertebrates. Replicate strips were trawled with each type of trawl in each study. In each strip 10 samples were taken with a triple-D dredge specially designed to sample larger-sized, often low abundant species. In some cases, additional sampling was carried out with a Reineck box corer or a Van Veen grab. Post-trawling sampling took place 24-48 hours after exp. disturbance. The total direct mortality was calculated using the difference between the initial density of the species in the trawl track and the density of the remaining, surviving animals. The density of the surviving animals is the sum of the t1-density recorded in the strip and the number of (larger-sized) animals that survived being caught and discarded by the commercial trawler some miles outside the strip.  During the experiments, side-scan sonar was used to get an impression of recent trawling activities, check the positions, dimensions and intensity of the trawl tracks and the sampling positions.\n\n","Sandy sediments","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","12m- and 4m beam trawls","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G493, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Experimental disturbance ","Book","Primary data","No","Medium",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Effects of trawling were studied in a number of parallel strips (1-7). Before experimental disturbance a survey was carried out to determine initial densities of invertebrates. Replicate strips were trawled with each type of trawl in each study. In each strip 10 samples were taken with a triple-D dredge specially designed to sample larger-sized, often low abundant species. In some cases, additional sampling was carried out with a Reineck box corer or a Van Veen grab. Post-trawling sampling took place 24-48 hours after exp. disturbance. The total direct mortality was calculated using the difference between the initial density of the species in the trawl track and the density of the remaining, surviving animals. The density of the surviving animals is the sum of the t1-density recorded in the strip and the number of (larger-sized) animals that survived being caught and discarded by the commercial trawler some miles outside the strip.  During the experiments, side-scan sonar was used to get an impression of recent trawling activities, check the positions, dimensions and intensity of the trawl tracks and the sampling positions.","European","Southern North Sea","Southern North Sea","Unknown","20-24m","Impact","For all infauna sampled (including molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms), densities decreased after trawling events.","Effects of trawling were studied in a number of parallel strips (1-7). Before experimental disturbance a survey was carried out to determine initial densities of invertebrates. Replicate strips were trawled. In each strip 10 samples were taken with a triple-D dredge specially designed to sample larger-sized, often low abundant species. In some cases, additional sampling was carried out with a Reineck box corer or a Van Veen grab. Post-trawling sampling took place 24-48 hours after exp. disturbance. The total direct mortality was calculated using the difference between the initial density of the species in the trawl track and the density of the remaining, surviving animals. The density of the surviving animals is the sum of the t1-density recorded in the strip and the number of (larger-sized) animals that survived being caught and discarded by the commercial trawler some miles outside the strip.  During the experiments, side-scan sonar was used to get an impression of recent trawling activities, check the positions, dimensions and intensity of the trawl tracks and the sampling positions.\n\n","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Lindeboom, H.J. & de Groot, S.J. (1998). The effects of different types of fisheries on the North Sea and Irish Sea benthic ecosystems. The Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel.","Part of a big study on the effects of different types of fisheries on the North Sea and Irish Sea benthic ecosystems. Effects of trawling were studied in a number of parallel strips (1-7). Before experimental disturbance a survey was carried out to determine initial densities of invertebrates. Replicate strips were trawled with each type of trawl in each study. In each strip 10 samples were taken with a triple-D dredge specially designed to sample larger-sized, often low abundant species. In some cases, additional sampling was carried out with a Reineck box corer or a Van Veen grab. Post-trawling sampling took place 24-48 hours after exp. disturbance. The total direct mortality was calculated using the difference between the initial density of the species in the trawl track and the density of the remaining, surviving animals. The density of the surviving animals is the sum of the t1-density recorded in the strip and the number of (larger-sized) animals that survived being caught and discarded by the commercial trawler some miles outside the strip.  During the experiments, side-scan sonar was used to get an impression of recent trawling activities, check the positions, dimensions and intensity of the trawl tracks and the sampling positions.\n\n","Silty sediments","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","12m- and 4m beam trawls","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G494, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Experimental disturbance ","Book","Primary data","No","Medium",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Effects of trawling were studied in a number of parallel strips (1-7). Before experimental disturbance a survey was carried out to determine initial densities of invertebrates. Replicate strips were trawled with each type of trawl in each study. In each strip 10 samples were taken with a triple-D dredge specially designed to sample larger-sized, often low abundant species. In some cases, additional sampling was carried out with a Reineck box corer or a Van Veen grab. Post-trawling sampling took place 24-48 hours after exp. disturbance. The total direct mortality was calculated using the difference between the initial density of the species in the trawl track and the density of the remaining, surviving animals. The density of the surviving animals is the sum of the t1-density recorded in the strip and the number of (larger-sized) animals that survived being caught and discarded by the commercial trawler some miles outside the strip.  During the experiments, side-scan sonar was used to get an impression of recent trawling activities, check the positions, dimensions and intensity of the trawl tracks and the sampling positions.","European","Southern North Sea","Southern North Sea","Unknown","43-45m","Impact","For all infauna sampled (including molluscs, crustaceans, annelids and echinoderms), densities decreased after trawling events.","Effects of trawling were studied in a number of parallel strips (1-7). Before experimental disturbance a survey was carried out to determine initial densities of invertebrates. Replicate strips were trawled. In each strip 10 samples were taken with a triple-D dredge specially designed to sample larger-sized, often low abundant species. In some cases, additional sampling was carried out with a Reineck box corer or a Van Veen grab. Post-trawling sampling took place 24-48 hours after exp. disturbance. The total direct mortality was calculated using the difference between the initial density of the species in the trawl track and the density of the remaining, surviving animals. The density of the surviving animals is the sum of the t1-density recorded in the strip and the number of (larger-sized) animals that survived being caught and discarded by the commercial trawler some miles outside the strip.  During the experiments, side-scan sonar was used to get an impression of recent trawling activities, check the positions, dimensions and intensity of the trawl tracks and the sampling positions.\n\n","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Lindeboom, H.J. & de Groot, S.J. (1998). The effects of different types of fisheries on the North Sea and Irish Sea benthic ecosystems. The Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel.","The study investigated the direct mortality of invertebrates due to otter trawling at a coastal station in the Irish Sea. Fishing gear used was a Nephrops otter trawl. Data is included from two studies, one conducted in 1995, the other in 1996. Control and treatment entries correspond to pre- and post-trawling densities (n/m2) of the most abundant (>10 individuals/m2) taxa.","Coastal Irish Sea","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Nephrops otter trawl","Heavy otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G495, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Experimental disturbance ","Book","Primary data","No","Medium",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Investigated the direct mortality of invertebrates due to otter trawling at a coastal station in the Irish Sea. Fishing gear used was a Nephrops otter trawl.","European","Irish Sea","Irish Sea - coastal","1995-1996","35m","Impact and recovery","Control and treatment entries correspond to pre- and post-trawling densities (n/m2) of the most abundant (>10 individuals/m2) taxa.\n\nFor all infauna sampled (including molluscs, crustaceans, annelids and echinoderms), densities decreased after trawling events.","The study investigated the direct mortality of invertebrates due to otter trawling at a coastal station in the Irish Sea. Fishing gear used was a Nephrops otter trawl. Data is included was from two studies, one conducted in 1995, the other in 1996. ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Lindeboom, H.J. & de Groot, S.J. (1998). The effects of different types of fisheries on the North Sea and Irish Sea benthic ecosystems. The Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel.","Investigated the direct mortality of invertebrates due to otter trawling at a deep station in the Irish Sea. Fishing gear used was a Nephrops otter trawl. Data from four experiments conducted on June '94 (2 experiments), May '95 and August '95. Variances are calculated from given Standard Deviations.","Deep irish Sea","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Nephrops otter trawl","Heavy otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G496, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Experimental disturbance ","Book","Primary data","No","Medium",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Investigated the direct mortality of invertebrates due to otter trawling at a deep station in the Irish Sea. Fishing gear used was a Nephrops otter trawl. Data from four experiments conducted on June '94 (2 experiments), May '95 and August '95.","European","Irish Sea","Irish Sea - deep","1994-1995","75m","Impact and recovery","Control and treatment entries correspond to pre- and post-trawling densities (n/m2) of the most abundant (>10 individuals/m2) taxa.\n\nThere was no consistent trend in infauna analysed, with some species increasing in density and others decreasing after the trawling event. ","The study investigated the direct mortality of invertebrates due to otter trawling at a coastal station in the Irish Sea. Fishing gear used was a Nephrops otter trawl. Data is included was from two studies, one conducted in 1995, the other in 1996. ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Cotter, A.J.R., Walker, P., Coates, P., Cook, W. & Dare, P.J. (1997). Trial of a tractor dredger for cockles in Burry Inlet, South Wales.  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54: 72-83","The effects on cockle (Cerastoderma edule L.) populations in Burry Inlet, South Wales of mechanical harvesting using a tractor dredger were investigated with an experimental trial conducted on 29 October 1992. Previously, only hand gathering methods were used, and the trial was intended to assist a licensing decision for mechanical dredging. Six blocks of dredged and undredged (control) plots were set out in each of two areas, one having a low density of cockles, the other high. Approximately 82% of the dredged areas was lifted by the blade of the dredger. The catch consisted almost exclusively of adult cockles (≥2 years old) over 25mm in length. Appreciable losses of spat and one-year-olds from the dredged plots were also observed even though they were not taken in the catch. Possible reasons are discussed. Counts of damaged individuals remaining on the plots on the day after dredging were generally low for all age groups. During the year following the trial, none of the year classes showed further mortalities attributable to dredging, and changes to shell growth were either minor or absent. Spatfall success in 1993 was depressed by 11% on dredged plots compared to control plots in the low density area, but was increased slightly (not significant p>0.05) in the high density area. It is concluded that delayed effects of the dredging on cockle stocks were negligible. ","Intertidal sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Tractor dredging","Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G497, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},"Mechanical harvesting","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","The effects on cockle (Cerastoderma edule L.) populations in Burry Inlet, South Wales of mechanical harvesting using a tractor dredger were investigated with an experimental trial conducted on 29 October 1992.","European","UK - W","Burry Inlet",1992,"0m","Impact and recovery","Approximately 82% of the dredged areas was lifted by the blade of the dredger. The catch consisted almost exclusively of adult cockles (≥2 years old) over 25mm in length. Appreciable losses of spat and one-year-olds from the dredged plots were also observed even though they were not taken in the catch. Counts of damaged individuals remaining on the plots on the day after dredging were generally low for all age groups. During the year following the trial, none of the year classes showed further mortalities attributable to dredging, and changes to shell growth were either minor or absent. Spatfall success in 1993 was depressed by 11% on dredged plots compared to control plots in the low density area, but was increased slightly (not significant p>0.05) in the high density area. It is concluded that delayed effects of the dredging on cockle stocks were negligible. ","The effects on cockle (Cerastoderma edule L.) populations in Burry Inlet, South Wales of mechanical harvesting using a tractor dredger were investigated. The study was conducted in 1992 in two areas, area A with dense cockle populations, cited near conservation interests and area B with sparse populations, more typical of areas that might be licensed for commercial dredging. In each area, a hexagonal band (20m wide) was dredged and on each of the sides a pair of treatment/control plots was established (length 30m). The tractor dredge has an inclined horizontal blade held at apreset depth that skims sand and cockles onto a conveyor belt and thence upwards into a revolvng riddle. Sand and small cockles are ejected to the side of the dredger, while large individuals are trapped and rolled towards a take-off hatch for bagging.\nPlots were resampled in 1993.","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Watling, L., Findlay, R.H., Mayer, L.M. & Schick, D.F. (2001). Impact of a scallop drag on the sediment chemistry, microbiota, and faunal assemblages of a shallow subtidal marine benthic community. Journal of Sea Research, 46: 309-324.","Scallops are usually obtained by means of a heavy metal dredge that is pulled over the sea bottom. Most studies of the impact of this gear type have shown that larger invertebrates, in particular, are severely disturbed. These studies, however, have been conducted on coarse sediments, ranging from sands to cobble, and have dealt only with faunal changes. In this paper the impact of a New England type scallop dredge on the fauna and sedimentary nutritional characteristics of a silty sand community is detailed. The site, in the Damariscotta River, Maine, USA, was sampled during the fall (November 1993) and winter (December 1993) prior to (March 9th 1994), then again immediately following, the dragging event (100m x 25m treatment plot was dragged over 23 times by one 2m wide New Bedford style scallop dredge) (March 10th 1994), and twice more over the ensuing six months (July & September 1994). Loss of surficial sediment, lowered food quality of the sediment (as measured by microbial populations, enzyme hydrolysable amino acids, and chlorophyll a), and changes in the faunal composition of the dragged site were observed. While some taxa returned to the drag track relatively quickly, others such as the cumaceans, phoxocephalid and photid amphipods, and nephtyid polychaetes, were not seen in abundances comparable to those of the adjacent undragged site until the food quality also recovered.","Subtidal silty sand community","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","2m New Bedford style scallop drag","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G498, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Loss of surficial sediment, lowered food quality of the sediment and changes in the faunal composition ","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which a silty-sand, previously undisturbed, community was altered by the action of a scallop drag as well as gain some insight into the mode of recovery of this benthic community. The study was conducted in the marine section of the Damariscotta River Estuary, Maine close to (ca 50m) a small commercially exploitable Placopecten magellanicus population. The site was sampled during the fall and winter prior to, then again immediately following, the dragging event, and twice more, over the ensuing six months. ","USA","Maine","Damariscotta River Estuary","1993-1994","15m","Impact and recovery","Loss of surficial sediment, lowered food quality of the sediment (as measured by microbial populations, enzyme hydrolysable amino acids, and chlorophyll a), and changes in the faunal composition of the dredged site were observed. While some taxa returned to the drag track relatively quickly, others such as the cumaceans, phoxocephalid and photid amphipods, and nephtyid polychaetes, were not seen in abundances comparable to those of the adjacent undragged site until the food quality also recovered. ","The site, in the Damarscotta River, Maine, USA, was sampled during the fall and winter prior to, then again immediately following, the dragging event, and twice more, over the ensuing six months. \n\nThere was one replicate with one control and one treatment plot (100m x 25m). The fishing gear was a New bedford style scallop drag (2m wide) which was pulled 23 times over the section of bottom to be disturbed. The drag path, as observed by scuba divers, ended up looking like an ellipse about 5m wide at the ends and about 10m wide at the center. Samples (cores) were taken 120, 90 and 1 day before and 1 , 120 and 180 days after exprimental disturbance. The control plot was not sampled 1 day after dredging; I considered as controls for day 1 the respective samples collected 1 day before the disturbance.","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Thrush, S.F., Hewitt, J.E., Cummings, V.J. & Dayton, P.K. (1995). The impact of habitat disturbance by scallop dredging on marine benthic communities: what can be predicted from the results of experiments?  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 129: 141-150.","Field experiments were conducted on two subtidal sandflats to identify the short-term impacts of commercial scallop dredging on macrobenthic communities. The two sites (1400m2) were situated 14km apart, both at about 24m depth, with similar exposure aspects and were characterised by infaunal communities dominated by small and short-lived species. One of the areas (Opito Bay) has been regularly exploited by commercial scallop fishers, the other (Hahei) is a commercially unexploited area. Prior to dredging, preliminary sampling failed to reveal significant differences in the density of common macrofauna within each site, although community composition was distinctly different between sites. The experiment was initiated by using a commercial scallop dredge to dredge half of each study site. Macrofauna samples were collected in both the dredged and adjacent reference plot at each site immediately after dredging and again 3 months later. The density of common macrofauna populations at each site decreased as a result of dredging, with some populations still significantly different from the adjacent reference plot after 3 mo. Significant compositional differences in the assemblage structure between dredged and reference plots were also recorded at each site over the course if the experiment. The findings of this experiment are considered a conservative assessment of bottom disturbance by fishing because of the area of seabed used, the types of community present and the intensity of disturbance used in the experiment. The findings of this and similar, short-term experiments are discussed in light of the need to predict and assess possible large-scale changes to benthic communities as a result of habitat disturbance by fishing.  ","Subtidal sandbanks","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Box dredge 2.4m wide – tooth bar with 10cm long teeth","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G499, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Short-term impacts on macrobenthic communities","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Field experiments were conducted on two subtidal sandflats to identify the short-term impacts of commercial scallop dredging on macrobenthic communities. The two sites (1400m2) were situated 14km apart, both at about 24m depth, with similar exposure aspects and were characterised by infaunal communities dominated by small and short-lived species. One of the areas (Opito Bay) has been regularly exploited by commercial scallop fishers, the other (Hahei) is a commercially unexploited area. ","New Zealand","Mercury Bay ","Opito Bay and Hahei ","Unknown","24m","Impact and recovery","The density of common macrofauna populations at each site decreased as a result of dredging, with some populations still significantly different from the adjacent reference plot after 3 mo. Significant compositional differences in the assemblage structure between dredged and reference plots were also recorded at each site over the course if the experiment. The findings of this experiment are considered a conservative assessment of bottom disturbance by fishing because of the area of seabed used, the types of community present and the intensity of disturbance used in the experiment. The findings of this and similar, short-term experiments are discussed in light of the need to predict and assess possible large-scale changes to benthic communities as a result of habitat disturbance by fishing.  ","Prior to dredging, preliminary sampling failed to reveal significant differences in the density of common macrofauna within each site, although community composition was distinctly different between sites. The experiment was initiated by using a commercial scallop dredge to dredge half of each study site. Macrofauna samples were collected in both the dredged and adjacent reference plot at each site immediately after dredging and again 3 months later. ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Cryer, M., Whittle, G.N. & Williams, R. (1987). The impact of bait collection by anglers on marine intertidal invertebrates. Biological Conservation 42: 83-93","A study was carried out to determine the rate at which lugworms returned to areas of beach depopulated by digging. Over a six-month experimental period there was no significant increase in the density of worms in depopulated areas. Control populations remained approximately constant during June and July but decreased in density throughout the remainder of the study, leading to some convergence of treatment and control areas by the end of the experiment.","Intertidal sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G500, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},"Bait digging","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","The study aimed to determine lugworm repopulation rates for a range of South Wales sandy beaches as a first step in assessing the efects of bait digging on the ecology of local beaches.  The study included three beaches but data here are inputted only for one which had the lowest background disturbance levels (rare bait digging by anglers as opposed to occasional and frequent bait digging for the other two beaches). The experimental unit consisited of 8 concentric rings (1m wide each) around a central permanent reference point. Worms were removed from the central 4 rings by digging with a fork or spade and this is considered to be the tratment area, whereas the outer 4 rings were left intact (control area). Lugworm casts were counted within each meter-wide ring. Data are reported and inputted as numbers of lugworm casts per m2 in the inner and outer zone at 0-176 days after the disturbance but there is no mention in the Methods section of whether these numbers are means over 4 rings or total numbers in the whole treatment and control area.","European","UK - W","Barry Harbour, Swansea Bay and West Aberthaw","Unknown","0m","Impact and recovery","Over a six-month experimental period there was no significant increase in the density of worms in depopulated areas. Control populations remained approximately constant during June and July but decreased in density throughout the remainder of the study, leading to some convergence of treatment and control areas by the end of the experiment. ","The study included three beaches with different levels of background disturbance. On two of them (Barry Harbour and Swansea Bay) there were established two full replicates (one control and one treatment plot) but the results of Swansea Bay were not analysed due to small duration of the experiment. On the third beach (West Aberthaw) there was only one treatment plot. Each experimental unit consisted of 8 circles arranged concentrically and 1m apart around a central permanent reference point. Worms were removed from the central four rings of the treatment areas by digging with a fork or a spade, whereas the outer four rings and all eight rings of the control areas were left intact. The number of lugworm casts in each 1m-wide ring was counted before and after experimental disturbance over a period of 0-176 days. For the purpose of the data base, control plots without any disturbance were completely ignored and the 4 inner rings of the treatment plots were considered to be the treatment areas whereas the 4 outer rings of the treatment plots (undisturbed) were considered as the controls.","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Van den Heiligenberg, T.C. (1987). Effects of mechanical and manual harvesting of lugworms Arenicola marina L. on the benthic fauna of tidal flats in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Biological Conservation 39: 165-177.","Effects of bait digging by hand and mechanical harvesting of Arenicola marina (L.) on the macrobenthic fauna of the Dutch Wadden Sea were investigated. Samples were taken on two tidal flat areas: the Balgzand and the Vlakte van Kerken, from March to October 1981. Most of the major species were severely reduced immediately after digging. Some species, e.g. Macoma balthica and Scoloplos armiger, showed a fast return into the depopulated area. Further recovery varied per species, with in general a larger recruitment of juveniles in the dug over areas compared to the non-disturbed areas. Mechanical harvesting appeared to be more efficient, catching more Arenicola per m2. Hand diggers caused less mortality of other benthic animals per gram Arenicola harvested. \nDisturbance of feeding birds is discussed. People walking and hand diggers cause a serious problem. The most frequently used tidal flats, within walking distance from the shore, can be more or less permanently unsuitable for feeding birds. \n","Intertidal sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Bait digging by hand","Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G501, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},"Damage to benthic fauna","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","The study aimed to investigate the effects of bait digging on the macrobenthic fauna of the Wadden Sea. It included one hand-dug site. Hand digging takes place during low tide. Samples in the Methods section are referred to as 10 per replicate (control and treatment) each consisting of 2 cores (total surface of 0.037m2). Data are reported and inputted as individuals/m2 for species of major importance in biomass in digging sites and adjacent (4-10cm away) controls, immediately after digging and over the ensuing 140-180 days.","European","Dutch Wadden Sea","The Balgzand and the Vlakte van Kerken",1981,"0m","Impact and recovery","Most of the major species were severely reduced immediately after digging. Some species, e.g. Macoma balthica and Scoloplos armiger, showed a fast return into the depopulated area. Further recovery varied per species, with in general a larger recruitment of juveniles in the dug over areas compared to the non-disturbed areas. Hand diggers caused less mortality of other benthic animals per gram Arenicola harvested. ","Samples were taken on two tidal flat areas: the Balgzand and the Vlakte van Kerken, from March to October 1981.\n\nSamples were collected in digging sites and adjacent (4-10cm away) controls.\n\nSamples were collected using cores (0.018m2 and 40cm deep) and analysed for individuals/m2 for species of major importance in biomass. Ten samples were collected per treatment and control area.","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Van den Heiligenberg, T.C. (1987). Effects of mechanical and manual harvesting of lugworms Arenicola marina L. on the benthic fauna of tidal flats in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Biological Conservation 39: 165-177.","Effects of bait digging by hand and mechanical harvesting of Arenicola marina (L.) on the macrobenthic fauna of the Dutch Wadden Sea were investigated. Samples were taken on two tidal flat areas: the Balgzand and the Vlakte van Kerken, from March to October 1981. Most of the major species were severely reduced immediately after digging. Some species, e.g. Macoma balthica and Scoloplos armiger, showed a fast return into the depopulated area. Further recovery varied per species, with in general a larger recruitment of juveniles in the dug over areas compared to the non-disturbed areas. Mechanical harvesting appeared to be more efficient, catching more Arenicola per m2. Hand diggers caused less mortality of other benthic animals per gram Arenicola harvested. \nDisturbance of feeding birds is discussed. People walking and hand diggers cause a serious problem. The most frequently used tidal flats, within walking distance from the shore, can be more or less permanently unsuitable for feeding birds. \n","Intertidal sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Bait digging by mechanical harvesting","Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G502, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},"Damage to benthic fauna","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","The study aimed to investigate the effects of bait digging on the macrobenthic fauna of the Wadden Sea. It included two machine-dug sites. Machine digging occurs at high tide; the machines strain the sediment with large jets of water through a 1-cm mesh sieve. The machines make 40-cm deep gullies of 1m wide and several hundreds of metres long, each side bordered by a ridge consisting of material derived from the gully, 1.5m wide and a few cm higher than the adjacent undisturbed area. Samples in the Methods section are referred to as 10 per replicate (control and treatment) each consisting of 2 cores (total surface of 0.037m2). Data are reported and inputted as individuals/m2 for species of major importance in biomass in digging sites and adjacent (4-10cm away) controls, immediately after digging and over the ensuing 140-180 days.","European","Dutch Wadden Sea","The Balgzand and the Vlakte van Kerken",1981,"0m","Impact and recovery","Most of the major species were severely reduced immediately after digging. Some species, e.g. Macoma balthica and Scoloplos armiger, showed a fast return into the depopulated area. Further recovery varied per species, with in general a larger recruitment of juveniles in the dug over areas compared to the non-disturbed areas. Mechanical harvesting appeared to be more efficient, catching more Arenicola per m2. ","Samples were taken on two tidal flat areas: the Balgzand and the Vlakte van Kerken, from March to October 1981.\n\nSamples were collected in digging sites and adjacent (4-10cm away) controls. The two machine-dug sites were sampled at different time intervals.\n\nSamples were collected using cores (0.018m2 and 40cm deep) and analysed for individuals/m2 for species of major importance in biomass. Ten samples were collected per treatment and control area.","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Langton, R.W. & Robinson, W.E. (1990). Faunal associations on scallop grounds in the western Gulf of Maine. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 144: 157-171.","Benthic photographic transects were made during 1986-1987 across productive scallop beds on Jeffreys and Fippennies Ledges, western Gulf of Maine, from a manned submersible at depths of 56-84m. Three megafaunal invertebrate dominated at each site: the sabellid worm Myxicola infundibulum (Renier) (mean densities ranging from 3.3 ± 4.2 to 7.1 ± 9.6 m-2); the burrowing cerianthid anemone Cerianthus borealis Verrill (1.0 ± 1.2to 2.0 ± 0.5 m-2); and the sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin) (0.2 ±0.5 to 1.0 ± 2.2m-2). All three species exhibited contagious distributions (i.e. occurred in large scale clusters or patches), which could be modelled by negative binomial functions. On Fippennies Ledge, where little scallop dredging occurred in 1986, but, where appreciable fishing was conducted in 1987, sea scallops were positively associated with M. infundibulum and negatively associated with C. borealis in both years. In contrast, the association between M. infundibulum and C. borealis changed from a significant negative association in 1986 to random in 1987. The marked increase in scallop dredging on Fippennies Ledge between 1986 and 1987 was apparently the cause of a significant decline in the mean densities of all three megafaunal species (70% decline in sea scallops; 25-27% decline in cerianthids and myxicolids), although the pattern of faunal association with the sea scallops remained intact. On Jeffreys Ledge, where intensive dredging had occurred prior to our 1986 sampling, the pattern of faunal association described for Fippennies Ledge was absent. Thus, natural faunal associations may be severely impacted by fishing operations. We propose that C. borealis controls the spatial distribution and patch size of both M. infundibulum and P. magellanicus by preying on the larvae of the latter two species.",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Scallop dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G503, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","The purpose of this study was to examine factors controlling the distribution and abundance of sea scallops in the Gulf of Maine and to evaluate the spatial relationships amongst the megafaunal invertebrates that cohabit the grounds. Coincidentally, one of the study sites was commercially dredged prior to the second year of the study and data from that site are the only suitable for the database. Control data are considered the ones taken in July 1986 (pre-dredging); treatment data the ones taken in June 1987 (after heavy commercial dredging).","USA","Gulf of Maine","Fippennies Ledges","1986-1987","56-84m","Impact","Three megafaunal invertebrate dominated at each site: the sabellid worm Myxicola infundibulum (Renier) (mean densities ranging from 3.3 ± 4.2 to 7.1 ± 9.6 m-2); the burrowing cerianthid anemone Cerianthus borealis Verrill (1.0 ± 1.2to 2.0 ± 0.5 m-2); and the sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin) (0.2 ±0.5 to 1.0 ± 2.2m-2). All three species exhibited contagious distributions (i.e. occurred in large scale clusters or patches).\n\nOn Fippennies Ledge, where little scallop dredging occurred in 1986, but, where appreciable fishing was conducted in 1987, sea scallops were positively associated with M. infundibulum and negatively associated with C. borealis in both years. In contrast, the association between M. infundibulum and C. borealis changed from a significant negative association in 1986 to random in 1987. The marked increase in scallop dredging on Fippennies Ledge between 1986 and 1987 was apparently the cause of a significant decline in the mean densities of all three megafaunal species (70% decline in sea scallops; 25-27% decline in cerianthids and myxicolids), although the pattern of faunal association with the sea scallops remained intact.","Benthic photographic transects were made during 1986-1987 across productive scallop beds. Data are presented as individuals/m2 for P.mgellanicus and M. infundibulum for the two years.","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Currie, D. R.& Parry, G. D. (1999). Impacts and efficiency of scallop dredging on different soft substrates. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 539-550.","Undertaken in Port Phillip Bay where scallop fisheries were in operation for around 30 years, from 1963 – 1991 when all fishing licences were revoked.  During 1991 3 study areas, each of area 600m x 600m, were examined at Dromana and Portarlington using a before after impact design (BAI) and at St. Leonards with a before after control impact design (BACI).  The BACI results for St Leonards are displayed in Curry & Parry (1996).  Catch data from the disturbance regime were used to assess gear efficiency and bycatch.  Sites were surveyed prior to and after experimental scallop dredge disturbance using underwater video to observe topographical change, a 1m-wide Ockelmann sled for epifauna and a 0.1m2 Smith-McIntyre grab for infauna.  For epifauna, only the pre and post-dredge (after 3.5 months) abundances of scallops and heart urchins are shown.  For infauna, pre and post-dredge abundances and percentage changes for the 10 most abundant species at each site after experimental disturbance are shown.  Dredging removed most topographic variation at all sites in particular removing callianasid mounds.  Dredges operated at an efficiency of  38-56% being similar to estimates made by other authors.  Increased catch efficiencies seen during the first 30 minutes of towing were attributed to either the homogenisation of the sediment topography improving contact of the dredge with the seabed and sediment plumes from the dredge causing scallops to swim.  Dredges caught mostly scallops, the dominant seabed epifauna in the Port Philip Bay area.  Main bycatch species were oysters, ascidians and spider crabs, with mortalities of the latter two thought to be high.  Infauna at all sites were typically reduced in abundance by 20-30% in the 3.5 months after dredging.  Few significant differences were seen at Dromana and Portarlington in comparison with St Leonards, thought to be due to a lack of sampling power at these sites.","Medium sand (phi = 2)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Scallop fisheries","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G504, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","This study was undertaken in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, examining the effects of scallop dredging on the benthos of an area recently closed to scallop dredging.  Three sites were examined; Dromana (subtidal sand), Portarlington  (subtidal muddy sand) and St Leonards (detailed in Currie & Parry, 1996)  At each site two 600 x 600 m plots were examined.  One plot was dredged over 2-4 days to 2x intensity.  The benthos was characterised by taking 15 x  0.1m2 Smith-McCintyre grabs 8 days before disturbance and 2 days after (N.B. the control plot was not sampled).  All fauna retained by a 1mm sieve were identified and enumerated.  Data are inputted for the abundances of the 10 most abundant infauna at all the study sites before and after dredging.","Australia","Port Philip Bay","Dromana ",1991,"14-16m","Impact","Dredging removed most topographic variation at all sites in particular removing callianasid mounds.  Increased catch efficiencies seen during the first 30 minutes of towing were attributed to either the homogenisation of the sediment topography improving contact of the dredge with the seabed and sediment plumes from the dredge causing scallops to swim.  Dredges caught mostly scallops, the dominant seabed epifauna in the Port Philip Bay area.  Main bycatch species were oysters, ascidians and spider crabs, with mortalities of the latter two thought to be high.  Infauna at all sites were typically reduced in abundance by 20-30% in the 3.5 months after dredging.  Few significant differences were seen at Dromana and Portarlington in comparison with St Leonards, thought to be due to a lack of sampling power at these sites.","Undertaken in Port Phillip Bay where scallop fisheries were in operation for around 30 years, from 1963 – 1991 when all fishing licences were revoked.  During 1991 3 study areas, each of area 600m x 600m, were examined at Dromana, Portarlington using a before after impact design (BAI) and at St. Leonards with a before after control impact design (BACI).  The BACI results for St Leonards are displayed in Curry & Parry (1996).  Catch data from the disturbance regime were used to assess gear efficiency and bycatch.  Sites were surveyed prior to and after experimental scallop dredge disturbance using underwater video to observe topographical change, a 1m-wide Ockelmann sled for epifauna and a 0.1m2 Smith-McIntyre grab for infauna.  For epifauna, only the pre and post-dredge (after 3.5 months) abundances of scallops and heart urchins are shown.  For infauna, pre and post-dredge abundances and percentage changes for the 10 most abundant species at each site after experimental disturbance are shown.","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Currie, D. R.& Parry, G. D. (1999). Impacts and efficiency of scallop dredging on different soft substrates. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 539-550.","Undertaken in Port Phillip Bay where scallop fisheries were in operation for around 30 years, from 1963 – 1991 when all fishing licences were revoked.  During 1991 3 study areas, each of area 600m x 600m, were examined at Dromana and Portarlington using a before after impact design (BAI) and at St. Leonards with a before after control impact design (BACI).  The BACI results for St Leonards are displayed in Curry & Parry (1996).  Catch data from the disturbance regime were used to assess gear efficiency and bycatch.  Sites were surveyed prior to and after experimental scallop dredge disturbance using underwater video to observe topographical change, a 1m-wide Ockelmann sled for epifauna and a 0.1m2 Smith-McIntyre grab for infauna.  For epifauna, only the pre and post-dredge (after 3.5 months) abundances of scallops and heart urchins are shown.  For infauna, pre and post-dredge abundances and percentage changes for the 10 most abundant species at each site after experimental disturbance are shown.  Dredging removed most topographic variation at all sites in particular removing callianasid mounds.  Dredges operated at an efficiency of  38-56% being similar to estimates made by other authors.  Increased catch efficiencies seen during the first 30 minutes of towing were attributed to either the homogenisation of the sediment topography improving contact of the dredge with the seabed and sediment plumes from the dredge causing scallops to swim.  Dredges caught mostly scallops, the dominant seabed epifauna in the Port Philip Bay area.  Main bycatch species were oysters, ascidians and spider crabs, with mortalities of the latter two thought to be high.  Infauna at all sites were typically reduced in abundance by 20-30% in the 3.5 months after dredging.  Few significant differences were seen at Dromana and Portarlington in comparison with St Leonards, thought to be due to a lack of sampling power at these sites.","Coarse silt (phi = 5-6) ","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Scallop fisheries","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G505, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","This study was undertaken in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, examining the effects of scallop dredging on the benthos of an area recently closed to scallop dredging.  Three sites were examined; Dromana (subtidal sand), Portarlington  (subtidal muddy sand) and St Leonards (detailed in Currie & Parry, 1996)  At each site two 600 x 600 m plots were examined.  One plot was dredged over 2-4 days to 2x intensity.  The benthos was characterised by taking 15 x  0.1m2 Smith-McCintyre grabs 8 days before disturbance and 2 days after (N.B. the control plot was not sampled).  All fauna retained by a 1mm sieve were identified and enumerated.  Data are inputted for the abundances of the 10 most abundant infauna at all the study sites before and after dredging.","Australia","Port Philip Bay","Portarlington",1991,"13-15m","Impact","Dredging removed most topographic variation at all sites in particular removing callianasid mounds.  Increased catch efficiencies seen during the first 30 minutes of towing were attributed to either the homogenisation of the sediment topography improving contact of the dredge with the seabed and sediment plumes from the dredge causing scallops to swim.  Dredges caught mostly scallops, the dominant seabed epifauna in the Port Philip Bay area.  Main bycatch species were oysters, ascidians and spider crabs, with mortalities of the latter two thought to be high.  Infauna at all sites were typically reduced in abundance by 20-30% in the 3.5 months after dredging.  Few significant differences were seen at Dromana and Portarlington in comparison with St Leonards, thought to be due to a lack of sampling power at these sites.","Undertaken in Port Phillip Bay where scallop fisheries were in operation for around 30 years, from 1963 – 1991 when all fishing licences were revoked.  During 1991 3 study areas, each of area 600m x 600m, were examined at Dromana, Portarlington using a before after impact design (BAI) and at St. Leonards with a before after control impact design (BACI).  The BACI results for St Leonards are displayed in Curry & Parry (1996).  Catch data from the disturbance regime were used to assess gear efficiency and bycatch.  Sites were surveyed prior to and after experimental scallop dredge disturbance using underwater video to observe topographical change, a 1m-wide Ockelmann sled for epifauna and a 0.1m2 Smith-McIntyre grab for infauna.  For epifauna, only the pre and post-dredge (after 3.5 months) abundances of scallops and heart urchins are shown.  For infauna, pre and post-dredge abundances and percentage changes for the 10 most abundant species at each site after experimental disturbance are shown.","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Ferns, P. N., Rostron, D. M. & Siman, H. Y. (2000). Effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. 37: 464-474.","This study examined the effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities and dependant bird populations in Burry Inlet, for two different substratum types, muddy sand & clean sand, corresponding to high and low cockle densities respectively.  Study areas were hexagonal comprising 6 plots of adjacent harvested (30 x 10m) and control (30 x 10) areas.  Invertebrate core sampling was undertaken for each of the 6 harvested and control plots in each of the habitats immediately before and after disturbance and 15, 86 and 174 days later.  Footprints / marks in the sand were used to estimate the numbers of birds and flatfish visiting the plots.  Average abundances (per m2) of macrofauna species (31 taxa in total) before, immediately after and 86 days after sampling are given.  In addition, for 6 species graph are shown indicating their abundances and standard errors for before, immediately after and 15 days, 86 days and 174 days.  Mechanical harvesting was found to have a major effect on invertebrate communities, but the authors suggested that sampling was not continued for long enough to assess the time required for complete recovery.  The modest invertebrate populations of the clean sand plot recovered sufficiently through immigration of adults into the area.  However, adult migration was not sufficient to enable recovery of the large populations in the muddy sand area.  The slower recovery of communities in the muddy sand environment was thought due to either; physical disruption of the complex layered structure of the sediment bringing anoxic sediments to the surface, greater longevity of species in this habitat taking sometimes several years to mature, or increased grinding of invertebrates during harvesting due to the higher number of cockles (1127 / m2) than in the clean sand area (115 / m2).  In the few days after harvesting there was a marked increase in the numbers of waders, gulls and flatfish visiting the harvested areas, however, no significant differences between were seen after 14 days.  Significant reductions in bird feeding activity were apparent 21 to 45 days after harvesting.  Thus while there is a short term gain for the birds immediately after harvesting less food will be available in the proceeding months and potentially through the winter.","Poorly sorted fine muddy sand (modal particle size peaks at 3 & 7 phi)","Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Mechanical cockle harvesting ","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G506, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Study examined the effects of tractor dredging for cockles in two different sediments types (muddy sand and clean sand - data for muddy sand shown here) in Burry Inlet in South Wales.  Recovery days were 174.  Two study sites were examined each with 6 pairs of adjacent disturbed / control plots.  No’s of rep’s per sample: 10 cores immediately prior to and after disturbance, 5 on day 15, 5 on day 86, 10 on day 174.  Data for abundances of fauna immediately before and after harvesting were inputted as well as abundances and variances of 4 of the most common fauna (estimated from graphs) in control and treatment plots at 15, 86 and 174 days after disturbance.","European","UK - W","Burry Inlet","Unknown","0m","Impact and recovery","Average abundances (per m2) of macrofauna species (31 taxa in total) before, immediately after and 86 days after sampling are given.  In addition, for 6 species graph are shown indicating their abundances and standard errors for before, immediately after and 15 days, 86 days and 174 days.  Mechanical harvesting was found to have a major effect on invertebrate communities, but the authors suggested that sampling was not continued for long enough to assess the time required for complete recovery.  The modest invertebrate populations of the clean sand plot recovered sufficiently through immigration of adults into the area.  However, adult migration was not sufficient to enable recovery of the large populations in the muddy sand area.  The slower recovery of communities in the muddy sand environment was thought due to either; physical disruption of the complex layered structure of the sediment bringing anoxic sediments to the surface, greater longevity of species in this habitat taking sometimes several years to mature, or increased grinding of invertebrates during harvesting due to the higher number of cockles (1127 / m2) than in the clean sand area (115 / m2).  In the few days after harvesting there was a marked increase in the numbers of waders, gulls and flatfish visiting the harvested areas, however, no significant differences between were seen after 14 days.  Significant reductions in bird feeding activity were apparent 21 to 45 days after harvesting.  Thus while there is a short term gain for the birds immediately after harvesting less food will be available in the proceeding months and potentially through the winter.","This study examined the effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities and dependant bird populations in Burry Inlet, for two different substratum types, muddy sand & clean sand, corresponding to high and low cockle densities respectively.  Study areas were hexagonal comprising 6 plots of adjacent harvested (30 x 10m) and control (30 x 10) areas.  Invertebrate core sampling was undertaken for each of the 6 harvested and control plots in each of the habitats immediately before and after disturbance and 15, 86 and 174 days later.  Footprints / marks in the sand were used to estimate the numbers of birds and flatfish visiting the plots.  ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Ferns, P. N., Rostron, D. M. & Siman, H. Y. (2000). Effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. 37: 464-474.","This study examined the effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities and dependant bird populations in Burry Inlet, for two different substratum types, muddy sand & clean sand, corresponding to high and low cockle densities respectively.  Study areas were hexagonal comprising 6 plots of adjacent harvested (30 x 10m) and control (30 x 10) areas.  Invertebrate core sampling was undertaken for each of the 6 harvested and control plots in each of the habitats immediately before and after disturbance and 15, 86 and 174 days later.  Footprints / marks in the sand were used to estimate the numbers of birds and flatfish visiting the plots.  Average abundances (per m2) of macrofauna species (31 taxa in total) before, immediately after and 86 days after sampling are given.  In addition, for 6 species graph are shown indicating their abundances and standard errors for before, immediately after and 15 days, 86 days and 174 days.  Mechanical harvesting was found to have a major effect on invertebrate communities, but the authors suggested that sampling was not continued for long enough to assess the time required for complete recovery.  The modest invertebrate populations of the clean sand plot recovered sufficiently through immigration of adults into the area.  However, adult migration was not sufficient to enable recovery of the large populations in the muddy sand area.  The slower recovery of communities in the muddy sand environment was thought due to either; physical disruption of the complex layered structure of the sediment bringing anoxic sediments to the surface, greater longevity of species in this habitat taking sometimes several years to mature, or increased grinding of invertebrates during harvesting due to the higher number of cockles (1127 / m2) than in the clean sand area (115 / m2).  In the few days after harvesting there was a marked increase in the numbers of waders, gulls and flatfish visiting the harvested areas, however, no significant differences between were seen after 14 days.  Significant reductions in bird feeding activity were apparent 21 to 45 days after harvesting.  Thus while there is a short term gain for the birds immediately after harvesting less food will be available in the proceeding months and potentially through the winter.","Poorly sorted fine muddy sand (modal particle size peaks at 3 & 7 phi)","Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Mechanical cockle harvesting ","Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G507, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Study examined the effects of tractor dredging for cockles in two different sediments types (muddy sand and clean sand - data for muddy sand shown here) in Burry Inlet in South Wales.  Recovery days were 174.  Two study sites were examined each with 6 pairs of adjacent disturbed / control plots.  No’s of rep’s per sample: 10 cores immediately prior to and after disturbance, 5 on day 15, 5 on day 86, 10 on day 174.  Data for abundances of fauna immediately before and after harvesting were inputted as well as abundances and variances of 4 of the most common fauna (estimated from graphs) in control and treatment plots at 15, 86 and 174 days after disturbance.","European","UK - W","Burry Inlet","Unknown","0m","Impact and recovery","Average abundances (per m2) of macrofauna species (31 taxa in total) before, immediately after and 86 days after sampling are given.  In addition, for 6 species graph are shown indicating their abundances and standard errors for before, immediately after and 15 days, 86 days and 174 days.  Mechanical harvesting was found to have a major effect on invertebrate communities, but the authors suggested that sampling was not continued for long enough to assess the time required for complete recovery.  The modest invertebrate populations of the clean sand plot recovered sufficiently through immigration of adults into the area.  However, adult migration was not sufficient to enable recovery of the large populations in the muddy sand area.  The slower recovery of communities in the muddy sand environment was thought due to either; physical disruption of the complex layered structure of the sediment bringing anoxic sediments to the surface, greater longevity of species in this habitat taking sometimes several years to mature, or increased grinding of invertebrates during harvesting due to the higher number of cockles (1127 / m2) than in the clean sand area (115 / m2).  In the few days after harvesting there was a marked increase in the numbers of waders, gulls and flatfish visiting the harvested areas, however, no significant differences between were seen after 14 days.  Significant reductions in bird feeding activity were apparent 21 to 45 days after harvesting.  Thus while there is a short term gain for the birds immediately after harvesting less food will be available in the proceeding months and potentially through the winter.","This study examined the effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities and dependant bird populations in Burry Inlet, for two different substratum types, muddy sand & clean sand, corresponding to high and low cockle densities respectively.  Study areas were hexagonal comprising 6 plots of adjacent harvested (30 x 10m) and control (30 x 10) areas.  Invertebrate core sampling was undertaken for each of the 6 harvested and control plots in each of the habitats immediately before and after disturbance and 15, 86 and 174 days later.  Footprints / marks in the sand were used to estimate the numbers of birds and flatfish visiting the plots.  ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Ferns, P. N., Rostron, D. M. & Siman, H. Y. (2000). Effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. 37: 464-474.","This study examined the effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities and dependant bird populations in Burry Inlet, for two different substratum types, muddy sand & clean sand, corresponding to high and low cockle densities respectively.  Study areas were hexagonal comprising 6 plots of adjacent harvested (30 x 10m) and control (30 x 10) areas.  Invertebrate core sampling was undertaken for each of the 6 harvested and control plots in each of the habitats immediately before and after disturbance and 15, 86 and 174 days later.  Footprints / marks in the sand were used to estimate the numbers of birds and flatfish visiting the plots.  Average abundances (per m2) of macrofauna species (31 taxa in total) before, immediately after and 86 days after sampling are given.  In addition, for 6 species graph are shown indicating their abundances and standard errors for before, immediately after and 15 days, 86 days and 174 days.  Mechanical harvesting was found to have a major effect on invertebrate communities, but the authors suggested that sampling was not continued for long enough to assess the time required for complete recovery.  The modest invertebrate populations of the clean sand plot recovered sufficiently through immigration of adults into the area.  However, adult migration was not sufficient to enable recovery of the large populations in the muddy sand area.  The slower recovery of communities in the muddy sand environment was thought due to either; physical disruption of the complex layered structure of the sediment bringing anoxic sediments to the surface, greater longevity of species in this habitat taking sometimes several years to mature, or increased grinding of invertebrates during harvesting due to the higher number of cockles (1127 / m2) than in the clean sand area (115 / m2).  In the few days after harvesting there was a marked increase in the numbers of waders, gulls and flatfish visiting the harvested areas, however, no significant differences between were seen after 14 days.  Significant reductions in bird feeding activity were apparent 21 to 45 days after harvesting.  Thus while there is a short term gain for the birds immediately after harvesting less food will be available in the proceeding months and potentially through the winter.","Reasonably well sorted clean sand (modal particle size peak at 3 phi)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Mechanical cockle harvesting ","Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G508, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Study examined the effects of tractor dredging for cockles in two different sediments types (muddy sand and clean sand - data for clean sand shown here) in Burry Inlet in South Wales.  Recovery days were 147 (only pre, post & 86 days given in paper).  Two study sites were examined each with 6 pairs of adjacent disturbed / control plots.  No’s of rep’s per sample: 10 cores immediately prior to and after disturbance, 5 on day 15, 5 on day 86, 10 on day 174.  Pre and post disturbance invertebrate abundances are given.  Data for abundances of fauna immediately before and after harvesting were inputted as well as abundances and variances for 2 fauna (estimated from graphs) in control and treatment plots at 15, 86 after disturbance.","European","UK - W","Burry Inlet","Unknown","0m","Impact and recovery","Average abundances (per m2) of macrofauna species (31 taxa in total) before, immediately after and 86 days after sampling are given.  In addition, for 6 species graph are shown indicating their abundances and standard errors for before, immediately after and 15 days, 86 days and 174 days.  Mechanical harvesting was found to have a major effect on invertebrate communities, but the authors suggested that sampling was not continued for long enough to assess the time required for complete recovery.  The modest invertebrate populations of the clean sand plot recovered sufficiently through immigration of adults into the area.  However, adult migration was not sufficient to enable recovery of the large populations in the muddy sand area.  The slower recovery of communities in the muddy sand environment was thought due to either; physical disruption of the complex layered structure of the sediment bringing anoxic sediments to the surface, greater longevity of species in this habitat taking sometimes several years to mature, or increased grinding of invertebrates during harvesting due to the higher number of cockles (1127 / m2) than in the clean sand area (115 / m2).  In the few days after harvesting there was a marked increase in the numbers of waders, gulls and flatfish visiting the harvested areas, however, no significant differences between were seen after 14 days.  Significant reductions in bird feeding activity were apparent 21 to 45 days after harvesting.  Thus while there is a short term gain for the birds immediately after harvesting less food will be available in the proceeding months and potentially through the winter.","This study examined the effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities and dependant bird populations in Burry Inlet, for two different substratum types, muddy sand & clean sand, corresponding to high and low cockle densities respectively.  Study areas were hexagonal comprising 6 plots of adjacent harvested (30 x 10m) and control (30 x 10) areas.  Invertebrate core sampling was undertaken for each of the 6 harvested and control plots in each of the habitats immediately before and after disturbance and 15, 86 and 174 days later.  Footprints / marks in the sand were used to estimate the numbers of birds and flatfish visiting the plots.  ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Sanchez, P., Demestre, M. Ramon, M. & Kaiser, M. J. (2000). The impact of otter trawling on mud communities in the northwestern Mediterranean. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57: 1352-1358.","Two waylines were fished at depths of 30 and 40 m, each fished to different intensities, single and double.  Infauna were sampled using a 0.1m2 van Veen grab, taking samples from 16 sites (4 rep grabs at each site), 4 for each wayline and adjacent (500m away) control area.  For the single disturbance wayline, samples were collected prior to trawling immediately after and again 24h, 102h and 150h later.  Similarly for the double disturbance wayline samples were collected 24h and 72h after later.  Side-scan sonar images of the study sites showed sinuous tracks made by the trawl doors, which showed no sign of fading over the period of observation.  The average abundances of fauna appearing in >5% of samples (34 taxa) in single disturbance samples and adjacent controls and double disturbance samples and controls are shown.  Diversity indices did not alter during the 102h after trawling once.  However, the abundance of a number of species decreased significantly in the unfished area 150h after fishing.  No such difference was detected for the double-disturbance wayline which was, however, terminated after only 72h.  Multivariate analyses showed the same results with differences only detected for the single-disturbance wayline after 150h.  The authors suggest that increases in the abundances of some fauna on the single-disturbance area may be due to immigration of scavenging or predatory species.  In addition the authors propose that the lack of community change seen, indicates both that sporadic episodes of trawling in muddy habitats may cause relatively few changes in community composition and that otter trawls, in general, cause less disturbance than beam trawls.",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Light otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G509, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Study undertaken offshore of Barcelona harbour on the Spanish coast in the mediterranean. Two study waylines (roughly 40m x 200) were experimentally fished using otter trawls, one to 1x intensity and one to 2x intensity (this entry is for the 1x intensity wayline).  Four 0.1m2 van Veen grabs were then taken from each of 4 stations on the wayline and 4 adjacent control stations immediately before and after disturbance and again after  24, 102 and 150 hours later.  Data was provided for those species identified by SIMPER as being most dissimilar at different between the control and treatment samples at each time.  Inputted data are for abundances in samples from the control and treatment stations at each time.","European","Spain","Barcelona","Unknown","30-40m","Impact","Diversity indices did not alter during the 102h after trawling once.  However, the abundance of a number of species decreased significantly in the unfished area 150h after fishing.  No such difference was detected for the double-disturbance wayline which was, however, terminated after only 72h.  Multivariate analyses showed the same results with differences only detected for the single-disturbance wayline after 150h.  The authors suggest that increases in the abundances of some fauna on the single-disturbance area may be due to immigration of scavenging or predatory species.  In addition the authors propose that the lack of community change seen, indicates both that sporadic episodes of trawling in muddy habitats may cause relatively few changes in community composition and that otter trawls, in general, cause less disturbance than beam trawls.","Two waylines were fished at depths of 30 and 40 m, each fished to different intensities, single and double.  Infauna were sampled using a 0.1m2 van Veen grab, taking samples from 16 sites (4 rep grabs at each site), 4 for each wayline and adjacent (500m away) control area.  For the single disturbance wayline, samples were collected prior to trawling immediately after and again 24h, 102h and 150h later.  Similarly for the double disturbance wayline samples were collected 24h and 72h after later.  Side-scan sonar images of the study sites showed sinuous tracks made by the trawl doors, which showed no sign of fading over the period of observation.  ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["McConnaughey, R. A., Mier, K. L. & Dew, C. B. (2000). An examination of chronic trawling effects on soft-bottom benthos of the eastern Bering Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57: 1377-1388.","Fishing effort data were used to identify heavily fished and unfished areas (inside an adjacent closed area) in the Eastern Bering Sea.  Macrofauna were sampled with otter trawls (84 tows of around 15minutes at 3 knots - 42 each for HF & UF) covering an area of 2.10 ha.  Some 92 distinct macrofaunal types were identified in the trawl samples.  The dataset was modified to adjust for zero counts of species, by removing those species found in <25% of all samples.  Some differences were noted between catches from the two research vessels, however, in general both showed the same trends.  Data for mean abundances of 42 / 92 taxa occurring in at least 25% of all samples, from both boats, are displayed.  However, no measure of sample variance is given.  Results of univariate and multivariate analyses supported the following generalisations: (1) sedentary macrofauna were more abundant in the UF area: (2) mixed responses were observed in motile groups suggesting the importance of life history characteristics e.g. feeding mode and habitat requirements: (3) overall diversity and niche breadth of sedentary taxa were greater in the UF area.","Subtidal sand substrate","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Light otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G510, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Study comparing a heavily fished and unfished ground (Bottom trawling ?) in the Eastern Bering Sea, USA.  Macrofauna were sampled with otter trawls (84 tows of around 15 minutes at 3 knots - 42 each for HF & UF) covering an area of 2.10 ha.   92 macrofaunal types were identified in the samples.  Species found in <25% of all samples were removed from dataset.  Some differences were noted between catches from the two research vessels, however, in general both showed the same trends.  Data for mean abundances of 42 / 92 taxa occurring in at least 25% of all samples, from both boats, were displayed.","USA","Eastern Bering Sea","Eastern Bering Sea","Unknown","44-52m","Impact","Some differences were noted between catches from the two research vessels, however, in general both showed the same trends.  Results of univariate and multivariate analyses supported the following generalisations: (1) sedentary macrofauna were more abundant in the UF area: (2) mixed responses were observed in motile groups suggesting the importance of life history characteristics e.g. feeding mode and habitat requirements: (3) overall diversity and niche breadth of sedentary taxa were greater in the UF area.","Fishing effort data were used to identify heavily fished and unfished areas (inside an adjacent closed area) in the Eastern Bering Sea.  Macrofauna were sampled with otter trawls (84 tows of around 15minutes at 3 knots - 42 each for HF & UF) covering an area of 2.10 ha.  Some 92 distinct macrofaunal types were identified in the trawl samples.  The dataset was modified to adjust for zero counts of species, by removing those species found in <25% of all samples.  ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Sanchez, P., Demestre, M. Ramon, M. & Kaiser, M. J. (2000). The impact of otter trawling on mud communities in the northwestern Mediterranean. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57: 1352-1358.","Two waylines were fished at depths of 30 and 40 m, each fished to different intensities, single and double.  Infauna were sampled using a 0.1m2 van Veen grab, taking samples from 16 sites (4 rep grabs at each site), 4 for each wayline and adjacent (500m away) control area.  For the single disturbance wayline, samples were collected prior to trawling immediately after and again 24h, 102h and 150h later.  Similarly for the double disturbance wayline samples were collected 24h and 72h after later.  Side-scan sonar images of the study sites showed sinuous tracks made by the trawl doors, which showed no sign of fading over the period of observation.  The average abundances of fauna appearing in >5% of samples (34 taxa) in single disturbance samples and adjacent controls and double disturbance samples and controls are shown.  Diversity indices did not alter during the 102h after trawling once.  However, the abundance of a number of species decreased significantly in the unfished area 150h after fishing.  No such difference was detected for the double-disturbance wayline which was, however, terminated after only 72h.  Multivariate analyses showed the same results with differences only detected for the single-disturbance wayline after 150h.  The authors suggest that increases in the abundances of some fauna on the single-disturbance area may be due to immigration of scavenging or predatory species.  In addition the authors propose that the lack of community change seen, indicates both that sporadic episodes of trawling in muddy habitats may cause relatively few changes in community composition and that otter trawls, in general, cause less disturbance than beam trawls.",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Heavy otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G511, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Study undertaken offshore of Barcelona harbour on the Spanish coast in the mediterranean. Two study waylines (roughly 40m x 200) were experimentally fished using otter trawls, one to 1x intensity and one to 2x intensity (this entry is for the 1x intensity wayline).  Four 0.1m2 van Veen grabs were then taken from each of 4 stations on the wayline and 4 adjacent control stations immediately before and after disturbance and again after  24, 102 and 150 hours later.  Data was provided for those species identified by SIMPER as being most dissimilar at different between the control and treatment samples at each time.  Inputted data are for abundances in samples from the control and treatment stations at each time.","European","Spain","Barcelona","Unknown","30-40m","Impact","Diversity indices did not alter during the 102h after trawling once.  However, the abundance of a number of species decreased significantly in the unfished area 150h after fishing.  No such difference was detected for the double-disturbance wayline which was, however, terminated after only 72h.  Multivariate analyses showed the same results with differences only detected for the single-disturbance wayline after 150h.  The authors suggest that increases in the abundances of some fauna on the single-disturbance area may be due to immigration of scavenging or predatory species.  In addition the authors propose that the lack of community change seen, indicates both that sporadic episodes of trawling in muddy habitats may cause relatively few changes in community composition and that otter trawls, in general, cause less disturbance than beam trawls.","Two waylines were fished at depths of 30 and 40 m, each fished to different intensities, single and double.  Infauna were sampled using a 0.1m2 van Veen grab, taking samples from 16 sites (4 rep grabs at each site), 4 for each wayline and adjacent (500m away) control area.  For the single disturbance wayline, samples were collected prior to trawling immediately after and again 24h, 102h and 150h later.  Similarly for the double disturbance wayline samples were collected 24h and 72h after later.  Side-scan sonar images of the study sites showed sinuous tracks made by the trawl doors, which showed no sign of fading over the period of observation.  ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["McConnaughey, R. A., Mier, K. L. & Dew, C. B. (2000). An examination of chronic trawling effects on soft-bottom benthos of the eastern Bering Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57: 1377-1388.","Fishing effort data were used to identify heavily fished and unfished areas (inside an adjacent closed area) in the Eastern Bering Sea.  Macrofauna were sampled with otter trawls (84 tows of around 15minutes at 3 knots - 42 each for HF & UF) covering an area of 2.10 ha.  Some 92 distinct macrofaunal types were identified in the trawl samples.  The dataset was modified to adjust for zero counts of species, by removing those species found in <25% of all samples.  Some differences were noted between catches from the two research vessels, however, in general both showed the same trends.  Data for mean abundances of 42 / 92 taxa occurring in at least 25% of all samples, from both boats, are displayed.  However, no measure of sample variance is given.  Results of univariate and multivariate analyses supported the following generalisations: (1) sedentary macrofauna were more abundant in the UF area: (2) mixed responses were observed in motile groups suggesting the importance of life history characteristics e.g. feeding mode and habitat requirements: (3) overall diversity and niche breadth of sedentary taxa were greater in the UF area.","Subtidal sand substrate","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Heavy otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G512, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Study comparing a heavily fished and unfished ground (Bottom trawling ?) in the Eastern Bering Sea, USA.  Macrofauna were sampled with otter trawls (84 tows of around 15 minutes at 3 knots - 42 each for HF & UF) covering an area of 2.10 ha.   92 macrofaunal types were identified in the samples.  Species found in <25% of all samples were removed from dataset.  Some differences were noted between catches from the two research vessels, however, in general both showed the same trends.  Data for mean abundances of 42 / 92 taxa occurring in at least 25% of all samples, from both boats, were displayed.","USA","Eastern Bering Sea","Eastern Bering Sea","Unknown","44-52m","Impact","Some differences were noted between catches from the two research vessels, however, in general both showed the same trends.  Results of univariate and multivariate analyses supported the following generalisations: (1) sedentary macrofauna were more abundant in the UF area: (2) mixed responses were observed in motile groups suggesting the importance of life history characteristics e.g. feeding mode and habitat requirements: (3) overall diversity and niche breadth of sedentary taxa were greater in the UF area.","Fishing effort data were used to identify heavily fished and unfished areas (inside an adjacent closed area) in the Eastern Bering Sea.  Macrofauna were sampled with otter trawls (84 tows of around 15minutes at 3 knots - 42 each for HF & UF) covering an area of 2.10 ha.  Some 92 distinct macrofaunal types were identified in the trawl samples.  The dataset was modified to adjust for zero counts of species, by removing those species found in <25% of all samples.  ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Kaiser, M. J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C. A., Spence, F. E. & Brand, A. R. (2000). Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology. 69: 494-503.","A comparison of the biological and environmental samples from 5 high and 5 low effort scallop dredging grounds around the Isle of Man. A day grab samples was used to collect samples for sediment particle–size and organic content analysis.  Biological samples were collected using a combination of anchor dredges and beam trawls, with both the abundance and biomass of samples recorded.  Samples of the bivalve, Glycymeris glycymeris, were collected so that differences in fishing effort could be verified from the incidence of scars on their shells.  Mean biomass and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the six taxa from both trawl and dredge samples most dissimilar between areas of high and low fishing effort (as determined by PRIMER) are shown.  Multivariate analysis showed similar results for both abundance and biomass data.  Differences in the multivariate community composition of both anchor dredge and beam trawl samples were due to a combination of habitat type (gravel / coarse sand) and fishing intensity.  However no significant differences were seen for univariate variables (N, S, Hill’s N1 & N2 indices) for either habitat type or fishing intensity, except for numbers of epifauna which showed significant effect for fishing effort.  K-dominance curves showed the biomass curve above the abundance curve in low effort areas while they converged in high effort areas, indicating a reduction in larger bodied fauna in heavily fished areas.  ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Scallop dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G513, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Disturbance","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Study undertaken off the southern coast of the Isle of Man, Irish Sea.  They compared the communities seen on  5 low and 5 high effort scallop fishing grounds.  At each site infauna was sampled with 3x 1min anchor dredge tows and epifauna with 3x 5min beam trawl tows.  Data for the total biomass in dry weight g / 1000m2 are given for the 6 species contributing highest to dissimarities between low and high effort communities for both infauna and epifauna datasets.","European","UK - Isle of Man","Isle of Man","Unknown","Unknown","Impact","Mean biomass and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the six taxa from both trawl and dredge samples most dissimilar between areas of high and low fishing effort (as determined by PRIMER) are shown.  Multivariate analysis showed similar results for both abundance and biomass data.  Differences in the multivariate community composition of both anchor dredge and beam trawl samples were due to a combination of habitat type (gravel / coarse sand) and fishing intensity.  However no significant differences were seen for univariate variables (N, S, Hill’s N1 & N2 indices) for either habitat type or fishing intensity, except for numbers of epifauna which showed significant effect for fishing effort.  K-dominance curves showed the biomass curve above the abundance curve in low effort areas while they converged in high effort areas, indicating a reduction in larger bodied fauna in heavily fished areas.  ","A comparison of the biological and environmental samples from 5 high and 5 low effort scallop dredging grounds around the Isle of Man. A day grab samples was used to collect samples for sediment particle–size and organic content analysis.  Biological samples were collected using a combination of anchor dredges and beam trawls, with both the abundance and biomass of samples recorded.  Samples of the bivalve, Glycymeris glycymeris, were collected so that differences in fishing effort could be verified from the incidence of scars on their shells.","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Spencer, B.E., Kaiser, M.J. and Edwards, D.B. (1998). Intertidal clam harvesting: benthic community change and recovery. Aquaculture Research, 29: 429-437\nwith added data from:\nSpencer, B.E., Kaiser, M.J. and Edwards, D.B. (1997). Ecological effects of intertidal Manila clam cultivation: observations at the end of the cultivation phase. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34: 444-452\n","Mechanical harvesting of intertidal bivalve molluscs inevitably leads to the physical disturbance of the substratum and its associated fauna. Hence, it is necessary to consider the consequences of such activities for the requirements of other species (e.g. fish and birds) which utilise these areas. The present study (1998 paper) reports a long-term experiment that studied the effects of the Manila clam, Tapes philippinarum Adams & Reeve, cultivation on an estuarine benthic habitat and its fauna. The study began with the initial seeding of the clams, and continued through ongrowing, and finally, harvesting 30 months later. The 1997 paper describes the environmental effects of intertidal Manila clam cultivation at the end of the cultivation phase immediately prior to harvesting the marketable-sized clams. An experimental approach, using a 3 x 3 Latin Square design, was adopted. The treatments comprised net-covered plots of clams (NC), net-covered plots without clams (N) and control plots without netting and clams (Cc). An additional set of controls (Cw), 50m distant from the Latin square, was established for comparative purposes. The presence of the netting, rather than the clams, increased sedimentation rate which elevated the ground profile by c. 10cm and caused a small but significant increase in percentage fines and percentage organic content of the sediment. The netting, hence, encouraged the proliferation of certain deposit-feeding infaunal worm species which persisted throughout the cultivation cycle until harvesting took place. The immediate effects of harvesting by suction dredging caused a reduction of infaunal species and their abundance by ≈80%. Recovery of the sediment structure and the invertebrate infaunal communities, judged by similarity to the control plots on both the harvested and unharvested but originally netted plots, had occurred 12 months after harvesting. Comparisons with other similar studies demonstrate that, in general, suction harvesting causes large short-term changes to the intertidal habitat. The rate at which recolonisation occurs and sediment structure is restored varies according to local hydrography, exposure to natural physical disturbance and sediment stability. The management of clam farming procedures and other forms of mechanical harvesting should incorporate a consideration of site selection, rotational seeding, cultivation and harvesting to create fallow areas, and seasonal harvesting to ameliorate the recovery of sites.",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Suction dredging by commercial hand-held harvesters","Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G514, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},"Physical disturbance of the substratum","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Suction dredging took place using two commercial hand-held harvesters. The harvester comprised a rigid hand-held suction tube which sucked clams and sediment upwards into a net bag which retained the clams.","European","UK - E","River Exe, Devon","Unknown","0m","Impact and recovery","The presence of the netting, rather than the clams, increased sedimentation rate which elevated the ground profile by c. 10cm and caused a small but significant increase in percentage fines and percentage organic content of the sediment. The netting, hence, encouraged the proliferation of certain deposit-feeding infaunal worm species which persisted throughout the cultivation cycle until harvesting took place. The immediate effects of harvesting by suction dredging caused a reduction of infaunal species and their abundance by ≈80%. Recovery of the sediment structure and the invertebrate infaunal communities, judged by similarity to the control plots on both the harvested and unharvested but originally netted plots, had occurred 12 months after harvesting. Comparisons with other similar studies demonstrate that, in general, suction harvesting causes large short-term changes to the intertidal habitat. The rate at which recolonisation occurs and sediment structure is restored varies according to local hydrography, exposure to natural physical disturbance and sediment stability. ","The study began with the initial seeding of the clams, and continued through ongrowing, and finally, harvesting 30 months later. \n\nAn experimental approach, using a 3 x 3 Latin Square design, was adopted. The treatments comprised net-covered plots of clams (NC), net-covered plots without clams (N) and control plots without netting and clams (Cc). An additional set of controls (Cw), 50m distant from the Latin square, was established for comparative purposes. ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Prena, J., Schwinghammer, P. Rowell, T., Gordon, D. C., Gilkinson, K. D., Vass, W. P. & McKeown, D. L. (1999). Experimental otter trawling on a sandy bottom ecosystem of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland: analysis of trawl bycatch and effects on epifauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 181: 107-124.","An experimental study of the effects of otter trawling was conducted in a deep (120 to 146 m) sandy bottom ecosystem of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland from 1993 to 1995. Each year, three 13 km long corridors were trawled 12 times within 31 to 34 h with an Engel 145 otter trawl equipped with rockhopper foot gear. The width of the disturbance zones created was on the order of 120 to 250 m. The total biomass of invertebrate bycatch in the trawl decreased significantly over the 12 sets, even though only a very small proportion of the biomass present was removed and each set did not pass over exactly the same area of seabed. An influx of scavenging snow crabs Chionoecetes opilio into the trawled corridors was observed after the first 6 sets (approximately 10 to 12 h). Benthic organisms in trawled and nearby reference corridors (300m to one side of the trawled corridors) were sampled with an epibenthic sled. Their biomass was on average 24% lower in trawled corridors than in reference corridors. At the species level, this biomass difference was significant for snow crabs C. opilio, sand dollars Echinarachnius parma, brittle stars Ophiura sarsi, sea urchins Strongylocentrotus pallidus and soft corals Gersemia sp. The reduced biomass of epibenthic organisms in trawled corridors is thought to be due to several interacting factors including direct removal by the trawl, mortality, damage, predation and migration. The homogeneity of the macro-invertebrate community collected by epibenthic sled was lower in trawled corridors. Sand dollars, brittle stars and sea urchins demonstrated significant levels of damage from trawling.  The mean individual biomass of epibenthic organisms was lower in trawled corridors suggesting size specific impacts of trawling, especially for sand dollars. No significant effect of trawling was observed in the 4 dominant mollusc species captured by the sled (Astarte borealis, Margarites sordidus, Clinocardium ciliatum and Cyclocardia novangliae). This experiment indicates that otter trawling on a sandy bottom ecosystem can produce detectable changes on both benthic habitat and communities, in particular a significant reduction in the biomass of large epibenthic fauna.","Adolphus sand (moderately well sorted fine - medium grain sand of roughly 170um mean grain size","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Engel 145 Otter trawl","Heavy otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G515, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","Study undertaken on the Grand Banks, off Newfoundland, Canada (epifauna are shown here while infauna are shown in Kenchington et al., 2001).  Three treatment and adjacent control corridoors (N.B. only two sampled) were disturbed by otter trawling in 1993, 1994 & 1995.  This section contains the data for corridor B, 1994.  With 12 tows of the 60m wide otter trawl and a transect width of 200m, average trawling intensity is assumed to be 3.6.  The minimum scale (width of coridoor) is taken from Kenchington et al., 2001.  Data for the mean and associated standard deviation for the biomass (g wet weight / m2) of the 9 dominant species and total sample biomass in sled samples from reference and treatment coridoors are given.","Canada","Newfoundland","Grand Banks","1993-1995","120-146m","Impact","The total biomass of invertebrate bycatch in the trawl decreased significantly over the 12 sets, even though only a very small proportion of the biomass present was removed and each set did not pass over exactly the same area of seabed. An influx of scavenging snow crabs Chionoecetes opilio into the trawled corridors was observed after the first 6 sets (approximately 10 to 12 h). Benthic organisms in trawled and nearby reference corridors (300m to one side of the trawled corridors) were sampled with an epibenthic sled. Their biomass was on average 24% lower in trawled corridors than in reference corridors. At the species level, this biomass difference was significant for snow crabs C. opilio, sand dollars Echinarachnius parma, brittle stars Ophiura sarsi, sea urchins Strongylocentrotus pallidus and soft corals Gersemia sp. The reduced biomass of epibenthic organisms in trawled corridors is thought to be due to several interacting factors including direct removal by the trawl, mortality, damage, predation and migration. The homogeneity of the macro-invertebrate community collected by epibenthic sled was lower in trawled corridors. Sand dollars, brittle stars and sea urchins demonstrated significant levels of damage from trawling.  The mean individual biomass of epibenthic organisms was lower in trawled corridors suggesting size specific impacts of trawling, especially for sand dollars. No significant effect of trawling was observed in the 4 dominant mollusc species captured by the sled (Astarte borealis, Margarites sordidus, Clinocardium ciliatum and Cyclocardia novangliae). This experiment indicates that otter trawling on a sandy bottom ecosystem can produce detectable changes on both benthic habitat and communities, in particular a significant reduction in the biomass of large epibenthic fauna.","An experimental study of the effects of otter trawling was conducted in a deep (120 to 146 m) sandy bottom ecosystem of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland from 1993 to 1995. Each year, three 13 km long corridors were trawled 12 times within 31 to 34 h with an Engel 145 otter trawl equipped with rockhopper foot gear. The width of the disturbance zones created was on the order of 120 to 250 m. ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Pravoni, F., Raicevich, S., Franchescini, G., Farrace, M.G. and Giovanardi, O. (2000). Rapido trawling in the northern Adriatic Sea: effects on benthic communities in an experimental area. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 517-524.","The rapido is towed gear used only in the Adriatic Sea for fishing scallops in sandy offshore areas and flatfish in muddy inshore areas. The gear is expected to have a high impact on the entire benthic community, mainly on epifauna and organisms living in the upper sediment layers. To obtain information on likely medium- to long-term effects of trawl fishing in the northern Adriatic Sea, an experiment on immediate/short-term effects was carried out in an undisturbed sandy area near a wreck. It is acknowledged that the presence of wrecks can modify the local community (Jennings and Kaiser, 1998) but such a site was chosen to avoid interference from commercial fishing activity. The rapido produced flat tracks on the bottom that were still clearly visible after a week by means of sidescan sonar. The trawl did not change the sediment grain size, although it did disturb the upper 6cm of sediment. Experimental trawling induced a modification in the macrobenthic community that was most evident immediately after the haul. Changes to the meiobenthic community were probably due to sediment disturbance and were recorded after 1 week. Comparison between an undisturbed control area and a neighbouring commercially exploited area allowed some evaluation of long-term changes in the benthic community.","96.9-98.5% sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Scallop dredging (rapido trawl)","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G516, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Comparative Study","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","The rapido trawl consists of a box dedge (3m wide, 120kg) rigged with teeth (5-7cm long) along the lower leading edge and a net bag to collect the catch. An inclined wooden board is fitted to the front of the metallic frame to act as aspoiler and keep the gear, which is towed at 5 knots, in contact with the seabed. It is used in the Adriatic Sea for fishing scallops on sandy offshore bottoms and flatfish on muddy inshore bottoms. The experimental site was located near an old, 24-m-deep wreck to avoid interference with commercial fishing activity. The area was surveyed with a sidescan sonar before and after experimental fishing (tracks still visible after 1 week) and bricks were placed at 1-m intervals on the sea bottom along two 30-m-long rows to facilitate sampling by SCUBA diving exactly within the track of the gear. Control samples were collected from the undisturbed area only before experimental disturbance and are the same for all other treatments (0 days, 7 days and fishing ground). Analysis refers to common taxa only, i.e. those represented by >4% on average.","European","Adriatic Sea","Venice Lagoon","Unknown","24m","Impact","The trawl did not change the sediment grain size, although it did disturb the upper 6cm of sediment. Experimental trawling induced a modification in the macrobenthic community that was most evident immediately after the haul. Changes to the meiobenthic community were probably due to sediment disturbance and were recorded after 1 week. Comparison between an undisturbed control area and a neighbouring commercially exploited area allowed some evaluation of long-term changes in the benthic community.","To obtain information on likely medium- to long-term effects of trawl fishing in the northern Adriatic Sea, an experiment on immediate/short-term effects was carried out in an undisturbed sandy area near a wreck. It is acknowledged that the presence of wrecks can modify the local community (Jennings and Kaiser, 1998) but such a site was chosen to avoid interference from commercial fishing activity. \n\nThe experimental site was located near an old, 24-m-deep wreck to avoid interference with commercial fishing activity. The area was surveyed with a sidescan sonar before and after experimental fishing (tracks still visible after 1 week) and bricks were placed at 1-m intervals on the sea bottom along two 30-m-long rows to facilitate sampling by SCUBA diving exactly within the track of the gear. Control samples were collected from the undisturbed area only before experimental disturbance and are the same for all other treatments (0 days, 7 days and fishing ground). Analysis refers to common taxa only, i.e. those represented by >4% on average.","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Robinson, S.M.C., Bernier, S. and MacIntyre, A. (2001). The impact of scallop drags on sea urchin populations and benthos in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Hydrobiologia, 465: 103-114","The fishery for the green sea urchin (Strogylocentrotus droebachiensis) began in New Brunswick in the late 1980s in response to decreasing demand from Asian markets, primarily Japan. Fishing was initiated by members of the scallop industry and the harvesting practices were based on familiar fishing gear (scallop drags or dredges) and similar operations occurring simultaneously in Maine. Because of the potential impact of scallop gear on the shallow water populations in areas not traditionally fished, a study was initiated in 1993 to document (1) the proportions of sea urchins damaged during the harvesting operation, (2) the impact on and subsequent recovery time of the associated benthic flora and epifauna, and (3) the impacts on the bottom substrate. Two sites were chosen for the study based on a split-plot design with a control and experimental plot at each site. In each experimental plot, a towing lane was created parallel to the shore. Divers used a fixed line transect method to survey the control and treatment plots prior to and after the harvesting operation done with commercial scallop Digby drags where bags made of steel rings and rubber washers are attached to square steel frames which are then attached by chains or rods to a steel towing bar. Gear used at Ministers Island: total bar width=2.5m, four bags: 0.46x0.3x0.76m deep. Gear used at Grand Manan: total bar width=5.1m, seven bags: 0.61x0.25x0.69m deep. Further diver-based surveys were done 3 and 6 months later. Results showed a significant decrease in sea urchin densities and an increase n the number of broken sea urchin tests after the harvesting operation at the Passamaqyoddy Bay and Grand Manan sites (3-15%). On both sites, there were significant changes in the density of mobile predators such as lobsters, crabs, whelks and sculpins. Lobster density declined to zero after dragging, but the lack of body parts suggested they mover out of the area. Whelks were observed to move into each of the experimental areas, likely in response to probable increase in available food. The dragging operation increased the breakage rate of the kelp, Laminaria longicruris. From the study we concluded that there were short-term impacts from dragging, but the observable effects on the bottom from the single dragging event were gone in less than 3 months. The longer-term effects of dragging were unknown. ","Boulder fields and ledge","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G517, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Comparative Study","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","The study aimed to investigate the impact of scallop drags on sea urchin populations (target-species of the fisheries in the area) and benthos. It gives data on size-frequency, mean densities and % damaged sea urchins. Two sites were examined, each with one pair of adjacent disturbed/undisturbed plots. The two sites chosen (Ministers Island and Grand Manan Island) were substantially different in the sea urchin populations; also Ministers Island was characterised by smaller boulders (associated with higher bottom impact). The scallop drags used were based on the Digby design where a bag made of steel rings and rubber washers is attached to a square steel frame which is then attached by chains or rods to a steel towing bar. Gear used at Ministers Island: total bar width=2.5m, four bags: 0.46x0.3x0.76m deep. Gear used at Grand Manan: total bar width=5.1m, seven bags: 0.61x0.25x0.69m deep. At Ministers Island the whole surface of the control and experimental plot was dredged twice on the same day and was surveyed once after the first complete dredging (ID:83a regime 1, intensity 1) and a second time after the second dredging (regime 1, intensity 2). At Grand Manan the second complete dredging took place 10 days after the first, so ID:83c corresponds to regime 1, intensity 1 and ID:83d to regime 2, intensity 1.","North America","Canada","Bay of Fundy",1993,"4-12m","Impact and recovery","Results showed a significant decrease in sea urchin densities and an increase n the number of broken sea urchin tests after the harvesting operation at the Passamaqyoddy Bay and Grand Manan sites (3-15%). On both sites, there were significant changes in the density of mobile predators such as lobsters, crabs, whelks and sculpins. Lobster density declined to zero after dragging, but the lack of body parts suggested they mover out of the area. Whelks were observed to move into each of the experimental areas, likely in response to probable increase in available food. The dragging operation increased the breakage rate of the kelp, Laminaria longicruris. From the study we concluded that there were short-term impacts from dragging, but the observable effects on the bottom from the single dragging event were gone in less than 3 months. The longer-term effects of dragging were unknown. ","The fishery for the green sea urchin (Strogylocentrotus droebachiensis) began in New Brunswick in the late 1980s in response to decreasing demand from Asian markets, primarily Japan. Fishing was initiated by members of the scallop industry and the harvesting practices were based on familiar fishing gear (scallop drags or dredges) and similar operations occurring simultaneously in Maine. Because of the potential impact of scallop gear on the shallow water populations in areas not traditionally fished, a study was initiated in 1993 to document (1) the proportions of sea urchins damaged during the harvesting operation, (2) the impact on and subsequent recovery time of the associated benthic flora and epifauna, and (3) the impacts on the bottom substrate. Two sites were chosen for the study based on a split-plot design with a control and experimental plot at each site. In each experimental plot, a towing lane was created parallel to the shore. Divers used a fixed line transect method to survey the control and treatment plots prior to and after the harvesting operation done with commercial scallop Digby drags where bags made of steel rings and rubber washers are attached to square steel frames which are then attached by chains or rods to a steel towing bar. Gear used at Ministers Island: total bar width=2.5m, four bags: 0.46x0.3x0.76m deep. Gear used at Grand Manan: total bar width=5.1m, seven bags: 0.61x0.25x0.69m deep. Further diver-based surveys were done 3 and 6 months later.","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Sparks-McConkey, P. J. & Watling, L. (2001). Effects on the ecological integrity of a soft-bottom habitat from a trawling disturbance. Hydrobiologia. 456: 73-85.","The effects of trawling disturbance on a soft-sediment system were investigated with a manipulative field experiment in an area that had been closed to shrimp trawling activities for 20 years. The area was also chosen for its weak natural physical agents i.e. no scouring of sediments by storm events or tidal flow, allowing a quantitative assessment of the effects of trawling on the benthic fauna and geochemical properties of the soft substrate.  The study examined the ambient spatial and temporal patterns of sedimentological variables and benthic species abundances over a time interval of 16 months (sampling every 3 months) for both the reference and the trawl stations before dragging the trawling gear over the predetermined trawl sites. Shifts in the patterns of the benthic infauna and geochemical variables were identified by the post-trawl samples that were collected at both the reference and trawl stations over the next 6 months. Post-trawl changes in the bottom topography did not translate into changes in the vertical profile of the sedimentological variables. Chlorophyll a content of the trawled surface sediments was significantly elevated immediately after the trawling event in comparison to the reference concentrations.  Immediately after the trawling disturbance (Otter trawling at 4x intensity), numbers of species, species abundance and diversity decreased in the trawled area in comparison to the reference area. Sensitive species were found to be the bivalves; Ennucula annulata, Hampson, Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu), and Yoldia sapotilla (Gould), and polychaetes; Chaetozone cf.setosa Malmgren, Anobothrus gracilis (Malmgren), Euchone incolor Hartman, and Terebellides atlantis Williams. In contrast, the carnivorous nemertea, Cerebratulus lacteus Verrill, was the resistant species to field manipulations on account of its predatory behavior; highly effective in seeking out freshly dead (dying) organisms and its active migration.  Multivariate analysis confirmed the changes in the trawled community structure immediately following the trawling event and differences in the recovery patterns 6 months thereafter. Although the trawling disturbance was one of low frequency and intensity compared to commercial operations, the biological variables studied indicated that successional processes in this soft-bottom community were altered, at least for a short period, in response to the trawling disturbance.","Clayey-silt ","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Heavy otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G518, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Comparative Study","Peer reviewed journal article","Primary data","No","High",null,"COST-IMPACT Database ","This study was undertaken in the upper part of Penobscot Bay, Maine, USA.  They examined community changes in the study over a 16-month period, with disturbance of some sites occuring after 12 months.  Seven stations were used to observe ambient conditions, while 2 sites acted as control and disturbed sites.  Disturbance was undertaken using a modified whiting net (Otter trawl) to 4x intensuty.  One grab was taken from each station on each sampling occasion from which 4 x 10cmdiameter, 13.5cm depth cores were taken for faunal analysis.  Data is inputted for the mean abundance and associated standard error of various taxa, in ambient and disturbed areas on each sampling occasion.  Physiochemical data is also presented in this study, however, this data was not inputted as only a few papers give such data.","North America","Maine","Penobscot Bay","Unknown","60m","Impact","Post-trawl changes in the bottom topography did not translate into changes in the vertical profile of the sedimentological variables. Chlorophyll a content of the trawled surface sediments was significantly elevated immediately after the trawling event in comparison to the reference concentrations.  Immediately after the trawling disturbance (Otter trawling at 4x intensity), numbers of species, species abundance and diversity decreased in the trawled area in comparison to the reference area. Sensitive species were found to be the bivalves; Ennucula annulata, Hampson, Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu), and Yoldia sapotilla (Gould), and polychaetes; Chaetozone cf.setosa Malmgren, Anobothrus gracilis (Malmgren), Euchone incolor Hartman, and Terebellides atlantis Williams. In contrast, the carnivorous nemertea, Cerebratulus lacteus Verrill, was the resistant species to field manipulations on account of its predatory behavior; highly effective in seeking out freshly dead (dying) organisms and its active migration.  Multivariate analysis confirmed the changes in the trawled community structure immediately following the trawling event and differences in the recovery patterns 6 months thereafter. Although the trawling disturbance was one of low frequency and intensity compared to commercial operations, the biological variables studied indicated that successional processes in this soft-bottom community were altered, at least for a short period, in response to the trawling disturbance.","The effects of trawling disturbance on a soft-sediment system were investigated with a manipulative field experiment in an area that had been closed to shrimp trawling activities for 20 years. The area was also chosen for its weak natural physical agents i.e. no scouring of sediments by storm events or tidal flow, allowing a quantitative assessment of the effects of trawling on the benthic fauna and geochemical properties of the soft substrate.  The study examined the ambient spatial and temporal patterns of sedimentological variables and benthic species abundances over a time interval of 16 months (sampling every 3 months) for both the reference and the trawl stations before dragging the trawling gear over the predetermined trawl sites. Shifts in the patterns of the benthic infauna and geochemical variables were identified by the post-trawl samples that were collected at both the reference and trawl stations over the next 6 months. ","Original paper not reviewed - info taken from COST-IMPACT Database"]
["Peterson CH, Summerson HC, Fegley SR. (1987). Ecological consequences of mechanical harvesting of clams. Fishery Bulletin. Vol. 85 (2), 281-298","Removal of adult hard clams with the contingent sediment disturbance had ambiguous effects on the recruitment of hard clams: in the sand flat recruitment tended to be lower (but not significantly) in intense-clam-kicking matrices than in controls, whereas in seagrass, recruitment of hard clams did not not show a clear response to treatment. In the raking and light-clam-kicking matrices, seagrass biomass fell immediately by ~25% below controls but full recovery occurred within a year. In the intense-clam-kicking matrices, seagrass biomass fell by ~65% below levels expected from controls; recovery did not begin until more than 2 years passed, and seagrass biomass was still ~35% lower than predicted from controls 4 years later. Clam harvest did not affect either the density or species composition of small benthic macroinvertebrates from sediment cores. In all treatments. densities of benthic macroinvertebrates (mostly polychaetes) were substantially higher in the seagrass than in the sand flat during October samplings but equal during March samplings. Bay scallop density declined with declining seagrass biomass across harvest treatments, but the intense-clam-kicking matrices contained even fewer bay scallops than their seagrass biomass would predict, perhaps because of enhanced patchiness of the remaining seagrass. The failure of the benthic macroinvertebrate density to respond to clam harvest treatments in both sand flats and seagrass beds implies that the polychaetes which dominate recover rapidly from disturbance and are probably not adversely affected by clam harvest.","Seagrasses","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Shellfish dredge, mechanical harvesting of clams (raking and kicking)","Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G519, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},"Benthic disturbance, sediment resuspension ","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate","USA, North Carolina, Back Sound","Experiment conducted in seagrass meadow and in an unvegetated sand flat approximately 5 m to test whether effects of harvest vary with habitat. Shallow marine lagoon with a lunar tide of about .6 m range, little salinity variation, and a wide seasonal temperature range (min 2 degrees, max 3 degrees). ",null,null,"Impact, experiment ",null,null,"Heavier clam kicking treatment described as intense, but may still fall well short of the effort that commercial clammers would apply to a productive seagrass bottom. "]
["Peterson CH, Summerson HC, Fegley SR. (1987). Ecological consequences of mechanical harvesting of clams. Fishery Bulletin. Vol. 85 (2), 281-298","Removal of adult hard clams with the contingent sediment disturbance had ambiguous effects on the recruitment of hard clams: in the sand flat recruitment tended to be lower (but not significantly) in intense-clam-kicking matrices than in controls, whereas in seagrass, recruitment of hard clams did not not show a clear response to treatment. In the raking and light-clam-kicking matrices, seagrass biomass fell immediately by ~25% below controls but full recovery occurred within a year. In the intense-clam-kicking matrices, seagrass biomass fell by ~65% below levels expected from controls; recovery did not begin until more than 2 years passed, and seagrass biomass was still ~35% lower than predicted from controls 4 years later. Clam harvest did not affect either the density or species composition of small benthic macroinvertebrates from sediment cores. In all treatments. densities of benthic macroinvertebrates (mostly polychaetes) were substantially higher in the seagrass than in the sand flat during October samplings but equal during March samplings. Bay scallop density declined with declining seagrass biomass across harvest treatments, but the intense-clam-kicking matrices contained even fewer bay scallops than their seagrass biomass would predict, perhaps because of enhanced patchiness of the remaining seagrass. The failure of the benthic macroinvertebrate density to respond to clam harvest treatments in both sand flats and seagrass beds implies that the polychaetes which dominate recover rapidly from disturbance and are probably not adversely affected by clam harvest.","Seagrasses","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Shellfish dredge, mechanical harvesting of clams (raking and kicking)","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G520, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},"Benthic disturbance, sediment resuspension ","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate","USA, North Carolina, Back Sound","Experiment conducted in seagrass meadow and in an unvegetated sand flat approximately 5 m to test whether effects of harvest vary with habitat. Shallow marine lagoon with a lunar tide of about .6 m range, little salinity variation, and a wide seasonal temperature range (min 2 degrees, max 3 degrees). ",null,null,"Impact, experiment ",null,null,"Heavier clam kicking treatment described as intense, but may still fall well short of the effort that commercial clammers would apply to a productive seagrass bottom. "]
["Hauton, C., Hall-Spencer, J.M., and Moore, P.G., 2003. An experimental study of the ecological impacts of hydraulic bivalve dredging on maerl. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 60, 381-392","Impacts of hydraulic dredging on maerl beds multi-faceted and both direct and indirect. Hydraulic dredge removed maerl from the surface of the seabed at a rate of 5.2 kg m2. Maerl was smashed and dispersed along the dredge track, reducing habitat complexity and altering sediment structure to a depth of 9cm. Surrounded habitat smothered with sediment reducing light levels, the impact of which would be affected by prevailing currents. This indicates dredging even near pristine sites could cause considerable damage to them. Majority of impacts described in this study are the result of the large volumes of water used to fluidise the seabed, characteristic of all hydraulic dredges regardless of design. These data and conclusions relevant to all hydraulic dredge fisheries worldwide. Damage to bivalves varied depended on shell thickness and burrowing depth. Large thin shelled bivalves broken or siphons ripped off, while more compact species remained intact. Study unique as effects recorded on deep-burrowing fauna. Hydraulic dredging impacts deeper into the sea bed than other fishing methods which is a vital management consideration. Although the area has been fished previously, if hydraulic dredges are used they may damage the high biomass of large, long-lived deep burrowing organisms that remain despite moderate fishing with other gear. ","Maerl","Maerl","Maerl","Hydraulic blade dredge","Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G521, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},"Penetrate substratum deeply, smother surrounding maerl.","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Clyde Sea area, west coast of Scotland","Stravanan Bay in the Clyde Sea area. Maerl is situated on a shoal ~.5 km off the SW Coast of the Isle of Bute and covers an area of 6.75 ha from -6 to -15 CD. Dredged commercially for scallops during the last 4 decades. Coarse sediments, clean water and significant bottom currents, high level of biodiversity, slow-growing.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Fosså, J.H., Mortensen, P.B. and Furevik, D.M. 2002. The deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa in Norwegian waters: distribution and fishery impacts. Hydrobiologia. Vol. 471, 1–12.","Long-line and gillnet fishermen contacted the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) to express their concerns about the effects of trawling on coral reefs. They claimed that corals had disappeared from trawling grounds, and that their catches in these areas were lowered. Their worries also concerned the potential function of the reefs as nursery areas for fish. There are also claims of increased bottom depth in a number of areas, (detected in the echograms) as a consequence of reefs being ‘trawled away’. Increased mortality is the most obvious effect from mechanical impact by for instance bottom trawling. The corals are crushed or buried, and wounds in the tissue and possible microbial infection may also reduce the health of the corals. A long-lived planktonic larva may facilitate recolonisation of damaged coral areas. Bottom trawling also increases resuspension of bottom sediment and release of nutrients near the bottom. It will take hundreds of years for a colony to reach a diameter of 1.5–2 m while it will take thousands of years to build a reef structure 1–3 m thick. Thus, it will take a long time for the reefs to recover and for the restitution of their ecological function, if at all.","Deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G522, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Trawling","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Norwegian waters",null,null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"Inherent limitations of the methodology (potential conflict of interest and bias)"]
["Fosså, J.H., Mortensen, P.B. and Furevik, D.M. 2002. The deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa in Norwegian waters: distribution and fishery impacts. Hydrobiologia. Vol. 471, 1–12.","Long-line and gillnet fishermen contacted the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) to express their concerns about the effects of trawling on coral reefs. They claimed that corals had disappeared from trawling grounds, and that their catches in these areas were lowered. Their worries also concerned the potential function of the reefs as nursery areas for fish. There are also claims of increased bottom depth in a number of areas, (detected in the echograms) as a consequence of reefs being ‘trawled away’. Increased mortality is the most obvious effect from mechanical impact by for instance bottom trawling. The corals are crushed or buried, and wounds in the tissue and possible microbial infection may also reduce the health of the corals. A long-lived planktonic larva may facilitate recolonisation of damaged coral areas. Bottom trawling also increases resuspension of bottom sediment and release of nutrients near the bottom. It will take hundreds of years for a colony to reach a diameter of 1.5–2 m while it will take thousands of years to build a reef structure 1–3 m thick. Thus, it will take a long time for the reefs to recover and for the restitution of their ecological function, if at all.","Deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G523, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Trawling","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Norwegian waters",null,null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"Inherent limitations of the methodology (potential conflict of interest and bias)"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G524, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G525, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G526, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G527, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G528, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Estuarine Birds","B_Estuarine Birds",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G529, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G530, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G531, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G532, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G533, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G534, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G535, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G536, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G537, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G538, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G539, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G540, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G541, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G542, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G543, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G544, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G545, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G546, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Reedbeds","Reedbeds",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G547, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"River and sea lamprey","F_River and sea lamprey",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G548, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G549, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Salmon","F_Salmon",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G550, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite","Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G551, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G552, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G553, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G554, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G555, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G556, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G557, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G558, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G559, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G560, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G561, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G562, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Surface feeding birds","B_Surface feeding birds",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G563, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G564, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Twaite and Allis shad","F_Twaite and Allis shad",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G565, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G566, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G567, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G568, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G569, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G570, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Estuarine Birds","B_Estuarine Birds",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G571, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G572, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G573, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G574, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G575, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G576, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G577, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G578, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G579, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G580, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G581, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G582, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G583, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G584, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G585, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G586, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G587, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G588, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Reedbeds","Reedbeds",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G589, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"River and sea lamprey","F_River and sea lamprey",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G590, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G591, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Salmon","F_Salmon",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G592, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite","Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G593, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G594, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G595, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G596, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G597, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G598, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G599, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G600, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G601, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G602, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G603, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G604, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Surface feeding birds","B_Surface feeding birds",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G605, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G606, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Twaite and Allis shad","F_Twaite and Allis shad",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G607, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G608, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G609, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G610, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G611, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G612, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Estuarine Birds","B_Estuarine Birds",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G613, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G614, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G615, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G616, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G617, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G618, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G619, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G620, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G621, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G622, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G623, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G624, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G625, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G626, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G627, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G628, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G629, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G630, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Reedbeds","Reedbeds",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G631, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"River and sea lamprey","F_River and sea lamprey",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G632, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G633, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Salmon","F_Salmon",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G634, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite","Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G635, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G636, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G637, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G638, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G639, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G640, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G641, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G642, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G643, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G644, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G645, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G646, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Surface feeding birds","B_Surface feeding birds",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G647, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G648, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Twaite and Allis shad","F_Twaite and Allis shad",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G649, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G650, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G651, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G652, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G653, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G654, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Estuarine Birds","B_Estuarine Birds",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G655, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G656, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G657, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G658, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G659, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G660, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G661, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G662, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G663, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G664, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G665, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G666, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G667, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G668, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G669, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G670, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G671, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G672, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Reedbeds","Reedbeds",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G673, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"River and sea lamprey","F_River and sea lamprey",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G674, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G675, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Salmon","F_Salmon",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G676, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite","Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G677, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Ardizzone, G.D., Tucci, P., Somaschini, A. And Belluscio, A. 2000 Is bottom trawling partly responsible for the regression of Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Mediterranean Sea. In: Kaiser, M.J. And de Groot, S.J. 2000 The effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats. Biological, conservation and socio-economic issues. Blackwell science  (ISBN 0-632-05355-0)","Regression of seagrass beds at site 2 is concluded to be caused by trawling. The site showed positive correlation between dead matter and the percentage of clay. At this site regression of seagrass occured on sediments which were found to have the best condition of seagrass at site 1 which was not trawled. Overall conclusions are that trawling can cause regression in seagrass beds. ","Seagrasses","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G678, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"None indicated","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Central Mediterranean Sea (Latium, Italy)","Site 1: Sandy shoreline and substratum that extends down to 3m. The seabed is composed of soft sediment, Posidonia and dead matter. Site 2: Mixed rocky and sandy substrata is greater than the depth to which Posidonia is found in this region ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G679, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G680, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G681, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G682, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G683, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G684, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G685, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G686, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G687, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G688, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Surface feeding birds","B_Surface feeding birds",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G689, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G690, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["WAKO II","The WAKO II project ran from 29 – 211. The project had delivered the following: (1) An Assessment and quantification of the short-term pressures for the Belgian North Sea arising from trammel net and beam trawl fisheries. This was achieved using literature review, expert opinion and empirical experimental fishing gear deployments; (2) Development and application of a methodology to assess sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam trawl fisheries disturbance for the following: endofauna, epifauna, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (this methodology used the sensitivity assessments developed by MarLIN sensitivity assessments (see section 7) in its development); (3) Distribution maps of key species, which have been assessed for their level of sensitivity to trammel net and/or beam, trawl fisheries in the Belgian North Sea; (4) The integration spatial sensitivity and fishing effort information for both fishing methods. Whilst all the WAKO II aims are relevant to this signposting document, aim 2 above is of most relevance as it could be applied to other geographic areas. ",null,"Twaite and Allis shad","F_Twaite and Allis shad",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G691, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Belgium","Belgium",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Boulcott, P. and Howell, T. 2011. The impact of scallop dredging on rocky-reef substrata. Fisheries Research. Vol. 110, 415-420","The study provides evidence that scallop dredging over rocky-reef substrata damages epifaunal communities. It suggests that whilst damage is occurring, it is not of the blanket nature recorded on sedimentary habitats. Damage was of an incremental nature, with the loss of structural species increasing with repeated trawls.  The dredge is likely to have incomplete contact with the substrate in rocky-reef habitats compared to constant contact in sedimentary areas where stable environments and a smooth profile support emergent, fragile epifaunal communities such as bryozoans and hydroids. When predicting impacts morphology and individual vulnerabilities of species present must both be considered.  Unlike some pristine sedimentary habitats that sustain severe damage during the first incidence of fishing, damage to rocky-reefs is incremental, and this study demonstrates that there is still considerable value in protecting slow growing rocky reef communities if they have experienced low to moderate fishing pressure in the past.","Rocky reef ","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Scallop dredge (Newhaven)","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G692, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Spring loaded tooth bar dragged over hard ground disturbing substrate.","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","SW Scotland (Sound of Jura and Kilbrannan Sound)","Two sites with hard substrata. One with a lower energy environment, finer sediments and gentler relief. The areas around both sites are known scallop grounds fished since the 196s. Rough morphology, strong tidal currents. High energy environments. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study examined action of modified dredge that may have caused greater damage due to increased weight, although this would be spread over a greater area. Furthermore, commercially fished dredges can often accumulate large boulders and pebbles in them increasing the effective weight to much more than was used in this study. Where rocky-reefs present a clear danger to fishing, we can expect the impact to be low. Damage would be restricted to the peripheral areas of  the rocky-reef that lie close to the fishing ground. However, low-profile rocky-reef areas that bisect fishing grounds might be dredged over. "]
["Boulcott, P. and Howell, T. 2011. The impact of scallop dredging on rocky-reef substrata. Fisheries Research. Vol. 110, 415-420","The study provides evidence that scallop dredging over rocky-reef substrata damages epifaunal communities. It suggests that whilst damage is occurring, it is not of the blanket nature recorded on sedimentary habitats. Damage was of an incremental nature, with the loss of structural species increasing with repeated trawls.  The dredge is likely to have incomplete contact with the substrate in rocky-reef habitats compared to constant contact in sedimentary areas where stable environments and a smooth profile support emergent, fragile epifaunal communities such as bryozoans and hydroids. When predicting impacts morphology and individual vulnerabilities of species present must both be considered.  Unlike some pristine sedimentary habitats that sustain severe damage during the first incidence of fishing, damage to rocky-reefs is incremental, and this study demonstrates that there is still considerable value in protecting slow growing rocky reef communities if they have experienced low to moderate fishing pressure in the past.","Rocky reef ","Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef","Scallop dredge (Newhaven)","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G693, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Spring loaded tooth bar dragged over hard ground disturbing substrate.","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","SW Scotland (Sound of Jura and Kilbrannan Sound)","Two sites with hard substrata. One with a lower energy environment, finer sediments and gentler relief. The areas around both sites are known scallop grounds fished since the 196s. Rough morphology, strong tidal currents. High energy environments. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study examined action of modified dredge that may have caused greater damage due to increased weight, although this would be spread over a greater area. Furthermore, commercially fished dredges can often accumulate large boulders and pebbles in them increasing the effective weight to much more than was used in this study. Where rocky-reefs present a clear danger to fishing, we can expect the impact to be low. Damage would be restricted to the peripheral areas of  the rocky-reef that lie close to the fishing ground. However, low-profile rocky-reef areas that bisect fishing grounds might be dredged over. "]
["Boulcott, P. and Howell, T. 2011. The impact of scallop dredging on rocky-reef substrata. Fisheries Research. Vol. 110, 415-420","The study provides evidence that scallop dredging over rocky-reef substrata damages epifaunal communities. It suggests that whilst damage is occurring, it is not of the blanket nature recorded on sedimentary habitats. Damage was of an incremental nature, with the loss of structural species increasing with repeated trawls.  The dredge is likely to have incomplete contact with the substrate in rocky-reef habitats compared to constant contact in sedimentary areas where stable environments and a smooth profile support emergent, fragile epifaunal communities such as bryozoans and hydroids. When predicting impacts morphology and individual vulnerabilities of species present must both be considered.  Unlike some pristine sedimentary habitats that sustain severe damage during the first incidence of fishing, damage to rocky-reefs is incremental, and this study demonstrates that there is still considerable value in protecting slow growing rocky reef communities if they have experienced low to moderate fishing pressure in the past.","Rocky reef ","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Scallop dredge (Newhaven)","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G694, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Spring loaded tooth bar dragged over hard ground disturbing substrate.","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","SW Scotland (Sound of Jura and Kilbrannan Sound)","Two sites with hard substrata. One with a lower energy environment, finer sediments and gentler relief. The areas around both sites are known scallop grounds fished since the 196s. Rough morphology, strong tidal currents. High energy environments. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study examined action of modified dredge that may have caused greater damage due to increased weight, although this would be spread over a greater area. Furthermore, commercially fished dredges can often accumulate large boulders and pebbles in them increasing the effective weight to much more than was used in this study. Where rocky-reefs present a clear danger to fishing, we can expect the impact to be low. Damage would be restricted to the peripheral areas of  the rocky-reef that lie close to the fishing ground. However, low-profile rocky-reef areas that bisect fishing grounds might be dredged over. "]
["Boulcott, P. and Howell, T. 2011. The impact of scallop dredging on rocky-reef substrata. Fisheries Research. Vol. 110, 415-420","The study provides evidence that scallop dredging over rocky-reef substrata damages epifaunal communities. It suggests that whilst damage is occurring, it is not of the blanket nature recorded on sedimentary habitats. Damage was of an incremental nature, with the loss of structural species increasing with repeated trawls.  The dredge is likely to have incomplete contact with the substrate in rocky-reef habitats compared to constant contact in sedimentary areas where stable environments and a smooth profile support emergent, fragile epifaunal communities such as bryozoans and hydroids. When predicting impacts morphology and individual vulnerabilities of species present must both be considered.  Unlike some pristine sedimentary habitats that sustain severe damage during the first incidence of fishing, damage to rocky-reefs is incremental, and this study demonstrates that there is still considerable value in protecting slow growing rocky reef communities if they have experienced low to moderate fishing pressure in the past.","Rocky reef ","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Scallop dredge (Newhaven)","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G695, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Spring loaded tooth bar dragged over hard ground disturbing substrate.","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","SW Scotland (Sound of Jura and Kilbrannan Sound)","Two sites with hard substrata. One with a lower energy environment, finer sediments and gentler relief. The areas around both sites are known scallop grounds fished since the 196s. Rough morphology, strong tidal currents. High energy environments. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study examined action of modified dredge that may have caused greater damage due to increased weight, although this would be spread over a greater area. Furthermore, commercially fished dredges can often accumulate large boulders and pebbles in them increasing the effective weight to much more than was used in this study. Where rocky-reefs present a clear danger to fishing, we can expect the impact to be low. Damage would be restricted to the peripheral areas of  the rocky-reef that lie close to the fishing ground. However, low-profile rocky-reef areas that bisect fishing grounds might be dredged over. "]
["Brosnan, D.M. and Crumrine, L.L. 1994. Effects of human trampling on marine rocky shore communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 177, 79-97.","Algal barnacle assemblage - Algal canopy high and no diffference between plots initially, but declined rapidly after on-set of trampling and remained consistently low (13-22%) for remainder of trampling period. Control plots did not show decline but fluctuated between 6-97%. Algal cover steadily increased after trampling stopped. Trampling significantly reduced barnacle cover at both sites: 66.6 to 7.2 % in 4 months at Fogarty Cove, and 21.3% to 5% in 6 months at Little Whale Cove. Control plots did not vary much from initial levels. During the recovery phase recruitment increased cover on trampled plots. For mussels, within 4 months of trampling they had disappeared and did not reappear. Mussel bed community - significant bare patches appeared during trampling phase and continued to appear during recovery phase. Mussel beds did not recover in the 2 years following cessation of trampling. Barnacle and epibionts on mussel were significantly reduced by trampling. ","Intertidal rocky shore, high energy, exposed.","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Trampling","Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G696, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},"Trampling (direct through crushing and dislodgement or indirect through affecting competition, predation or habitat provision)","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate","USA Pacific North-West: Oregon Coast; Fogarty Creek and Little Whale  Cove","Two exposed rocky intertidal communities: Upper shore algal barnacle assemblage and mid-shore mussel bed. Exposed rocky platforms.",null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"None described. Effects of human trampling not related to any particular fishing activity."]
["Brosnan, D.M. and Crumrine, L.L. 1994. Effects of human trampling on marine rocky shore communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 177, 79-97.","Algal barnacle assemblage - Algal canopy high and no diffference between plots initially, but declined rapidly after on-set of trampling and remained consistently low (13-22%) for remainder of trampling period. Control plots did not show decline but fluctuated between 6-97%. Algal cover steadily increased after trampling stopped. Trampling significantly reduced barnacle cover at both sites: 66.6 to 7.2 % in 4 months at Fogarty Cove, and 21.3% to 5% in 6 months at Little Whale Cove. Control plots did not vary much from initial levels. During the recovery phase recruitment increased cover on trampled plots. For mussels, within 4 months of trampling they had disappeared and did not reappear. Mussel bed community - significant bare patches appeared during trampling phase and continued to appear during recovery phase. Mussel beds did not recover in the 2 years following cessation of trampling. Barnacle and epibionts on mussel were significantly reduced by trampling. ","Intertidal rocky shore, high energy, exposed.","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Trampling","Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G697, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},"Trampling (direct through crushing and dislodgement or indirect through affecting competition, predation or habitat provision)","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate","USA Pacific North-West: Oregon Coast; Fogarty Creek and Little Whale  Cove","Two exposed rocky intertidal communities: Upper shore algal barnacle assemblage and mid-shore mussel bed. Exposed rocky platforms.",null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"None described. Effects of human trampling not related to any particular fishing activity."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G698, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G699, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G700, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G701, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G702, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G703, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G704, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G705, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G706, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Demersal trawl","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G707, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G708, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G709, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Demersal trawl","Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G710, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G711, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G712, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Demersal trawl","Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G713, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G714, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G715, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Demersal trawl","Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G716, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G717, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. \n","Cobbles","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Demersal trawl","Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G718, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Eight sites of hard substrate (pebble, cobble and boulder) were surveyed.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Study area may be subjective if comparing with sites in the UK. Trawl gear may differ in terms of size of rock hoppers and species selectivity for UK sites. Data should therefore be taken as potential effects on hard substrate through trawling. Survey was concerned only with immediate changes to habitat and benthic community."]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G719, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G720, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G721, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G722, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G723, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G724, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G725, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G726, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G727, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G728, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G729, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G730, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G731, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G732, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G733, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ICES (2008). WKFMMPA REPORT 2008 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 2008.","ICES undertook the EMPAS project from 26 to 28 on behalf of the Agency for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm Branch (BfN) and the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The project aims were to develop fisheries management plans for the German NATURA 2 sites through literature review, expert opinion, mathematical modelling and ICES workshops. The project hosted three ICES workshops and culminated with the production of the 28 WKFMMPA Report that details the fisheries management advice for the impacts of bottom trawling on sand banks and reefs in German Natura 2 sites and proposes fisheries impact thresholds. The EMPAS project allowed ICES to provide advice on options for fisheries management that will help to achieve the objectives of the German Natura 2 sites and ICES recommend that other EU member states adopt a similar procedure.",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G734, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Natura 2 sites in Germany's EEZ","Germany",null,null,"Impact /Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Dale, A.C., Boulcott, P., and Sherwin, T.J. 2011Sedimentation patterns caused by scallop dredging in a physically dynamic environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. 62, 2433-2441.","A model of sediment transport and deposition predicts that most suspended sediment settles rapidly from water column, so risk to reefs comes from their proximity to dredge tracks. When a dredge track operates in a cross current, this carries suspended sediment away from the track. For a cross current of .1 m s, typical of the region, the settled sediment thickness immediately adjacent to a 16-dredge set is 1.6 mm. This reduces to .1 mm by 6 m and .1 mm by 5 m from the track. Grain sizes become finer with distance from the dredge. Suspended sediment is rapidly dispersed by sheared flows and eddies. Scallop dredging of the intensity in this location did not contribute significantly to long-term sediment content of the water column and does not lead to enahnced sedimentation over wide areas. Quantity produced small compared to that present naturally.","Reefs","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Scallop dredge","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G735, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Sedimentation in a highly dispersive environment","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Firth of Lorn, Western Scotland, UK","Area of extreme variations in bathymetry and currents, dominated by tidal flows through the Sound of Luing, the Gulf of Corryvreckan and its extension into open water as the Great Race. Dominated by gravel.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Whether deposited thickness accumulates with repeated dredge passes, or whether resuspension occurs is not addressed here. "]
["Dale, A.C., Boulcott, P., and Sherwin, T.J. 2011Sedimentation patterns caused by scallop dredging in a physically dynamic environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. 62, 2433-2441.","A model of sediment transport and deposition predicts that most suspended sediment settles rapidly from water column, so risk to reefs comes from their proximity to dredge tracks. When a dredge track operates in a cross current, this carries suspended sediment away from the track. For a cross current of .1 m s, typical of the region, the settled sediment thickness immediately adjacent to a 16-dredge set is 1.6 mm. This reduces to .1 mm by 6 m and .1 mm by 5 m from the track. Grain sizes become finer with distance from the dredge. Suspended sediment is rapidly dispersed by sheared flows and eddies. Scallop dredging of the intensity in this location did not contribute significantly to long-term sediment content of the water column and does not lead to enahnced sedimentation over wide areas. Quantity produced small compared to that present naturally.","Reefs","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Scallop dredge","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G736, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Sedimentation in a highly dispersive environment","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Firth of Lorn, Western Scotland, UK","Area of extreme variations in bathymetry and currents, dominated by tidal flows through the Sound of Luing, the Gulf of Corryvreckan and its extension into open water as the Great Race. Dominated by gravel.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Whether deposited thickness accumulates with repeated dredge passes, or whether resuspension occurs is not addressed here. "]
["Sheehan, E. V, Stevens, T. F., Gall, S. C., Cousens, S. L., & Attrill, M. J. (2013). Recovery of a temperate reef assemblage in a marine protected area following the exclusion of towed demersal fishing. PloS One, 8(12), e83883. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083883","This study used funtional traits analysis to sudy the large-scale and lon-term impact of chronic trawling on the functional composition of benthic invertebrate communities in the North Sea (Long Forties and the Fladen Ground). Assessments of the effedts of trawling were made in 4 areas, each of whioch contained numerous habitat types and were previously subkected to varying degrees of fishing intensity. High resolution VMS data were used to quantify fishing intensity in each study area. Small beam trawls were used to study the bnthic invertebrate fauna. Changes in benthic community structure revealed that filter feeding, attached and larger animals were associated with lightly trawled areas. Areas with a higher level of trawling intensity were characterised by having a greater numer of mobile animals, and infaunal and scavenging invertebrates.",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G737, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea","Fladen Ground & Long Forties",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Sheehan, E. V, Stevens, T. F., Gall, S. C., Cousens, S. L., & Attrill, M. J. (2013). Recovery of a temperate reef assemblage in a marine protected area following the exclusion of towed demersal fishing. PloS One, 8(12), e83883. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083883","This study used funtional traits analysis to sudy the large-scale and lon-term impact of chronic trawling on the functional composition of benthic invertebrate communities in the North Sea (Long Forties and the Fladen Ground). Assessments of the effedts of trawling were made in 4 areas, each of whioch contained numerous habitat types and were previously subkected to varying degrees of fishing intensity. High resolution VMS data were used to quantify fishing intensity in each study area. Small beam trawls were used to study the bnthic invertebrate fauna. Changes in benthic community structure revealed that filter feeding, attached and larger animals were associated with lightly trawled areas. Areas with a higher level of trawling intensity were characterised by having a greater numer of mobile animals, and infaunal and scavenging invertebrates.",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G738, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea","Fladen Ground & Long Forties",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Sheehan, E. V, Stevens, T. F., Gall, S. C., Cousens, S. L., & Attrill, M. J. (2013). Recovery of a temperate reef assemblage in a marine protected area following the exclusion of towed demersal fishing. PloS One, 8(12), e83883. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083883","This study used funtional traits analysis to sudy the large-scale and lon-term impact of chronic trawling on the functional composition of benthic invertebrate communities in the North Sea (Long Forties and the Fladen Ground). Assessments of the effedts of trawling were made in 4 areas, each of whioch contained numerous habitat types and were previously subkected to varying degrees of fishing intensity. High resolution VMS data were used to quantify fishing intensity in each study area. Small beam trawls were used to study the bnthic invertebrate fauna. Changes in benthic community structure revealed that filter feeding, attached and larger animals were associated with lightly trawled areas. Areas with a higher level of trawling intensity were characterised by having a greater numer of mobile animals, and infaunal and scavenging invertebrates.",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G739, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea","Fladen Ground & Long Forties",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Sheehan, E. V, Stevens, T. F., Gall, S. C., Cousens, S. L., & Attrill, M. J. (2013). Recovery of a temperate reef assemblage in a marine protected area following the exclusion of towed demersal fishing. PloS One, 8(12), e83883. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083883","This study used funtional traits analysis to sudy the large-scale and lon-term impact of chronic trawling on the functional composition of benthic invertebrate communities in the North Sea (Long Forties and the Fladen Ground). Assessments of the effedts of trawling were made in 4 areas, each of whioch contained numerous habitat types and were previously subkected to varying degrees of fishing intensity. High resolution VMS data were used to quantify fishing intensity in each study area. Small beam trawls were used to study the bnthic invertebrate fauna. Changes in benthic community structure revealed that filter feeding, attached and larger animals were associated with lightly trawled areas. Areas with a higher level of trawling intensity were characterised by having a greater numer of mobile animals, and infaunal and scavenging invertebrates.",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G740, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea","Fladen Ground & Long Forties",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Dolmer P, Kristensen T, Christiansen ML, Petersen MF, Kristensen PS, Hoffmann E (2001) Short-term impact of blue mussel dredging (Mytilus edulis L.) on a benthic community. Hydrobiologia. Vol. 465, 115-127.","Dredging changed the community structure by reducing the density of polychaetes. This was shown in the commercially dredged area compared to the control. The experimentally dredged area removed 5% of the mussels and immediately after dredging, a significantly lower number of species was found in this area compared to the control and boundary areas. This effect lasted for at least 4 days. After dredging, brown shrimp invaded the areas. The dredging process was observed to form 2-5 cm deep furrows in the seabed, but the sediment texture and organic content of the sediment was not affected. The biomass accumulation of individual blue mussels was lower in the dredged area than in the boundary area.  In habitats disturbed by frequent natural events (in this case eutrophication) it is difficult to demonstrate the impact of fishing activities.","Mussel beds","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Shellfish dredge","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G741, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},"Benthic disturbance","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Limfjorden, Denmark","A Danish sound, Limfjorden (1575 km2) - Dredge tracks from commercial fishing and from controlled experimental dredging. Around 75 km2 is today exposed to fishery. Four study sites, each 7.4 m depth. Three categories of study areas created- 2 affected by dredging, 2 undredged boundary areas adjacent to dredged areas, and 2 undredged control sites. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G742, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G743, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G744, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G745, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G746, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G747, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G748, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G749, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G750, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G751, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G752, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G753, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G754, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G755, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G756, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G757, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G758, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G759, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G760, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G761, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G762, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G763, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G764, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G765, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G766, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G767, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G768, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G769, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G770, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G771, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E., and Piet, G.J. 2006.Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 63 (4), 721.","Trawling reduced biomass, production and species richness in both the model and field data. Impacts were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was relatively small in areas of high natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21% respectively. At the same level of trawling and natural disturbance, benthic communities on mud and muddy sand were less affected by trawling than those on sand and gravel. The areas least affected were known to be dynamic in terms of sediment transport with high levels of erosion and shear stress. The deeper areas that were naturally more stable were more greatly affected by trawling. Large species disappeared at a faster rate than small species. ","Mud, muddy sand, sand and gravel","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Beam trawl (2 m); anchor dredge; toothed dredge, Hamon grab; Box corer","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G772, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Dogger Bank, Hills, North West Rough, Silver Pit)","Four shallow soft sediment areas. Model to estimate benthic biomass, production and species richness throughout main fishing grounds based on VMS data and environmental parameters of habitat type (sediment types, depth, shear stress, and chlorophyll a content of the sediment). Model outputs are extensively validated with field data. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Many simplifications and assumptions made to synthesise data - additional work required to refine model and evaluate applicability in other areas. Does not include predictions for biogenic habitats. Only 2.5 years of data used to validate model, despite North Sea having a very long history of trawling. "]
["Bradshaw, C, Veale, L.O., Hill, A.S. & Brand, A.R. 2001. The effect of scallop dredging on Irish Sea benthos: experiments using a closed area. Hydrobiologia. Vol. 465, 129-138","Communities of experimentally disturbed plots have become less similar to adjacent undisturbed control areas and more similar to commercially dredged areas. At each sampling date, similarity between dredged samples was greater than between undredged samples. Since 1989, there have been increases in the mean numbers of P. maximus in the closed area. The age structure of the closed area P. maximus population is also different to that outside, with a higher mean age due to the presence of large, old individuals. These results present strong evidence that scallop dredging alters benthic communities and suggest that the closure of areas to commercial dredging may allow the development of more heterogeneous communities and permit the populations of some species to increase.","Mud and sand, mixed/coarse sediment (shells, stones) ","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Scallop dredge (Newhaven)","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G773, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Overturning and smothering. ","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","SW coast Isle of Man","Closed area since 1989 2km2 south west Isle of Man. Adjacent area heavily dredged. Depth 2-3 m.  ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Bordehore C, Ramos-Espla AA, Riosmena-Rodriguez R (2003) Comparative Study of Two Mearl Beds with Different Otter Trawling History, Southeast Iberian Peninsula. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. Vol. 13 (S1),  S43-S54","The non-impacted site at Tabarca island had 4 times greater cover of rhodoliths, with a greater mean size. Although the amount of silt between 2-4cm was similar between sites, sediment profiles retained vertical structure at Tabarca, with a deeper RPD (which implies that geochemical cycling and/or bioturbation are happening to a greater depth) and higher amounts of biogenic gravel in the surficial (-2cm deep) layer.  Sediments at the impacted site at Benidorm were more homogeneous as a result of constant overturning/resettling caused by trawling and thus the surficial layer had a higher silt content, lower porosity, and shallower RPD. Macrofaunal biomass/density of taxa and numbers of species were higher at Tabarca for all taxa except Polychaeta. ","Maerl","Maerl","Maerl","Otter trawl","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G774, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Trawling disturbance","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Tabarca Island Marine Reserve and Benidorm, Spain","Two maerl beds were studied: Tabarca Island - historically low levels of trawling due to boulders present and use of trammel nets in the area, has been closed to fishing since 1989. Benidorm - high levels of otter trawling particularly between 195 and late 197s.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"The assumption that both sites had a similar sediment structure before trawling (i.e. when in pristine condition) cannot be tested. If the sediment at Benidorm had a naturally higher silt content before trawling (unlikely given the similarity in sediment grain size deeper into the sediments) then some of the biotic changes would be accounted for naturally. Additionally, no information about currents at either site is given."]
["Bordehore C, Ramos-Espla AA, Riosmena-Rodriguez R (2003) Comparative Study of Two Mearl Beds with Different Otter Trawling History, Southeast Iberian Peninsula. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. Vol. 13 (S1),  S43-S54","The non-impacted site at Tabarca island had 4 times greater cover of rhodoliths, with a greater mean size. Although the amount of silt between 2-4cm was similar between sites, sediment profiles retained vertical structure at Tabarca, with a deeper RPD (which implies that geochemical cycling and/or bioturbation are happening to a greater depth) and higher amounts of biogenic gravel in the surficial (-2cm deep) layer.  Sediments at the impacted site at Benidorm were more homogeneous as a result of constant overturning/resettling caused by trawling and thus the surficial layer had a higher silt content, lower porosity, and shallower RPD. Macrofaunal biomass/density of taxa and numbers of species were higher at Tabarca for all taxa except Polychaeta. ","Maerl","Maerl","Maerl","Otter trawl","Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G775, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"Trawling disturbance","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Tabarca Island Marine Reserve and Benidorm, Spain","Two maerl beds were studied: Tabarca Island - historically low levels of trawling due to boulders present and use of trammel nets in the area, has been closed to fishing since 1989. Benidorm - high levels of otter trawling particularly between 195 and late 197s.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"The assumption that both sites had a similar sediment structure before trawling (i.e. when in pristine condition) cannot be tested. If the sediment at Benidorm had a naturally higher silt content before trawling (unlikely given the similarity in sediment grain size deeper into the sediments) then some of the biotic changes would be accounted for naturally. Additionally, no information about currents at either site is given."]
["Bordehore C, Ramos-Espla AA, Riosmena-Rodriguez R (2003) Comparative Study of Two Mearl Beds with Different Otter Trawling History, Southeast Iberian Peninsula. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. Vol. 13 (S1),  S43-S54","The non-impacted site at Tabarca island had 4 times greater cover of rhodoliths, with a greater mean size. Although the amount of silt between 2-4cm was similar between sites, sediment profiles retained vertical structure at Tabarca, with a deeper RPD (which implies that geochemical cycling and/or bioturbation are happening to a greater depth) and higher amounts of biogenic gravel in the surficial (-2cm deep) layer.  Sediments at the impacted site at Benidorm were more homogeneous as a result of constant overturning/resettling caused by trawling and thus the surficial layer had a higher silt content, lower porosity, and shallower RPD. Macrofaunal biomass/density of taxa and numbers of species were higher at Tabarca for all taxa except Polychaeta. ","Maerl","Maerl","Maerl","Otter trawl","Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G776, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},"Trawling disturbance","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Tabarca Island Marine Reserve and Benidorm, Spain","Two maerl beds were studied: Tabarca Island - historically low levels of trawling due to boulders present and use of trammel nets in the area, has been closed to fishing since 1989. Benidorm - high levels of otter trawling particularly between 195 and late 197s.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"The assumption that both sites had a similar sediment structure before trawling (i.e. when in pristine condition) cannot be tested. If the sediment at Benidorm had a naturally higher silt content before trawling (unlikely given the similarity in sediment grain size deeper into the sediments) then some of the biotic changes would be accounted for naturally. Additionally, no information about currents at either site is given."]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G777, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G778, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G779, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G780, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G781, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G782, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G783, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G784, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G785, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G786, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G787, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G788, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G789, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G790, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G791, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G792, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G793, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G794, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G795, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G796, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G797, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G798, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G799, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G800, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G801, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G802, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G803, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G804, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G805, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G806, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G807, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G808, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G809, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G810, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G811, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G812, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G813, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G814, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G815, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G816, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G817, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G818, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G819, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G820, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G821, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G822, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G823, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G824, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G825, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G826, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G827, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G828, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G829, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G830, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G831, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G832, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G833, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G834, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G835, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G836, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G837, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G838, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G839, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G840, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G841, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G842, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G843, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G844, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G845, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G846, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G847, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G848, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G849, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G850, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G851, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G852, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G853, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G854, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G855, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G856, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G857, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G858, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G859, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G860, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G861, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G862, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G863, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G864, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G865, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G866, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G867, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G868, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G869, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G870, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G871, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G872, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G873, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G874, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G875, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G876, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G877, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G878, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G879, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G880, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G881, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G882, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G883, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G884, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G885, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G886, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G887, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G888, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G889, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G890, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G891, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G892, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G893, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G894, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G895, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G896, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G897, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G898, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G899, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G900, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G901, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G902, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G903, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G904, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G905, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G906, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G907, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G908, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G909, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G910, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G911, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G912, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G913, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G914, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G915, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G916, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G917, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G918, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G919, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G920, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G921, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G922, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G923, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G924, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G925, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G926, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G927, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G928, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G929, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G930, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G931, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G932, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G933, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G934, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G935, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G936, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G937, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G938, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G939, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G940, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G941, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G942, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G943, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G944, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G945, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G946, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G947, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G948, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G949, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G950, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G951, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G952, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G953, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G954, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G955, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G956, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G957, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G958, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G959, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G960, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G961, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G962, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G963, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G964, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G965, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G966, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G967, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G968, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G969, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G970, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G971, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G972, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G973, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G974, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G975, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G976, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G977, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G978, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G979, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G980, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G981, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G982, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G983, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G984, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G985, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G986, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G987, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G988, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G989, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G990, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G991, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G992, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G993, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G994, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G995, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G996, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G997, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G998, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G999, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1000, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1002, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1006, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1011, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1015, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Handlines (rod/gurdy)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1021, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Handlines (rod/gurdy)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1026, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Handlines (rod/gurdy)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1032, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Handlines (rod/gurdy)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1036, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Handlines (rod/gurdy)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1042, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1047, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1051, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1052, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1057, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1064, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1067, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1072, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1078, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1083, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1087, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1093, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1096, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1103, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1108, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1109, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1113, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1118, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1123, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1128, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1133, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1139, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1145, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1148, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1154, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1159, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1164, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1169, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1174, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1177, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1179, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1184, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1190, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1196, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Crab tiling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1200, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"48_Miscellaneous–Crab tiling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Crab tiling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1205, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"48_Miscellaneous–Crab tiling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Crab tiling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1209, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"48_Miscellaneous–Crab tiling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Crab tiling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1215, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"48_Miscellaneous–Crab tiling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Crab tiling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1220, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"48_Miscellaneous–Crab tiling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Crab tiling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1222, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"48_Miscellaneous–Crab tiling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1230, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1235, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1236, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1241, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1245, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1251, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1258, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1261, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1266, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1271, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1277, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1281, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1286, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1290, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1296, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1297, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1302, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1309, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1312, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1317, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1322, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1327, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1332, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1335, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1342, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1347, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1353, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1354, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1358, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1363, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1371, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1373, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1378, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1383, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1390, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1393, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1399, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1403, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1408, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1414, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1419, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1422, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1424, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1429, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1435, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1439, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1444, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1448, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1454, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1460, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1465, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1467, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1475, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1480, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1484, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1485, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1490, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1496, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1503, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1505, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1511, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1516, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1521, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1526, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1531, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1535, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1541, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1546, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1548, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1551, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1557, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1561, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1566, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1572, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1577, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1580, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1587, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1592, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1597, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1602, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1607, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1608, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1616, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1618, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1623, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1629, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1633, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1638, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1642, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1648, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1653, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1659, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1661, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1668, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1669, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1674, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1679, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1684, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1689, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1693, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1699, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1704, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1710, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1714, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1720, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1725, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1729, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1730, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1735, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1742, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1745, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1750, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1755, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1760, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1765, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1771, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1774, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1781, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1786, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1787, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1791, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1796, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1801, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1806, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1811, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1817, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1823, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1826, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1832, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1837, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1842, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1847, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1852, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1855, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1857, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1862, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1868, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1872, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1878, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1883, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines","Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1887, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1893, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1898, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1900, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1908, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1913, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1914, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1919, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1923, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1929, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1936, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1939, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1944, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1949, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1955, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1959, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1964, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1968, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1974, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["MarLIN","MarLIN is an open source digital information resource for the species and habitats in the marine environment of the British Isles. The focal topic for MarLIN’s activities is presenting sensitivity assessments and matrices on the effects of human activities (including commercial fishing) and natural events on marine species and habitats. MarLIN’s information is widely cited in peer reviewed journals, reports and conference papers and MarLIN information and sensitivity reviews form the basis of much of the advice currently in use for special areas of conservation (SACs) and marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine plans in the EU. The MarLIN resource also provides a database of fisheries impacts references and a glossary. ",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1975, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England","UK, England",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schratzberger, M., Dinmore, T.A., and Jennings, S. 2002. Impacts of trawling on the diversity, biomass and structure of meiofauna assemblages. Marine Biology. Vol. 140, 83-93.","Experiment showed that at the locations sampled there were no short-to medium term trawling impacts on meiofaunal diversity or biomass, but that there were mild effects on community structure at one location. Impacts due to trawling appeared to be minor in relation to seasonal changes in the meiofaunal communities. Little evidence for high levels of direct mortality. Mostly resuspended rather than crushed. Western Mud Hole differences in total nematode abundance and species richness were most pronounced one month after trawling took place and decreased during the 1-year recovery period. At Botney Cut, the maximum difference in total nematode biomass was immediately after the experimental trawling. ","Muddy sand ","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Beam trawl (4 m)","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1981, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"8 mm mesh and chain matrix - scraping, scouring and resuspension of the surface sediment.","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Botney Cut and Western Mud Hole)","Depth approx. (39-59 m). Western mud hole - 79% sand, 21% silt/clay; Botney Cut - 27% sand, 73% silt/clay",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Low sampling intensity resulting in power to detect specified changes in meiofauna low due to high variability of data. Experimental site small so chances of immigration of some species more likely than in large and repeatly trawled areas. "]
["Schratzberger, M., Dinmore, T.A., and Jennings, S. 2002. Impacts of trawling on the diversity, biomass and structure of meiofauna assemblages. Marine Biology. Vol. 140, 83-93.","Experiment showed that at the locations sampled there were no short-to medium term trawling impacts on meiofaunal diversity or biomass, but that there were mild effects on community structure at one location. Impacts due to trawling appeared to be minor in relation to seasonal changes in the meiofaunal communities. Little evidence for high levels of direct mortality. Mostly resuspended rather than crushed. Western Mud Hole differences in total nematode abundance and species richness were most pronounced one month after trawling took place and decreased during the 1-year recovery period. At Botney Cut, the maximum difference in total nematode biomass was immediately after the experimental trawling. ","Muddy sand ","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Beam trawl (4 m)","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1984, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},"8 mm mesh and chain matrix - scraping, scouring and resuspension of the surface sediment.","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea (Botney Cut and Western Mud Hole)","Depth approx. (39-59 m). Western mud hole - 79% sand, 21% silt/clay; Botney Cut - 27% sand, 73% silt/clay",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Low sampling intensity resulting in power to detect specified changes in meiofauna low due to high variability of data. Experimental site small so chances of immigration of some species more likely than in large and repeatly trawled areas. "]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1990, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G1995, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2000, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2005, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2010, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2013, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2020, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2025, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2031, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2032, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2036, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2041, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2049, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["PROTECT","PROTECT was a collaborative project (17 European marine research institutions) that began in 25 and continued until 28.  The Danish institute for fisheries research (DIFRES) coordinated the project and are responsible project information dissemination; a CD-rom is available from the institute covering all aspects of the project and containing all deliverables.  The aim of PROTECT was to provide European policy makers with a suite of tools and information to aid in the management of MPAs. PROTECT had the following specific objectives: Elucidate how MPAs can protect sensitive species and habitats from commercial fishing; Provide tools, methods and information to evaluate the effect of MPAs; Provide workshops and reports that will present specific case studies.",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2051, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Denmark","Denmark",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2056, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2061, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2068, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2071, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2077, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2081, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2086, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2092, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2094, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2101, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2102, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2107, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2113, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2117, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2122, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2126, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2132, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2138, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2143, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Handlines (rod/gurdy)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2145, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Handlines (rod/gurdy)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2153, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Handlines (rod/gurdy)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2158, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Handlines (rod/gurdy)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2162, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Handlines (rod/gurdy)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2163, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Handlines (rod/gurdy)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2168, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2174, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2181, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2183, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2189, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2194, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2199, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2204, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2207, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2214, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2219, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2224, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2226, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2229, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2235, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2239, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2244, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2250, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2255, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2258, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2265, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2270, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2275, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2280, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2285, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2288, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2290, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2296, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2301, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2307, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2311, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2316, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2320, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2326, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2331, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2337, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2339, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2346, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2347, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2352, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2357, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2362, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2367, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2371, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2377, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2382, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2388, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2392, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2398, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2401, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2407, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2408, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2413, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2420, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2423, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2428, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2433, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2438, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2443, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2449, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2452, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2459, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2464, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2465, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2469, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2474, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2479, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2484, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2489, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2495, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2501, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2504, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2510, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2514, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2519, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2525, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2530, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2533, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2535, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2540, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2546, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["DEFRA (2008) Impact Assessment of Measures to Protect Marine Biodiversity in Lyme Bay. ","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2550, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2556, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2561, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2565, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2571, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2576, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2578, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2586, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2591, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2592, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2597, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2601, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2607, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2614, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2617, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2622, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2627, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2632, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2637, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2642, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2646, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2652, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2653, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2659, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2662, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2668, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2673, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2678, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2683, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2688, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2691, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2698, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2703, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2709, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2710, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2714, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2719, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2727, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2729, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2734, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2740, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Working Group on Characterisation and Risk Assessment. (2005). GUIDANCE ON THRESHOLDS AND METHODOLOGY TO BE APPLIED IN IRELAND ’ S RIVER BASIN DISTRICT - Paper by the Working Group on Characterisation and Risk Assessment.","This is a guidance paper on the application of a proposed surface water point source discharge risk assessment methodology. The methodology provides a qualitative risk classification tool for fisheries impacts (and aquaculture) on certain habitats from a range of gears through the use of a matrix. Risk thresholds are proposed (for WFD commitments) for certain mobille demersal fishing gears based on the area fished by the gear and the sensitivity of the habitat(s) and species, as risk categories. HOWEVER, these threholds DO NOT assign the level at which a particular fishing activity has an unacceptable effect. This study uses MarLIN sensitivity assessments",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2744, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Ireland","Ireland",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Working Group on Characterisation and Risk Assessment. (2005). GUIDANCE ON THRESHOLDS AND METHODOLOGY TO BE APPLIED IN IRELAND ’ S RIVER BASIN DISTRICT - Paper by the Working Group on Characterisation and Risk Assessment.","This is a guidance paper on the application of a proposed surface water point source discharge risk assessment methodology. The methodology provides a qualitative risk classification tool for fisheries impacts (and aquaculture) on certain habitats from a range of gears through the use of a matrix. Risk thresholds are proposed (for WFD commitments) for certain mobille demersal fishing gears based on the area fished by the gear and the sensitivity of the habitat(s) and species, as risk categories. HOWEVER, these threholds DO NOT assign the level at which a particular fishing activity has an unacceptable effect. This study uses MarLIN sensitivity assessments",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2749, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Ireland","Ireland",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Smith, J.R. and Murray, S.N. 2005. The effects of experimental bait collection and trampling on a Mytilus californianus mussel bed in southern California. Marine Biology. Vol. 147, 699–706.","Mussel mass at the end of the experiement decreased by more than 8% in plots receiving combined bait removal and trampling. Mean density of mussels >1mm also decreased for those plots. Densities of mussels >1mm and <1mm differed significantly among treatments, factoral ANOVA revealed significant differences between trampling and not bait-removal. Cover loss varied between 57.5%-78.9%, however control plot experiences reduction of 4.8%. 6% and 15% of this loss was due to bait-collecting and trampling respectively. Size of mussels decreased with increased bait-collecting and trampling.   ","Mussel beds","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Hand collection, digging, raking","Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2755, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},"None indicated","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate","Southern California","An extensive flat, Mytilus californianus bed in Southern California. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Natural conditions during the study were extremely tough. Warm temperatures and storm waves. "]
["Rogers, S. I. & J. R. Ellis, 2000. Changes in the demersal fish assemblages of British coastal waters during the 20th century. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 866–881.","In English coastal regions of the southern North Sea, fish populations became more diverse, as plaice Pleuronectes platessa and whiting Merlangius merlangus became less abundant, and the relative abundance of several non-target species such as dragonet Callionymus spp., bib Trisopterus luscus, and bull-rout Myoxocephalus scorpius increased. The proportion in  the catch of small fish species (maximum body length <3 cm), which would be least vulnerable to capture by commercial trawls, increased between the two survey periods in Start Bay and the southern North Sea","Fish - demersal","Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community","Otter and beam trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2759, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},"Changes in fish distribution over the last 8 years at different areas.","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","i) Historic records:North west Irish Sea, start Bay Devon, southern North sea and ii) contemporary info: Irish, western and Northern North Sea",null,null,null,"Impact (historic changes in fish assemblages)",null,null,"Since this study dealt with historic and contemporary data sets, there were some assumptions (e.g. differences in trawl speed did not have an effect in the catch efficiency of most demersal fish)  "]
["Rogers, S. I. & J. R. Ellis, 2000. Changes in the demersal fish assemblages of British coastal waters during the 20th century. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 866–881.","In English coastal regions of the southern North Sea, fish populations became more diverse, as plaice Pleuronectes platessa and whiting Merlangius merlangus became less abundant, and the relative abundance of several non-target species such as dragonet Callionymus spp., bib Trisopterus luscus, and bull-rout Myoxocephalus scorpius increased. The proportion in  the catch of small fish species (maximum body length <3 cm), which would be least vulnerable to capture by commercial trawls, increased between the two survey periods in Start Bay and the southern North Sea","Fish - demersal","Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community","Otter and beam trawl","Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2764, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},"Changes in fish distribution over the last 8 years at different areas.","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","i) Historic records:North west Irish Sea, start Bay Devon, southern North sea and ii) contemporary info: Irish, western and Northern North Sea",null,null,null,"Impact (historic changes in fish assemblages)",null,null,"Since this study dealt with historic and contemporary data sets, there were some assumptions (e.g. differences in trawl speed did not have an effect in the catch efficiency of most demersal fish)  "]
["Ball, B.J., Fox, G., and Munday, B.W. 2000. Long- and short-term consequences of a Nephrops trawl fishery on the benthos and environment of the Irish Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 1315-1320.","Direct (short term) effects not quantifiable at a heavily fished off-shore site (75 m depth), however some changes were visible in a less fished, shallow (35 m depth) site. Medium to long term effects were more discernible at the off-shore site. Only minor changes were observed at the in-shore location, suggesting that it is fishing intensity rather than direct impact from the passage of gear that constitutes the major factor controlling the long-term negative trends in the benthos of the Irish Sea Nephrops grounds. ","Benthic communities","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Otter trawl  (Nephrops) ","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2770, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Trawling disturbance","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North-Western Irish Sea ","Shallow (in-shore, 35 m depth) and deep (off-shore, 75 m) sections of Nephrops fishing grounds. For comparison, two shipwrecked areas (one shallow, one deep) were also sampled. Benthos: in-shore - 55% fine sand/4% silt/clay; off-shore - 44% fine sand/ 55% silt-clay",null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"Comparison between trawling grounds and wreck sites is based on assumption that they only differ in terms of fishing intensity. However, wrecked may have additional effects because they change current patterns and sedimentation and therefore may affect the benthic community in their neighbourhood."]
["Cook R, Farinas-Franco JM, Gell FR, Holt RHF, Holt T, et al. (2013) The Substantial First Impact of Bottom Fishing on Rare Biodiversity Hotspots: A Dilemma for Evidence-Based Conservation. PLoS ONE 8(8): e69904. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069904","The total number of epifaunal organisms was significantly reduced following a single pass of a trawl (9%) or scallop dredge (59%), as was the diversity of the associated community and the total number of M. modiolus. At both sites declines in anthozoans, hydrozoans, bivalves, echinoderms and ascidians accounted for most of the change. A year later, no recovery was evident at the trawled site and significantly fewer infaunal taxa (polychaetes, malacostracans, bivalves and ophuroids) were recorded in the trawl track.","Biogenic reef; Horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus)","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Bottom trawl and scallop dredge","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2772, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Impact of trawl and dredge on biogenic reef and associated epifauna","Peer reviewed","Quantative","Yes",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Isle of Man (trawling) and Caernarfon Bay, Wales (dredging)","Shell-fish reef formed by Modiolus modiolus.",null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"Both sites are trawled/dredged so a bit subjective that it is first impact."]
["Freese, J. L., 2001. Trawl-induced damage to sponges observed from a research submersible. Marine Fisheries Review. Vol. 63 (3), 7-13","Reduction in habitat complexity. This study demonstrates that damage to several species of large, erect sponges caused by trawling in deep waters on the continental shelf break off the coast of Alaska may persist for extended periods. In addition to the persistent reduction in population density of sponges, damage to individual sponges also appears to be long lasting. No new colonization during the year. Some torn free and lying on the bottom still viable after one year.","Macrobenthos: mainly sponges. ","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Bottom trawling  ","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2775, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Trawled tows similar to gear used over rough bottom in the commercial rockfish fishery.","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Gulf of Alaska","Hard bottom (boulder, cobble, pebble) habitat, deep (26-29m), cold water - re-visiting trawl paths that had been marked in 1996 with numbered flags. ",null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"Study only covers a 1 year period and recovery rates for some species may be in excess of several years - therefore long-term recovery rates are indeterminate at this point. "]
["Rabaut, M., Braeckman, U., Hendrick, F., Vincx, M., & Degraer, S. (2008). Experimental beam-trawling in Lanice conchilega reefs: Impact on the associated fauna. Fisheries Research, 90(1-3), 209–216. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2007.10.009","This paper reports on a manipulative field experiment in which the impact of a single beam trawl pass over a high density pristine biogenic reef formed by the tubeworm polychaete Lanice conchilega was quantified. The aim of the experiment was to study the macrofaunal community composition before and after the trawl. The impact and recovery were measured for 9 days post trawl. Community analysis showed a significant impact of the trawl with a relatively rapid recovery.",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2780, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","France","English Channel",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Tobin, D., Bower, R., Blasdale, T., Mcleod, M., & Mcleod, M. (2013). Scanner Pockmark Site of Community Importance - Fisheries Measures Proposal, 1–15.","The Scanner pockmark site was submitted to the EC as a candidate SAC in 28 and approved as a SIC in 29. This document sets out proposed fisheries measures within the SCI in accordance with the protocol for fisheries management measures under the CFP. To maintain the Scanner pockmark in favourable condition the document lays out fisheriea management measures which are, in essence, fisheries impact thresholds. This will be a useful reference paper.",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2785, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Proposed Natura 2 Site ","England, UK",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Bergman, M.J.N. and van Santbrink, J.W.2000 Mortality in megafaunal benthic populations caused by trawl fisheries on the Dutch continental shelf in the North Sea in 1994. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 1321-1331.","The single passage of a beam or otter trawl caused direct mortality in many invertebrate species ranging from 5 to 5%, for some bivalve species up to 68% of the initial densities in the trawl track both in sandy or silty areas. Otter trawling clearly caused less mortality than beam trawls with several species in silty areas. Beam trawls caused higher mortalities in C. Gallina, Mactra corallina, and E. cordatum than sandy areas","Silt","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2791, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Direct mortality of trawling","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","South-Eastern North Sea","Studies carried out in different locations ranging from shallow coastal sandy areas to deeper offshore silty areas",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Increased vulnerability caused by an increased attainability due to resuspension of sediment layers caused by the first trawling event may have led to an overestimation of direct mortality."]
["Eno, N.C., MacDonald, D.S., Kinnear, J.A.M., Amos, S.C., Chapman, C.J., Clark, R.A., Bunker, F.St.P.D and Munro, C. 2001. Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 58, 11-20","Mean abundance of species before and after experimental potting. In west Wales sponge abundance in 5 sponge species had increased significantly after potting. Halichondria spp. Decreased significantly in abundance in the controls, but showed no change in the experimental plot. In Lyme Bay 3/5 species increased significantly in abundance in the experimental plots only. No assessment could be made on the other two species. ","Subtidal rock","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Pots","Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2795, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Greennala Point, West Wales; Lyme Bay, South England ","Greenala Point and Lyme Bay are sites contining rocky substrata with fragile epifaunal species. ",null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"Increases in abundance after potting could be put down to better visability of individuals with lower silt levels after disturbance. "]
["Hall, S.J., Harding, M. j. c. (1997). Physical disturbance and marine benthic communities: the effects of mechanical harvesting of cockles on non-target bentic fauna. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 497–517.","This paper quantitatively studies the effects of hydraulic suction dredging and tractor dredging on infaunal communities on an intertidal silt bay. There were significant effects of suction dredging on the faunal community but exposed areas recovered to normla in 56 days (seasonal effects were conrolled for). Statistically significant effects of tractor dredging effects were fewer but recovery data were more complex.",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2800, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","Dumfries",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Hiddink JG, Jennings S, Kaiser MJ (2007) Assessing and Predicting the Relative Ecological Impacts of Disturbance on Habitats with Different Sensitivities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 44, 405-413. ","Habitat sensitivities varied widely, and a trawling frequency of 5 year -1 in the least sensitive habitat had the same ecological effect as a trawling frequency of ·3 year−1 in the most-sensitive habitat (based on production). When trawling effort was held constant but redirected to the least-sensitive habitats, the existing impacts on production and biomass were reduced by 36% and 25%, respectively.","Soft-sediment","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Beam trawl, otter trawl","Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2804, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"Benthic disturbance, habitat sensitivity","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea",null,null,null,"Impact (modelling)",null,null,"Habitat sensitivity measured in terms of production and biomass recovery rather than in terms of other attributes such as diversity that may be regarded as more important in a policy context. Moreover, the connectivity among habitats, habitat diversity and patch size were not accounted for in the model. For the North Sea, authors consider these acceptable simplifications, but for other areas this would have to be assessed separately"]
["FEAST","The FEAST tool enables users to explore what is known about MPA protected feature sensitivity to pressures and the marine activities that can cause them. Users can explore FEAST from a feature starting point, such as horse mussel beds, and read information on the sensitivity of that feature to pressures and the associated activities. Users can also explore the FEAST by starting with an activity, such as scallop dredging, and read information on associated pressures and the features sensitive to them. Unlike the FishMap Mon project, the intensity of the effects of anthropogenic activities cannot be quantified.  The FEAST tool uses sensitivity assessments produced by MarLIN.",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2810, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","UK, Scotland",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Furness, R.W. 2003 Impacts of fisheries on seabird communities. Scientia Marina. Vol. 67, 33-45","Most serious gobal threat to seabird populations at present (23). Mainly from the tuna, swordfish and billfishes fisheries pelagic longlines and cod fisheries using demersal longlines. Effects occur when birds steal bait from longlines deployed from fishing vessles, they get caught and eventually drown. Bycatch rates are generally less than 1 per 1, hooks set. ","Seabirds","Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds","Longlines","Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2816, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Furness, R.W. 2003 Impacts of fisheries on seabird communities. Scientia Marina. Vol. 67, 33-45","Most serious gobal threat to seabird populations at present (23). Mainly from the tuna, swordfish and billfishes fisheries pelagic longlines and cod fisheries using demersal longlines. Effects occur when birds steal bait from longlines deployed from fishing vessles, they get caught and eventually drown. Bycatch rates are generally less than 1 per 1, hooks set. ","Seabirds","Surface feeding birds","B_Surface feeding birds","Longlines","Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2821, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Pedersen, S. A., Fock, H., Krause, J., Pusch, C., Sell, A. L., Bo, U., Rice, J. C. (2009). Natura 2000 sites and fisheries in German offshore waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 155–169.","This paper presents an overview of both the EMPAS project and the Natura 2 conservation objectives that EMPAS is trying to fulfil. No fisheries thresholds are stated but the methods, data sources and rationale the EMPAS project employs are clearly stated. This will undoubtedly be a useful paper for managers of fishery impacts within MPAs.",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2825, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea; Baltic",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Pedersen, S. A., Fock, H., Krause, J., Pusch, C., Sell, A. L., Bo, U., Rice, J. C. (2009). Natura 2000 sites and fisheries in German offshore waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 155–169.","This paper presents an overview of both the EMPAS project and the Natura 2 conservation objectives that EMPAS is trying to fulfil. No fisheries thresholds are stated but the methods, data sources and rationale the EMPAS project employs are clearly stated. This will undoubtedly be a useful paper for managers of fishery impacts within MPAs.",null,"Twaite and Allis shad","F_Twaite and Allis shad",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2831, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea; Baltic",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Pedersen, S. A., Fock, H., Krause, J., Pusch, C., Sell, A. L., Bo, U., Rice, J. C. (2009). Natura 2000 sites and fisheries in German offshore waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 155–169.","This paper presents an overview of both the EMPAS project and the Natura 2 conservation objectives that EMPAS is trying to fulfil. No fisheries thresholds are stated but the methods, data sources and rationale the EMPAS project employs are clearly stated. This will undoubtedly be a useful paper for managers of fishery impacts within MPAs.",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2836, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea; Baltic",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Queirós, A.M., J.G. Hiddink, M.J. Kaiser & H. Hinz, 2006. Effects of chronic bottom trawling disturbance on benthic biomass, production and size spectra in different habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 335(1), 91-103.","Chronic trawling had a negative impact on the biomass and production of benthic communities in the muddy habitat, while no impact was identified on benthic communities from the sandy habitat. These differences are the result of differences in size structure within the two communities that occur in response to increasing trawling","Muddy sand ","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2840, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},"Chronic trawling effects","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Dogger Bank and Irish Sea","Irish Sea and Dogger Bank",null,null,"Impact (chronic effects of trawling on the biomass and production of benthic communities at two sites). ",null,null,"Community biomass and production at the Irish Sea area decreased simultaneously with increasing trawling intensity and with the proportion of increasing silt-clay fraction. Therefore, the experimental design used in this study could not disentangle the impacts of trawling and sediment composition on the Irish Sea community,since these two factors acted in the same trend."]
["Queirós, A.M., J.G. Hiddink, M.J. Kaiser & H. Hinz, 2006. Effects of chronic bottom trawling disturbance on benthic biomass, production and size spectra in different habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 335(1), 91-103.","Chronic trawling had a negative impact on the biomass and production of benthic communities in the muddy habitat, while no impact was identified on benthic communities from the sandy habitat. These differences are the result of differences in size structure within the two communities that occur in response to increasing trawling","Muddy sand ","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2841, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Chronic trawling effects","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Dogger Bank and Irish Sea","Irish Sea and Dogger Bank",null,null,"Impact (chronic effects of trawling on the biomass and production of benthic communities at two sites). ",null,null,"Community biomass and production at the Irish Sea area decreased simultaneously with increasing trawling intensity and with the proportion of increasing silt-clay fraction. Therefore, the experimental design used in this study could not disentangle the impacts of trawling and sediment composition on the Irish Sea community,since these two factors acted in the same trend."]
["Gonzalez-Correa JM, Bayle JT, Sanchez-Lizaso JL, Valle C, Sanchez-Jerez P, Ruiz JM (2005) Recovery of deep Posidonia oceanica meadows degraded by trawling. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 320, 65-76. ","Meadows have the capacity to recover, although at extremely slow rates. After 8 years of protection by anti-trawling reefs, the meadows showed a positive shoot balance. Differences in light intensity differed significantly between impacted and undisturbed localities. This factor causes the retardation of vegetative growth. ","Posidonia oceanica (seagrass beds)","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Otter trawl","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2846, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Benthic disturbance, siltation ","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","SW Mediterranean","Seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows which have been modified by illegal otter trawling between 14 and 28 m.",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"NA"]
["Blaber SJM, Cyrus DP, Albaret J-J, Chong Ving Ching, Day JW, Elliott M, Fonseca MS, Hoss DE, Orensanz J, Potter IC, Silvert W (2000) Effects of Fishing on the Structure and Functioning of Estuarine and Nearshore Ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 590-602.","Legal minimum length for capture of Cnidoglanis macrocephalus (eel-tailed catfish) was increased to 43mm (425mm is the average size at first maturity) after the fishery declined in the 198s. Importance of an area closed to fishing that acted as a refugium, thus preventing fishery collapse, was also mentioned.  ","Estuaries ","Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community","Gillnets","Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2853, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"Overfishing","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate","Wilson Inlet, SW Australia","Estuary - eel-tailed catfish fishery",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"The results only from this case study are presented, it is not possible to evaluate methods used or question conclusions. Case study is highly specific: eel-tailed catfish are high value target species, and populations are genetically distinct in each estuary. "]
["Engel, J and Kvitek, R. 1998. Effects of Otter Trawling on a Benthic Community in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Conservation Biology. Vol. 12 (6), 1204-1214. ","The area with high levels of trawling had significantly more trawl tracks, exposed sediment, and shell fragments and significantly fewer rocks and mounds and less flocculent material than the lightly trawled area. Most invertebrate epifauna counted were significantly more abundant in the lightly trawled area, ","Subtidal sediment and benthic community","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Otter trawl","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2856, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Fishing pressure differences were established by comparing total harvest, number of hours trawled, and CPUE between the highly trawled and lightly trawled areas. ","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate","Monterey Bay, California, USA","The study was concentrated at 18m, the depth zone targeted the most heavily by fishermen. ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Small sample sizes, lack of a true non-fished control, and no site replication. "]
["Eno, N.C., MacDonald, D.S., Kinnear, J.A.M., Amos, S.C., Chapman, C.J., Clark, R.A., Bunker, F.St.P.D and Munro, C. 2001. Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 58, 11-20","Diver observations in Lyme Bay indicated that there was litile impact on epifaunal species at all sites. But there was evidence of detachment of ascidians and sponges and large individuals such as Pentapora sp. Sea pens were observed to bend under the weight and spring back once the pots had passed. ","Subtidal rock","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Pots","Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2861, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Greennala Point, West Wales; Lyme Bay, South England ","Greenala Point and Lyme Bay are sites contining rocky substrata with fragile epifaunal species. ",null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"NA"]
["Ramsay, K., Kaiser, M.J., and Hughes, R.N.1998 Responses of benthic scavengers to fishing disturbance by towed gear in different habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 224, 73-89.","Predatory species readily fed on fauna which had been damaged by fishing gears, and such species increased significantly after fishing. Food may be more limited, either in actual numbers, or availability to predators, at this site making it more critical that the damaged animals are exploited.","Coarse sand with gravel and shell debris","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Beam trawl (4 m)","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2867, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"4 m beam trawl towed ten times along same plotted line to ensure a 3-4 m wide was fished. Trawl fitted with chain matrix, flip-up ropes and an 8 mm diamond mesh cod-end towed at 4 knots.","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Irish Sea (12 km off Dulas Bay on the North East coast of Anglesey)","4 m depth, low commercial fishing activity. Fauna diverse consisting of a variety of amphipods, polychaetes, echinoderms and molluscs.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Eno, N.C., MacDonald, D.S., Kinnear, J.A.M., Amos, S.C., Chapman, C.J., Clark, R.A., Bunker, F.St.P.D and Munro, C. 2001. Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 58, 11-20","All sea pens fully recover from the effects of dragging creels over them within 24-72hrs. Following smothering for 24 and 48h, it took 72-96hrs and 96-144hrs for all species to fully recover to an upright position. Results were recorded using video tows and observations from divers.  ","Soft mud, burrowing megafauna","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Creels","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2872, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Dragging, uprooting and smothering","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Summer Isles, Badentarbet Bay, Loch Broom and Ullapool, North Scotland; ","Scotland sites contained soft mud",null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"NA"]
["Watson, G. J., Farrell, P., Stanton, S. & Skidmore, L. C. 2007. Effects of bait collection on Nereis virens populations and macrofaunal communities in the Solent, UK. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. Vol. 87, 703-716.","Dug sites had higher densities of N. Virens but a lower mean weight than undug sites. Lower abundance of the terebellid polychaete Neoamphitrite figulus at dug sites. General decline in abundance of many species at surveyed sites irrespective of digging.","Intertidal mud/sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Hand collection, digging, raking","Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2877, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Solent, South England","Five different sites with differing levels of bait digging. Sediment fractions differed between the sites. All sites were fully saline and anoxic - high in organic content.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"1. No information on levels of digging activity due to time constraints."]
["McLusky, D. S., Anderson, F. E. & Wolfe-Murphy, S. 1983. Distribution and population recovery of Arenicola marina and other benthic fauna after bait digging. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 11, 173-179.  ","Population distribution of Arenicola marina is affected by digging and the recovery pattern between mounds and basins are different. Bait digging where infilling was performed showed the  rapid recovery of worms populations to normal levels.","Intertidal mud/sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Hand collection, digging, raking","Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2882, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Forth Estuary, Scotland",null,null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Rossi, F., Forster, R.M., Montserrat, F., Ponti, M., Terlizzi, A., Ysebaert, T., & Middelburg, J.J. (2007) Human trampling as short-term disturbance on intertidal mudflats: effects on macrofauna biodiversity and population dynamics of bivalves. Marine Biology. Vol. 151, 2077-2090","Negative impact on adults of Macoma balthica and Cerastoderma edule. Effect depended on size class. During growing season recovery can be fast but in the long-term it might lead to towards dominance of M.balthica to the cost of C.edule.","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Trampling","Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2885, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},"Intense trampling, twice per month, average of 5 people, for 8 months.","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Westerschelde, The Netherlands","Intertidal mudflat - salt marsh",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Only samples after 18 and 4 days, not long enough to determine recovery or seasonal differences."]
["Blyth, R.E., Kaiser, M.J., Edwards-Jones, G. and Hart, P.J.B. 2004. Implications of a zoned fishery management system for marine benthic communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 41, 951-961. ","The benthic communities in areas that had been open only to static gears in the year preceding sampling were richer and of greater biomass than those in areas that were impacted by towed fishing gears during the same period","Subtidal coarse sand to gravel","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2892, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","English channel","Mean depth ~5m",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Assumes the static-gear only sites are ok. "]
["Blyth, R.E., Kaiser, M.J., Edwards-Jones, G. and Hart, P.J.B. 2004. Implications of a zoned fishery management system for marine benthic communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 41, 951-961. ","The benthic communities in areas that had been open only to static gears in the year preceding sampling were richer and of greater biomass than those in areas that were impacted by towed fishing gears during the same period","Subtidal coarse sand to gravel","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2897, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"NA","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","English channel","Mean depth ~5m",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Assumes the static-gear only sites are ok. "]
["Blyth, R.E., Kaiser, M.J., Edwards-Jones, G. and Hart, P.J.B. 2004. Implications of a zoned fishery management system for marine benthic communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 41, 951-961. ","The benthic communities in areas that had been open only to static gears in the year preceding sampling were richer and of greater biomass than those in areas that were impacted by towed fishing gears during the same period","Subtidal coarse sand to gravel","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2902, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","English channel","Mean depth ~5m",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Assumes the static-gear only sites are ok. "]
["Verhulst, S., K. Oosterbeek, A. L. Rutten, and B. J. Ens. 2004. Shellfish fishery severely reduces\ncondition and survival of oystercatchers despite creation of large marine protected areas. Ecology and\nSociety. Vol. 9(1), 17. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art17","Birds are more numerous, and were in better condition in the MPAs. No difference in body size and age between protected and unprotected sites. There was no redistribution of oystercatchers towards the protected areas","Seabirds (waders, oystercatchers)","Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds","Suction dredge","Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2904, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Dutch Wadden Sea","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Jackson J.B., Kirby M.X., Berger W.H., Bjorndal K.A., Botsford L.W., Bourque B.J., Bradbury R.H., Cooke R., Erlandson J., Estes J.A., Hughes T.P., Kidwell S., Lange C.B., Lenihan H.S., Pandolfi J.M., Peterson C.H., Steneck R.S., Tegner M.J., Warner R.R. 1999. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Fishery Bulletin. Vol. 97(1), 183-199","No significant reduction in mean shoot density, number of blades per shoot, longest blade length per shoot, total blade length per shoot, or above and below ground biomass with increased levels of trawling. ","Seagrasses","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Roller beam trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2907, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},"None indicated","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Tampa Bay, Florida","Turtlegrass beds with continuous cover.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Kaiser, M. J., Edwards, D. B., Armstrong, P. J., Radford, K., Lough, N. E. L., Flatt, R. P. and Jones, H. D. 1998. Changes in megafaunal benthic communities in different habitats after trawling disturbance. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil. Vol. 55 (3), 353-361. (10.1006/jmsc.1997.0322)","The effects of fishing were not detectable in the mobile sediments - changes in the mean density of individuals, number of species or diversity indices were not detected as a result of fishing disturbance","Subtidal sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2913, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Liverpool Bay","26-34m mobile megaripples",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Blyth, R.E., Kaiser, M.J., Edwards-Jones, G. and Hart, P.J.B. 2004. Implications of a zoned fishery management system for marine benthic communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 41, 951-961. ","The cessation of towed-gear fishing for a period of greater than 2 years necessary for benthic communities  to recover such that they were indistinguishable from areas where towed gears had not been used","Subtidal coarse sand to gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2917, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","English channel","Mean depth ~5m",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"Mean depth ~5m"]
["Blyth, R.E., Kaiser, M.J., Edwards-Jones, G. and Hart, P.J.B. 2004. Implications of a zoned fishery management system for marine benthic communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 41, 951-961. ","The cessation of towed-gear fishing for a period of greater than 2 years necessary for benthic communities  to recover such that they were indistinguishable from areas where towed gears had not been used","Subtidal coarse sand to gravel","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2922, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"NA","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","English channel","Mean depth ~5m",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"Mean depth ~5m"]
["Zydelis, R., Bellebaum, J., Osterblom, H., Vetemaa, M., Schirmeister, B., Stipniece, A., Dagys, M., van Eerden, M. And Garthe, S. 2009 Bycatch in gillnet fisheries- An overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biological Conservation. Vol. 142, 1269-1281","Overlap in fishing and foraging time is a critical factor in bycatch rates. Diving birds are 1 times more likely to be caught in fishing nets. Larger mesh sizes (>6mm) had higher reported bycatch. ","Pursuit-diving seabirds","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Gillnets","Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2928, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Various, meta-analysis of other global studies ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Cabaco, S., Alexandre, A. and Santos, R. (2005). Population-level effects of clam harvesting on the seagrass Zostera noltii. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 298, 123-129","A comparison between disturbed and undisturbed meadows suggests that clam harvesting activities change the species population structure by significantly reducing shoot density and total biomass","Seagrasses","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Hand collection, digging, raking","Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2934, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},"Trampling and digging (hand blade)","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Ria Formosa lagoon, Southern Portugal","Mesotidal lagoon, separated from the ocean by a system of 5 sand barrier islands and 6 inlets, which extend for about 55 km along the south coast of Portugal. Average water depth 2 m. Mostly exposed at low tide. Bare sediment communities and seagrass meadows (Zostera noltii) occupy the lower intertidal flats. ",null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"NA"]
["Erftemeijer, P.L.A., and Lewis, R.R.R. 2006. Environmental impacts of dredging on seagrasses: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. 52, 1553-1572.","Larger slow growing climax species with substantial carbohydrate reserves show greater resilience to increased turbidity and sedimentation than smaller opportunistic species.","Seagrasses","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Dredge (not specifically fisheries)","Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2937, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},"Increased turbidity and sedimentation","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","Review paper",null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"No UK case studies, 1 Danish and 1 from the Netherlands, rest mainly USA and Australia. Dredging impacts does not include fisheries, but focuses on other dredging operations."]
["Kaiser, M.J., Collie, J.S.,Hall, S.J., Jennings, S. And Roiner. 2002 Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions. Fish and fisheries. Vol. 3, 114-136","Recovery within 1 days indicating that they could perhaps withstand two to three incidents of physical disturbance per year with changing the habitat markedly in character","Sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2943, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"1. Small spatial scale in this particular study "]
["Kaiser, M.J., Collie, J.S.,Hall, S.J., Jennings, S. And Roiner. 2002 Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions. Fish and fisheries. Vol. 3, 114-136","Recovery within 1 days indicating that they could perhaps withstand two to three incidents of physical disturbance per year with changing the habitat markedly in character","Sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2948, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"1. Small spatial scale in this particular study "]
["Kaiser, M.J., Collie, J.S.,Hall, S.J., Jennings, S. And Roiner. 2002 Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions. Fish and fisheries. Vol. 3, 114-136","Recovery within 1 days indicating that they could perhaps withstand two to three incidents of physical disturbance per year with changing the habitat markedly in character","Sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2953, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"1. Small spatial scale in this particular study "]
["Wilson, S., Blake, C., Berges, J.A. and Maggs, C.A. 2004. Environmental tolerances of free-living coralline algae (maerl): implications for European marine conservation. Biological Conservation Vol. 120, 279-289","Trawling breaks maerl thalli, subsequent death of maerl is more likely to be due to reduction of water movement around the maerl caused by compaction or sedimentation. ","Maerl","Maerl","Maerl","Demersal trawl","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2958, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","European","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Hinz H, Tarrent D, Ridgeway A, Kaiser MJ, Hiddink (2011) Effects of Scallop Dredging on Temperate Reef Fauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 432, 91-102.","Not all species were equally affected by scallop dredging. The complexity of stony reef habitats may provide some measure of protection at low fishing intensities.","Rocky reef","Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef","Scallop dredge","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2963, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Benthic disturbance, community change, success of closed areas.","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Lyme Bay, UK","Characterised by limestone pavement seabed with overlaying and interspersed areas of mixed sediments. ",null,null,"Impact and recovery",null,null,"Only 12% of local fishing fleets provided fishing effort data so it was not possible to precisely quantify the frequency of disturbance experienced by fished sites in this study."]
["Kaiser, M.J. & B. E. Spencer, 1994. Fish scavenging behaviour in recently trawled areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 112, 41-49."," This study showed that gurnards and whiting aggregate over beam trawl tracks, either to feed on animals damaged by the beam trawl, or on other scavengers","Fish communities","Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2966, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"Fish diets","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","East coast of Anglesey, North Wales",null,null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Gurnards and whiting increased the mean number of prey eaten after the study areas were beam trawled. Consequently, stomach fullness and contents weight also increased significantly. However, dogfish did not increase their intake of prey or alter their diet after fishing."]
["Kaiser, M.J. & B. E. Spencer, 1994. Fish scavenging behaviour in recently trawled areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 112, 41-49."," This study showed that gurnards and whiting aggregate over beam trawl tracks, either to feed on animals damaged by the beam trawl, or on other scavengers","Fish communities","Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2968, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Fish diets","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","East coast of Anglesey, North Wales",null,null,null,"Impact",null,null,"Gurnards and whiting increased the mean number of prey eaten after the study areas were beam trawled. Consequently, stomach fullness and contents weight also increased significantly. However, dogfish did not increase their intake of prey or alter their diet after fishing."]
["Abookirea A.A., Rose, C.S. 2005 Modifications to a plumb staff beam trawl for sampling uneven, complex habitats. Fisheries Research. Vol. 71, 247–254.","Modified beam trawl appears to be an effective tool for sampling demersal fishes in a variety of habitats, including those with emergent biotic strucutre","Mixed sediments (including sand, mixed sand with emergent biotic structure, sand with shell fragments, mud with shell fragments, and gravel and shell)\nbedforms","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Beam trawl (modified;  plumb staff beam trawl)","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2974, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Demersal trawl","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Boreal","Alaska","Chiniak Bay off Kodiak Island, Alaska, in a variety\nof habitats and depths (7–43 m)",null,null,"Sampling complex habitats",null,null,"Juvenile flatfishes, gadoids, and Dungeness crab were captured regularly in this study, the modified beam trawl is an effective tool for sampling demersal fishes in a variety of habitats including uneven, complex habitats with emergent biotic structure."]
["DeGange, A.R., Day, R.H., Takekawa, J.E., Mendenhall, V.M. (No other reference information available)","Review of drift net and set net fisheries around the world and current knowledge (199's) on the impacts on seabird populations.","Seabirds","Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds","Drfit net and set net","Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2979, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},"Entangling","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Ramsay, K., Kaiser, M.J., and Hughes, R.N.1998 Responses of benthic scavengers to fishing disturbance by towed gear in different habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 224, 73-89.","Feeding behaviour can alter in response to fishing disturbance even when large-scale distributions of scavengers do not change.","Coarse sand with gravel and shell debris","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Scallop dredge","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2985, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Teeth of scallop dredge pentrating into sediment","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Irish Sea (12 km off Dulas Bay on the North East coast of Anglesey)","4 m depth, low commercial fishing activity. Fauna diverse consisting of a variety of amphipods, polychaetes, echinoderms and molluscs.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","For total number of individuals and total number of species the greatest negative impact from trawling was from biogenic reefs","Biogenic reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Beam trawl and dredge","Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2989, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Remarkably less impact on sand habitats than for other habitats for total number of individuals and total number of species","Sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2994, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","Northern Europe",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Remarkably less impact on sand habitats than for other habitats for total number of individuals and total number of species","Sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G2998, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","Northern Europe",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Collie, J.S.,Hall, S.J., Jennings, S. And Roiner. 2002 Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions. Fish and fisheries. Vol. 3, 114-136","Elevated levels of tidally resuspended sediment for up to 5 days post trawl. Furrows lasted at least one year post trawl. ","Fine mud ","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Otter trawl","Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3004, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Muddy sand and gravel had the most negative impact from fishing when assessing effects of populations within habitats.","Muddy sand and gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Demersal trawl","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3009, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Muddy sand and gravel had the most negative impact from fishing when assessing effects of populations within habitats.","Muddy sand and gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Demersal trawl","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3015, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Muddy sand and gravel had the most negative impact from fishing when assessing effects of populations within habitats.","Muddy sand and gravel","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3017, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Muddy sand and gravel had the most negative impact from fishing when assessing effects of populations within habitats.","Muddy sand and gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3024, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Muddy sand and gravel had the most negative impact from fishing when assessing effects of populations within habitats.","Muddy sand and gravel","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3025, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Muddy sand and gravel had the most negative impact from fishing when assessing effects of populations within habitats.","Muddy sand and gravel","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Demersal trawl","Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3030, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Muddy sand and gravel had the most negative impact from fishing when assessing effects of populations within habitats.","Muddy sand and gravel","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand","Demersal trawl","Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3035, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Murray, S., Wanless, S. And Harris, M.P. 1994 The effects of fixed salmon (Salmo salar) nets on guillemot (Uria aalge) and razorbill (Alca torda) in Northeast Scotland in 1992. Biological Conservation. Vol. 70, 251-256","1.4 auks/net/day caught. Total of 13 for the season. 98% were guillemots. Little impact at a regional level. ","Seabirds (Auks: guillemots, razorbills)","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Bag net ","Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3040, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"Bycatch -bag nets are held in place by anchors in rocky ground or below cliffs. ","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Cruden Bay, Northeast Scotland","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Atkinson P.W., Clark, N.A., Bell, M.C., Dare, P.J., Clark, J.A., Ireland, P.L. 2003 Changes in commercially fished shellfish stocks and shorebird populations in the Wash, England. Biological Conservion. Vol. 114, 127-141","The presence of mussel farming may have prevented mass mortality events during winters of low mussel stock. ","Wading birds (Oystercatcher)","Estuarine Birds","B_Estuarine Birds","Shellfish dredge","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3047, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","The Wash, England","Cockle and mussel fisheries ",null,null,"Impact (seabird and prey population changes)",null,null,"Crude estimates of mussel and cockle stocks. "]
["Murray, S., Wanless, S. And Harris, M.P. 1994 The effects of fixed salmon (Salmo salar) nets on guillemot (Uria aalge) and razorbill (Alca torda) in Northeast Scotland in 1992. Biological Conservation. Vol. 70, 251-256","Lower bycatch rates at the other sites were recorded. 69 auks in total. Little impact at a regional level. ","Seabirds (Auks: guillemots, razorbills)","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Bag net ","Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3050, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},"Bycatch -bag nets are held in place by anchors in rocky ground or below cliffs. ","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Other sites in Northeast scotland","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Jennings, S., T.A. Dinmore, D.E. Duplisea, K.J. Warr & J. Lancaster, 2001. Trawling disturbance can modify benthic production processes. Journal of Animal Ecology. Vol. 70, 459-475.","In the Silver Pit area, trawling led to significant decrease in infaunal biomass and production","Muddy sand ","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3055, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"Trawling disturbance","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea: i) the Silver Pit region and ii) The Hills region","i)Silver Pit is  55-75m depth and with temperatures of 5oC and 13.5 oC in summer and winter ii)The Hills is  4-65m and with temperatures of 5.5oC and 13 oC in summer and winter",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"The main issue was the use of the SPUE data as an index of trawling disturbance, which  might not neccessarily  give an accurate indication of the actual frequency of disturbance at the site. "]
["Jennings, S., T.A. Dinmore, D.E. Duplisea, K.J. Warr & J. Lancaster, 2001. Trawling disturbance can modify benthic production processes. Journal of Animal Ecology. Vol. 70, 459-475.","In the Silver Pit area, trawling led to significant decrease in infaunal biomass and production","Muddy sand ","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Demersal trawl","Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3060, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},"Trawling disturbance","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North Sea: i) the Silver Pit region and ii) The Hills region","i)Silver Pit is  55-75m depth and with temperatures of 5oC and 13.5 oC in summer and winter ii)The Hills is  4-65m and with temperatures of 5.5oC and 13 oC in summer and winter",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"The main issue was the use of the SPUE data as an index of trawling disturbance, which  might not neccessarily  give an accurate indication of the actual frequency of disturbance at the site. "]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Recovery occurs most rapidly in sand habitats than other habitats types. ","Sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3066, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Recovery occurs most rapidly in sand habitats than other habitats types. ","Sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3070, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Recovery occurs most rapidly in sand habitats than other habitats types. ","Sand","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3076, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Recovery occurs most rapidly in sand habitats than other habitats types. ","Sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3079, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"NA"]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2000 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","Recovery occurs most rapidly in sand habitats than other habitats types. ","Sand","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3085, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"NA"]
["Orth, R.J., Fishman, J.R., Wilcox, D.J. And Moore, K.A. 2002 Identification and management of fishing gear impacts in a recovering seagrass system in the coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Journal of Coastal Research.  Vol. 37, 111-129","Colonization by R.maritima into some scarred areas occurs within months","Seagrasses","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Dredge","Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3086, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},"None indicated","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate","Maryland, USA","Seagrass beds",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"NA"]
["Dernie, K.M., Kaiser, M.J. and Warwick, R.M. 2003. Recovery rates of benthic communities following physical disturbance. Journal of Animal Ecology. Vol. 73, 1043-1056","The higher the proportion of sand the higher the rate of recovery. ","Clean sand, silty sand, muddy sand and mud","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Bait dragging, intertidal raking, suction dredge and trawl","Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3091, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Menai Strait, North Wales","Various sites chosen for their varying percentage silt and clay content of sediment. Four different sites containing clean sand, silty sand, muddy sand and mud were chosen. ",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"NA"]
["Dernie, K.M., Kaiser, M.J. and Warwick, R.M. 2003. Recovery rates of benthic communities following physical disturbance. Journal of Animal Ecology. Vol. 73, 1043-1056","The higher the proportion of sand the higher the rate of recovery. ","Clean sand, silty sand, muddy sand and mud","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud","Bait dragging, intertidal raking, suction dredge and trawl","Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3098, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Menai Strait, North Wales","Various sites chosen for their varying percentage silt and clay content of sediment. Four different sites containing clean sand, silty sand, muddy sand and mud were chosen. ",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"NA"]
["Dernie, K.M., Kaiser, M.J. and Warwick, R.M. 2003. Recovery rates of benthic communities following physical disturbance. Journal of Animal Ecology. Vol. 73, 1043-1056","The higher the proportion of sand the higher the rate of recovery. ","Clean sand, silty sand, muddy sand and mud","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Bait dragging, intertidal raking, suction dredge and trawl","Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3101, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Menai Strait, North Wales","Various sites chosen for their varying percentage silt and clay content of sediment. Four different sites containing clean sand, silty sand, muddy sand and mud were chosen. ",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"NA"]
["Bergmann, M. And Moore, P.G. 2001 Mortality of Asterias rubens and Ophiura ophiura disgarded in the Nephrops fishery of the Clyde Sea area, Scotland. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 58, 531-542 ","Mortality rate for O.ophuria in the short-term was 8-31% (mean 16%)","Brittlestar (Ophiura ophuria)","Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds","Demersal trawl","Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3106, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"None indicated","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Clyde Sea, Scotland","None given ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Orth, R.J., Fishman, J.R., Wilcox, D.J. And Moore, K.A. 2002 Identification and management of fishing gear impacts in a recovering seagrass system in the coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Journal of Coastal Research.  Vol. 37, 111-129","Little recovery of the seagrass bed was found in a 3 year period. ","Seagrasses","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Hydraulic dredge (clam)","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3111, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},"None indicated","Peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate","Maryland, USA","Seagrass beds",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"NA"]
["Atkinson, P.W., Maclean, I.M.D., Clark, N.A. 2010 Impacts of shellfisheries and nutrient inputs on waterbird communities in the Wash, England. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 47, 191-199","Decline in bivalve feeders was due to overfishing of mussel beds ","Wading birds","Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds","Shellfish dredge","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3116, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","The Wash, England","Cockle and mussel fisheries ",null,null,"Impact (seabird and prey population changes)",null,null,"Crude estimates of mussel and cockle stocks. "]
["Atkinson P.W., Clark, N.A., Bell, M.C., Dare, P.J., Clark, J.A., Ireland, P.L. 2003 Changes in commercially fished shellfish stocks and shorebird populations in the Wash, England. Biological Conservion. Vol. 114, 127-141","No effects of cockle and mussel fisheries on Knot populations","Wading birds (Knot)","Estuarine Birds","B_Estuarine Birds","Shellfish dredge","Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3121, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","The Wash, England","Cockle and mussel fisheries ",null,null,"Impact (seabird and prey population changes)",null,null,"Crude estimates of mussel and cockle stocks. "]
["Furness, R.W. 2003 Impacts of fisheries on seabird communities. Scientia Marina. Vol. 67, 33-45","Caused declines in local colonies of guillemots in Norway. ","Pursuit-diving seabirds","Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds","Set nets","Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3127, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Bergmann, M. And Moore, P.G. 2001 Mortality of Asterias rubens and Ophiura ophiura disgarded in the Nephrops fishery of the Clyde Sea area, Scotland. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 58, 531-542 ","Longer term: All trawled O.ophuria died within 4 weeks. ","Brittlestar (Ophiura ophuria)","Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3130, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},"None indicated","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Clyde Sea, Scotland","None given ",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Blyth, R.E., Kaiser, M.J., Edwards-Jones, G. and Hart, P.J.B. 2004. Implications of a zoned fishery management system for marine benthic communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 41, 951-961. ","Reduced biomass even 22 months after trawling ceased ","Subtidal coarse sand","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3137, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","English channel","Mean depth ~5m",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"Assumes the static-gear only sites are ok. "]
["Blyth, R.E., Kaiser, M.J., Edwards-Jones, G. and Hart, P.J.B. 2004. Implications of a zoned fishery management system for marine benthic communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 41, 951-961. ","Reduced biomass even 22 months after trawling ceased ","Subtidal coarse sand","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)","Demersal trawl","Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3142, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","English channel","Mean depth ~5m",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"Assumes the static-gear only sites are ok. "]
["Blyth, R.E., Kaiser, M.J., Edwards-Jones, G. and Hart, P.J.B. 2004. Implications of a zoned fishery management system for marine benthic communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 41, 951-961. ","Reduced biomass even 22 months after trawling ceased ","Subtidal coarse sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Demersal trawl","Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3143, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","English channel","Mean depth ~5m",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"Assumes the static-gear only sites are ok. "]
["Kaiser, M.J., Collie, J.S.,Hall, S.J., Jennings, S. And Roiner. 2002 Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions. Fish and fisheries. Vol. 3, 114-136","7% fecundity of maerl thalli through burial","Maerl","Maerl","Maerl","Scallop dredge","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3147, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Foden, J., Rogers, S.I., Jones, A.P. 2010. Recovery of UK seabed habitats from benthic fishing and aggregate extraction- towards a cumulative impact assessment. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 411, 259-270 ","Highest recorded recovery time 182 days ","Sand ","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Beam trawl","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3152, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK (England and Wales) ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"Where there was a > or < sign used in recovery estimates this sign was ignored and highest recovery time recorded"]
["Foden, J., Rogers, S.I., Jones, A.P. 2010. Recovery of UK seabed habitats from benthic fishing and aggregate extraction- towards a cumulative impact assessment. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 411, 259-270 ","Highest recorded recovery time 182 days ","Sand ","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3160, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK (England and Wales) ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"Where there was a > or < sign used in recovery estimates this sign was ignored and highest recovery time recorded"]
["Foden, J., Rogers, S.I., Jones, A.P. 2010. Recovery of UK seabed habitats from benthic fishing and aggregate extraction- towards a cumulative impact assessment. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 411, 259-270 ","Highest recorded recovery time 182 days ","Sand ","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3162, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK (England and Wales) ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"Where there was a > or < sign used in recovery estimates this sign was ignored and highest recovery time recorded"]
["Foden, J., Rogers, S.I., Jones, A.P. 2010. Recovery of UK seabed habitats from benthic fishing and aggregate extraction- towards a cumulative impact assessment. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 411, 259-270 ","Highest recorded recovery time 182 days ","Sand ","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Beam trawl","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3167, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK (England and Wales) ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"Where there was a > or < sign used in recovery estimates this sign was ignored and highest recovery time recorded"]
["Foden, J., Rogers, S.I., Jones, A.P. 2010. Recovery of UK seabed habitats from benthic fishing and aggregate extraction- towards a cumulative impact assessment. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 411, 259-270 ","Highest recorded recovery time 182 days ","Sand ","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Beam trawl","Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3173, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK (England and Wales) ","NA",null,null,"Recovery ",null,null,"Where there was a > or < sign used in recovery estimates this sign was ignored and highest recovery time recorded"]
["Tasker, M. L., Camphuysen, C. J., Cooper, J., Garthe, S., Montevecchi, W. A., and Blaber, S. J. M. 2000. The impacts of fishing on marine birds. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 531–547.","1.75 birds/1 hooks (95% fulmers)","Seabirds (surface feeders, fulmers)","Surface feeding birds","B_Surface feeding birds","Longlines (demersal and pelagic)","Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3179, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North East Atlantic","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Tasker, M. L., Camphuysen, C. J., Cooper, J., Garthe, S., Montevecchi, W. A., and Blaber, S. J. M. 2000. The impacts of fishing on marine birds. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 531–547.","1.75 birds/1 hooks (95% fulmers)","Seabirds (surface feeders, fulmers)","Surface feeding birds","B_Surface feeding birds","Longlines (demersal and pelagic)","Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3182, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},"Bycatch","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","North East Atlantic","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Clarke, K.R., Hinz, H., Austen, M.C.V., Somerfield, P.J., Karakassis, I. 2006 Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 311:1-14","Do not occur","Biogenic habitats and mud","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal rake and dredge","Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3188, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global ","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"1. Meta-analysis of previous studies 2. Does not allow multivariate analysis of changing community structure 3. Assumes that all data points across all studies are statistically independant"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Clarke, K.R., Hinz, H., Austen, M.C.V., Somerfield, P.J., Karakassis, I. 2006 Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 311:1-14","Do not occur","Biogenic habitats and mud","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal rake and dredge","Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3192, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global ","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"1. Meta-analysis of previous studies 2. Does not allow multivariate analysis of changing community structure 3. Assumes that all data points across all studies are statistically independant"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Clarke, K.R., Hinz, H., Austen, M.C.V., Somerfield, P.J., Karakassis, I. 2006 Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 311:1-14","Do not occur","Biogenic habitats and mud","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Intertidal rake and dredge","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3197, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global ","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"1. Meta-analysis of previous studies 2. Does not allow multivariate analysis of changing community structure 3. Assumes that all data points across all studies are statistically independant"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Clarke, K.R., Hinz, H., Austen, M.C.V., Somerfield, P.J., Karakassis, I. 2006 Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 311:1-14","Do not occur","Biogenic habitats and mud","Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef","Intertidal rake and dredge","Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3203, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global ","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"1. Meta-analysis of previous studies 2. Does not allow multivariate analysis of changing community structure 3. Assumes that all data points across all studies are statistically independant"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Clarke, K.R., Hinz, H., Austen, M.C.V., Somerfield, P.J., Karakassis, I. 2006 Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 311:1-14","Do not occur","Biogenic habitats and mud","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal rake and dredge","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3208, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global ","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"1. Meta-analysis of previous studies 2. Does not allow multivariate analysis of changing community structure 3. Assumes that all data points across all studies are statistically independant"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Clarke, K.R., Hinz, H., Austen, M.C.V., Somerfield, P.J., Karakassis, I. 2006 Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 311:1-14","Do not occur","Biogenic habitats and mud","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal rake and dredge","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3211, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global ","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"1. Meta-analysis of previous studies 2. Does not allow multivariate analysis of changing community structure 3. Assumes that all data points across all studies are statistically independant"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Clarke, K.R., Hinz, H., Austen, M.C.V., Somerfield, P.J., Karakassis, I. 2006 Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 311:1-14","Do not occur","Biogenic habitats and mud","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Intertidal rake and dredge","Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3213, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global ","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"1. Meta-analysis of previous studies 2. Does not allow multivariate analysis of changing community structure 3. Assumes that all data points across all studies are statistically independant"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Clarke, K.R., Hinz, H., Austen, M.C.V., Somerfield, P.J., Karakassis, I. 2006 Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 311:1-14","Do not occur","Biogenic habitats and mud","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Intertidal rake and dredge","Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3218, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"NA","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global ","Global ","NA",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"1. Meta-analysis of previous studies 2. Does not allow multivariate analysis of changing community structure 3. Assumes that all data points across all studies are statistically independant"]
["Townshend, D.J. & O'Connor, D.A. 1993. Some effects of disturbance to waterfowl from baitdigging and wildfowling at Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve, north-east England. Wader Study Group Bull. 68: 47-52.","Add summary",null,"Estuarine Birds","B_Estuarine Birds",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3224, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3228, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Coen, L.D. 1995. A review of the potential impacts of mechanical harvesting on subtidal and intertidal shellfish resources. Prepared by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Marine Resources Research Institute","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3234, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate"]
["Coen, L.D. 1995. A review of the potential impacts of mechanical harvesting on subtidal and intertidal shellfish resources. Prepared by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Marine Resources Research Institute","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3239, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3243, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3249, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Fowler, S. L. 2001. Investigation into the extent of bait collection and its impacts on features of conservation interest for birds and intertidal species and habitats within the Solent and Poole Bay Natural Area. Final Report to English Nature.  Open Library OL18942327M","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3254, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3256, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3264, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Johnson K.A. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3269, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3273, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3274, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3279, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Johnson K.A. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3285, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3292, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3295, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3300, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite","Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3305, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3310, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Johnson K.A. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3315, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3320, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3324, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3330, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Bell, M.C., Walker, P. 2006. Desk study to assess the impact of cockle suction dredging on The Wash and North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site. Report number 670. CEFAS Contract No. C2252","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3331, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European; Temperate"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3337, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3340, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Estuarine Birds","B_Estuarine Birds",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3346, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3351, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3356, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Gubbay, S. & Knapman, P.A. 1999. A review of the effects of fishing within UK European marine sites. English Nature (UK Marine SACs Project) 134","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3361, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Reedbeds","Reedbeds",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3366, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3369, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Davison DM, Hughes DJ (1998) Zostera Biotopes (Volume 1) An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science. UK Marine SACs Project.","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Tractor",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3376, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European; Temperate"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3381, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3386, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3391, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3392, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3397, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Mercaldo-Allen, R., Goldberg, R. 2011. Review of the Ecological Effects of Dredging in the Cultivation and Harvest of Molluscan Shellfish. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-NE-220","Add summary",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3405, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3407, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hiscock, K., Sewell, J. & Oakley, J. 2005 Marine Health Check 2005. A report to gauge the health of the UK's sea-life. Godalming, WWF-UK","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3412, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European; Temperate"]
["Coen, L.D. 1995. A review of the potential impacts of mechanical harvesting on subtidal and intertidal shellfish resources. Prepared by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Marine Resources Research Institute","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3418, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Temperate"]
["Dare, P.J., Bell, M.C., Walker, P., Bannister, R.C.A. 2004. Historical and current status of cockle and mussel stocks in The Wash. CEFAS Lowestoft, 85pp. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3422, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3427, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3433, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3437, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3442, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Blyth-Skyrme, R.E. 2011. Sensitivity assessment of native oyster and blue mussel; a report to Natural England for the MCZ Project. Ichthys Marine Ecological Consulting Ltd. Project reference number: SAE03-02-419, March 2011, 32 pp.","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3448, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Dare, P.J., Bell, M.C., Walker, P., Bannister, R.C.A. 2004. Historical and current status of cockle and mussel stocks in The Wash. CEFAS Lowestoft, 85pp. ","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3450, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3453, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3458, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3463, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3468, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3473, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3478, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Dare, P.J., Bell, M.C., Walker, P., Bannister, R.C.A. 2004. Historical and current status of cockle and mussel stocks in The Wash. CEFAS Lowestoft, 85pp. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3482, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3488, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3494, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., Harris, R., Hinz, H., Votier, S. and Hiscock, K. 2007. An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation Measures. Report number: SR591. ISBN – 0 903941 69 4","Add summary",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3499, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3503, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Liley, D., Cruickshanks, K, Fearnley, H. & Lake, S. 2012 The effect of bait collection on waterfowl foraging behaviour in Holes Bay, Poole Harbour. Report for Natural England. Footprint Ecology Ltd., Wareham, Dorset.","Add summary",null,"Estuarine Birds","B_Estuarine Birds",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3509, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3514, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3518, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3519, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3524, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3531, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3534, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3539, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3545, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3550, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3555, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3560, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3563, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3570, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. (2012). Discussion examples of sensitivity scores and mapping of auks, Shags and Cormorants to set nets, terns to dredging and Oystercatchers to shellfish harvesting in Welsh waters. ","Add summary",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3575, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European; Temperate"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3576, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3580, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3585, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3591, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3595, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3600, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3606, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3612, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3615, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3621, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3626, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3631, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3636, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3641, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite","Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3644, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3646, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3652, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Kaiser MJ. A Summary of the Impacts of Scallop Dredging on Seabed Biota and Habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3657, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Kaiser MJ. A Summary of the Impacts of Scallop Dredging on Seabed Biota and Habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3663, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Johnson K.A. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3667, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3672, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hiddink JG, Kaiser MJ, Hinz H, Ridgeway A. Quantification of epibenthic fauna in areas subjected to different regimes of scallop dredging activity in Lyme Bay, Devon. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3676, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3682, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3687, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3689, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3697, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., Harris, R., Hinz, H., Votier, S. and Hiscock, K. 2007. An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation Measures. Report number: SR591. ISBN – 0 903941 69 4","Add summary",null,"Estuarine Birds","B_Estuarine Birds",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3702, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. 2012. Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report Number 11/6.","Add summary",null,"Estuarine Birds","B_Estuarine Birds",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3703, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3708, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3713, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3718, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3725, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3728, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3733, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. 2012. Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report Number 11/6.","Add summary",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3738, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3744, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3748, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3754, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3757, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Reedbeds","Reedbeds",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3763, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3764, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3769, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3776, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3779, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3784, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3789, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3794, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3799, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3802, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3809, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3815, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3820, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3821, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3825, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3830, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3838, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3840, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3845, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3851, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3857, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3860, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3866, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3870, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3875, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3881, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3886, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3889, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3891, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3896, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3902, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3906, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Crab tiling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3912, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"48_Miscellaneous–Crab tiling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Crab tiling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3915, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"48_Miscellaneous–Crab tiling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3921, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3927, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3932, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., Harris, R., Hinz, H., Votier, S. and Hiscock, K. 2007. An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation Measures. Report number: SR591. ISBN – 0 903941 69 4","Add summary",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3934, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3942, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3947, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Baines, M.E. 2013. A methodology to assess the sensitivity of marine mammals to different fishing activities and intensities. CCW Policy Research Report No 12/6. 83pp.","Add summary",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3951, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., Harris, R., Hinz, H., Votier, S. and Hiscock, K. 2007. An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation Measures. Report number: SR591. ISBN – 0 903941 69 4","Add summary",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3952, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3957, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3963, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3970, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3973, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3978, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3983, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3988, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3993, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G3996, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4003, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4008, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Baines, M.E. 2013. A methodology to assess the sensitivity of marine mammals to different fishing activities and intensities. CCW Policy Research Report No 12/6. 83pp.","Add summary",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4009, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4015, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4018, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4024, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4028, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4033, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4039, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4044, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4047, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4054, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4059, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4064, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4069, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4070, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4075, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4083, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4085, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4090, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4096, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4100, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4105, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4109, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4115, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4120, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4126, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4128, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4131, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. (2012). Discussion examples of sensitivity scores and mapping of auks, Shags and Cormorants to set nets, terns to dredging and Oystercatchers to shellfish harvesting in Welsh waters. ","Add summary",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4136, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European; Temperate"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4141, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4146, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4151, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4156, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4160, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., Harris, R., Hinz, H., Votier, S. and Hiscock, K. 2007. An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation Measures. Report number: SR591. ISBN – 0 903941 69 4","Add summary",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4166, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. 2012. Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report Number 11/6.","Add summary",null,"Estuarine Birds","B_Estuarine Birds",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4172, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4177, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4181, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4187, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4192, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4196, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4197, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4202, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4209, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4212, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4217, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4222, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4227, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4233, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Coastal lagoons","Coastal lagoons",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4238, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4241, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4248, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4253, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4254, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4258, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4263, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., Harris, R., Hinz, H., Votier, S. and Hiscock, K. 2007. An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation Measures. Report number: SR591. ISBN – 0 903941 69 4","Add summary",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4269, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4273, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4278, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4284, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4290, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4293, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4299, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. 2012. Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report Number 11/6.","Add summary",null,"Surface feeding birds","B_Surface feeding birds",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4304, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4309, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4314, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4319, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Johnson K.A. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4322, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4324, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4330, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4335, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4339, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4345, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4350, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4354, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4360, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4365, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. 2012. Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report Number 11/6.","Add summary",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4367, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4375, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4380, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4381, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Johnson K.A. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4386, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4391, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4396, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Bartlett, G., Elliot, M., Firth, C., Giles, E., Hawthorne, E., Proctor, N., & Stout J. 2004 HUMBER MANAGEMENT SCHEME Annex A – Fisheries. North East Sea Fisheries Committee, Commercial Fisheries.","Add summary",null,"River and sea lamprey","F_River and sea lamprey",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4403, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4406, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4411, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4416, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4422, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Johnson K.A. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4426, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4432, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4435, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4441, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Young, T. E. (2013) Assessing the impact of potting on chalk reef communities in the Flamborough Head European Marine Site. Report to the North Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority. Unpublished thesis (MSc) Newcastle University. Pp74.","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4442, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4448, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4451, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4457, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4462, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4467, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4472, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4477, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4480, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4487, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Johnson K.A. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4493, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4498, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4499, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4503, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4508, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4516, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Baines, M.E. 2013. A methodology to assess the sensitivity of marine mammals to different fishing activities and intensities. CCW Policy Research Report No 12/6. 83pp.","Add summary",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4518, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4523, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4529, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4535, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4538, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4544, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4548, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4554, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. 2012. Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report Number 11/6.","Add summary",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4559, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Gubbay, S. & Knapman, P.A. 1999. A review of the effects of fishing within UK European marine sites. English Nature (UK Marine SACs Project) 134","Add summary",null,"River and sea lamprey","F_River and sea lamprey",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4561, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4564, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4569, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4574, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4580, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4584, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4590, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4593, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4599, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. 2012. Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report Number 11/6.","Add summary",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4605, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4610, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4612, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4620, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4625, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4629, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4630, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4635, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4642, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4645, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4651, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4656, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Reedbeds","Reedbeds",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4661, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4666, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4671, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4674, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4681, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Johnson K.A. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4686, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4687, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4693, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4696, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4702, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4706, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Twaite and Allis shad","F_Twaite and Allis shad",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4711, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4717, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4722, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4725, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4732, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4737, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4742, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4747, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4748, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4755, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4757, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4763, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Reedbeds","Reedbeds",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4768, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4774, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4778, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4783, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4787, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Løkkeborg, S. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities.FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 472. Rome, FAO. 2005. 58p.","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4793, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4798, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4804, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Johnson K.A. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4806, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4809, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4814, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Gubbay, S. & Knapman, P.A. 1999. A review of the effects of fishing within UK European marine sites. English Nature (UK Marine SACs Project) 134","Add summary",null,"Twaite and Allis shad","F_Twaite and Allis shad",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4819, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4824, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4829, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Baines, M.E. 2013. A methodology to assess the sensitivity of marine mammals to different fishing activities and intensities. CCW Policy Research Report No 12/6. 83pp.","Add summary",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4834, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["DEFRA (2008) Impact Assessment of Measures to Protect Marine Biodiversity in Lyme Bay. ","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4838, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4844, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4850, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4855, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4859, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4865, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4868, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["DEFRA (2008) Impact Assessment of Measures to Protect Marine Biodiversity in Lyme Bay. ","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4874, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4875, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4880, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4887, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4890, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Jackson J.B., Kirby M.X., Berger W.H., Bjorndal K.A., Botsford L.W., Bourque B.J., Bradbury R.H., Cooke R., Erlandson J., Estes J.A., Hughes T.P., Kidwell S., Lange C.B., Lenihan H.S., Pandolfi J.M., Peterson C.H., Steneck R.S., Tegner M.J., Warner R.R. 1999. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Fishery Bulletin. Vol. 97(1), 183-199","No significant reduction in mean shoot density, number of blades per shoot, longest blade length per shoot, total blade length per shoot, or above and below ground biomass with increased levels of trawling. ","Seagrasses","Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)","Roller beam trawl","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4895, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"None indicated","Peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Tampa Bay, Florida","Turtlegrass beds with continuous cover.",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"NA"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4900, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4905, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Løkkeborg, S. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities.FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 472. Rome, FAO. 2005. 58p.","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4911, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Depestele J, Courtens W., Degraer S., Haelters J., Hostens K., Houziaux J-S., Merckx B., Polet H., Rabaut M., Stienen E.W.M., Vandendriessche S., Verfaillie E. & Vincx M. 2012. An integrated impact assessment of trammel net and beam trawl fisheries \"WAKO II\" - Final Report. Brussels : Belgian Science Policy Office 2012 – 233 p (Research Programme Science for a Sustainable Development)","Add summary",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4916, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4919, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4926, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4931, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4932, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4936, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4941, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4947, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Baines, M.E. 2013. A methodology to assess the sensitivity of marine mammals to different fishing activities and intensities. CCW Policy Research Report No 12/6. 83pp.","Add summary",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4951, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4956, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Johnson K.A. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4962, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4968, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4971, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4977, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4981, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4987, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4992, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. 2012. Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report Number 11/6.","Add summary",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G4997, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"River and sea lamprey","F_River and sea lamprey",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5000, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5002, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5008, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5013, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5017, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Johnson K.A. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5023, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5028, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5032, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5038, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5043, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5045, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. 2012. Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report Number 11/6.","Add summary",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5053, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5058, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5059, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5064, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5069, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5074, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Løkkeborg, S. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities.FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 472. Rome, FAO. 2005. 58p.","Add summary",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5081, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5084, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5089, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5094, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5099, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5104, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5110, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5113, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. (2012). Discussion examples of sensitivity scores and mapping of auks, Shags and Cormorants to set nets, terns to dredging and Oystercatchers to shellfish harvesting in Welsh waters. ","Add summary",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5119, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European; Temperate"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Reedbeds","Reedbeds",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5120, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5126, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite","Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5129, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5135, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5140, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5145, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5150, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5155, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5158, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5165, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5171, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5175, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Løkkeborg, S. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities.FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 472. Rome, FAO. 2005. 58p.","Add summary",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5180, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5181, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5186, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Løkkeborg, S. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities.FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 472. Rome, FAO. 2005. 58p.","Add summary",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5194, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5196, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5201, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5207, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5211, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5216, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5222, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5226, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5232, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Løkkeborg, S. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities.FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 472. Rome, FAO. 2005. 58p.","Add summary",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5237, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Løkkeborg, S. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities.FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 472. Rome, FAO. 2005. 58p.","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5239, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5242, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5247, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5252, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Løkkeborg, S. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities.FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 472. Rome, FAO. 2005. 58p.","Add summary",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5258, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5262, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5268, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5271, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5277, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5283, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5288, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5292, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5298, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5303, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5307, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5308, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Reedbeds","Reedbeds",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5313, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5320, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5323, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5329, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Løkkeborg, S. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities.FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 472. Rome, FAO. 2005. 58p.","Add summary",null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5334, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5339, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5344, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5349, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5352, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5359, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. (2012). Discussion examples of sensitivity scores and mapping of auks, Shags and Cormorants to set nets, terns to dredging and Oystercatchers to shellfish harvesting in Welsh waters. ","Add summary",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5364, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European; Temperate"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5365, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5371, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Baines, M.E. 2013. A methodology to assess the sensitivity of marine mammals to different fishing activities and intensities. CCW Policy Research Report No 12/6. 83pp.","Add summary",null,"Grey and Common Seal","M_Grey and Common Seal",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5374, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5380, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5384, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5389, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5395, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5401, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. 2012. Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report Number 11/6.","Add summary",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5405, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5410, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5415, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5420, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5425, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5426, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5433, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5435, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 2008. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5441, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5446, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)","Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5452, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Peat and clay exposures","Peat and clay exposures",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5456, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal bedrock reef","Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5461, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5465, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5471, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5476, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5482, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5484, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5487, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["WWT Consulting. 2012. Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report Number 11/6.","Add summary",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5492, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5497, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5502, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","Add summary",null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5507, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["DEFRA (2008) Impact Assessment of Measures to Protect Marine Biodiversity in Lyme Bay. ","Add summary",null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5514, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5517, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. 2010. Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities.Report: SC080016/R3. ISBN: 978-1-84911-208-6","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5522, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["JNCC & NE, 2011. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features, 113pp","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5528, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Tideswept communities","Tideswept communities",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5533, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5537, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Gubbay, S. & Knapman, P.A. 1999. A review of the effects of fishing within UK European marine sites. English Nature (UK Marine SACs Project) 134","Add summary",null,"Twaite and Allis shad","F_Twaite and Allis shad",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5543, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Grieve, C., Brady, D., & Hans Polet, IR. 2011. Best Practices for Managing, Measuring and Mitigating the Benthic Impacts of Fishing. Final Report the the Marine Stewardship Council. ","Add summary",null,"Estuarine fish community","F_Estuarine fish community",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5546, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Gubbay, S. & Knapman, P.A. 1999. A review of the effects of fishing within UK European marine sites. English Nature (UK Marine SACs Project) 134","Add summary",null,"Twaite and Allis shad","F_Twaite and Allis shad",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5552, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., Harris, R., Hinz, H., Votier, S. and Hiscock, K. 2007. An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation Measures. Report number: SR591. ISBN – 0 903941 69 4","Add summary",null,"Benthic feeding seabirds","B_Benthic feeding seabirds",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5553, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Sewell, J., Harris, R., Hinz, H., Votier, S. and Hiscock, K. 2007. An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation Measures. Report number: SR591. ISBN – 0 903941 69 4","Add summary",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds","B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5558, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.","Add summary",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5565, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.","Add summary",null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5568, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).","Add summary",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5573, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Luce Bay, SW Scotland.",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.","Add summary",null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5578, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5583, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5589, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Luce Bay, SW Scotland.",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5594, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5597, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5604, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5609, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5610, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5614, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Luce Bay, SW Scotland.",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5619, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5627, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5629, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5634, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5640, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Luce Bay, SW Scotland.",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (2013). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5646, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","USA","California",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5650, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5655, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5659, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (2013). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5665, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","USA","California",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5670, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5675, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["?",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5678, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","Offshore",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Heavy otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5680, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5686, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5691, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5695, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5701, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5706, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["?",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5709, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","Offshore",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5710, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5711, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5712, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["?",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5713, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","Offshore",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5714, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5715, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5716, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Luce Bay, SW Scotland.",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5717, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5718, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (2013). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5719, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","USA","California",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5720, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5721, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (2013). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5722, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","USA","California",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5723, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Luce Bay, SW Scotland.",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5724, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5725, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5726, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (2013). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5727, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","USA","California",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["?",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5728, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Canada","Gulf of St. Lawrence",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thrsholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5729, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5730, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5731, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5732, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5733, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5734, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Luce Bay, SW Scotland.",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5735, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (2013). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5736, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","USA","California",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["?",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5737, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Canada","Gulf of St. Lawrence",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thrsholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5738, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5739, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Luce Bay, SW Scotland.",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5740, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (2013). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5741, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","USA","California",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["?",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5742, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Canada","Gulf of St. Lawrence",null,null,"Impact",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thrsholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5743, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5744, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Argyll Marine Special Areas of Conservation - FIRTH OF LORN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005). ",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5745, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Firth of Lorn",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5746, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5747, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5748, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["?",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5749, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","Offshore",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5750, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5751, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5752, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5753, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["?",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5754, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Web Resource","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, Scotland","Offshore",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5755, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5756, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Light otter trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5757, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5758, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (2013). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5759, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","USA","California",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5760, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (2013). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5761, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","USA","California",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5762, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (2013). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5763, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","USA","California",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5764, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5765, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5766, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5767, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5768, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (2013). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5769, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","USA","California",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5770, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5771, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (2013). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5772, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","USA","California",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5773, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5774, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5775, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5776, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5777, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5778, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5779, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5780, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5781, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5782, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5783, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5784, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5785, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5786, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5787, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5788, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5789, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5790, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5791, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5792, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5793, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5794, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5795, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5796, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5797, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5798, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5799, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5800, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5801, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5802, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5803, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5804, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5805, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5806, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5807, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Argyll Marine Special Areas of Conservation - FIRTH OF LORN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005). ",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5808, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Firth of Lorn",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5809, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5810, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5811, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5812, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5813, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5814, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5815, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5816, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5817, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5818, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5819, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5820, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5821, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5822, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5823, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5824, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5825, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5826, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5827, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5828, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Argyll Marine Special Areas of Conservation - FIRTH OF LORN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005). ",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5829, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Firth of Lorn",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5830, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5831, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5832, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5833, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5834, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5835, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5836, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5837, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5838, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5839, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5840, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5841, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5842, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5843, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5844, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5845, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5846, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5847, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5848, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5849, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5850, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5851, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5852, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5853, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5854, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5855, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Luce Bay, SW Scotland.",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5856, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5857, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5858, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5859, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5860, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Luce Bay, SW Scotland.",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5861, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5862, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5863, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5864, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5865, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5866, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5867, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Luce Bay, SW Scotland.",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5868, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5869, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5870, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Luce Bay, SW Scotland.",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5871, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5872, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5873, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Argyll Marine Special Areas of Conservation - FIRTH OF LORN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005). ",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5874, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Firth of Lorn",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5875, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5876, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5877, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5878, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5879, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["ARGYLL MARINE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION - LOCH CRERAN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005).",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5880, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Loch Creran",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5881, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5882, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5883, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5884, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5885, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5886, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5887, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5888, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5889, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5890, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Brittlestar beds","Brittlestar beds",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5891, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)","Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5892, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5893, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5894, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5895, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (2008). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5896, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","Germany","North Sea",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5897, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5898, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5899, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5900, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5901, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5902, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2000). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5903, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","sound of Arisaig",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5904, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5905, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5906, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5907, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5908, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5909, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5910, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5911, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5912, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5913, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5914, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5915, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5916, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Maerl","Maerl",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5917, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears","Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5918, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments","Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5919, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5920, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Argyll Marine Special Areas of Conservation - FIRTH OF LORN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005). ",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5921, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Firth of Lorn",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5922, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5923, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5924, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5925, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef","Sabellaria spp reef",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5926, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5927, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5928, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (2011). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.",null,null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases","Submarine structures made by leaking gases",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5929, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Quantative","In development",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK, England, SW","Lyme Bay",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["Argyll Marine Special Areas of Conservation - FIRTH OF LORN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (2005). ",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5930, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},null,"Non peer reviewed","Non-Quantitative (NQ)","Yes (Natura 2000)",null,null,"FIED",null,"European","UK,Scotland (west coast)","Firth of Lorn",null,null,"Impact/Recovery",null,null,"Fisheries impact thresholds were developed or proposed; therefore relatively strong"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)","Seagrass (SACs)",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5931, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5932, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5933, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["\nBan, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (2010). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010\n",null,null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5934, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Peer reviewed","Semi Quantative","No",null,null,"FIED",null,"Global","Pacific Canada","Continental shelf",null,null,"Impact ",null,null,"No fisheries impacts thresholds used"]
["Howarth, L. M. & Stewart, B. D. 2014. The dredge fishery for scallops in the United Kingdom (UK): effects on marine ecosystems and proposals for future management. Report to the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust. Marine Ecosystem Management Report no. 5, University of York, 54 pp.","The report was commissioned by the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust with the objectives of using existing knowledge to aid the management of scallop fisheries around the UK. Firstly it considers the environmental impacts on various habitat by carrying out a literature review. It then reviews a selection of case studies of scallop dredging management across the UK. ","Rocky Reefs and mixed substrate","Rocky Reefs","Rocky Reefs","Scallop dredging","Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5935, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},"Level of background disturbance, local hydrologym fishing intensity and community characteristics","Grey literature","Reviewed Literature","No",null,null,"Seafish RASS","A review of the management and environmental impacts of scallop fisheries around the UK. The review of impacts does not consider intensity, but rather gives high level overview.    ","European","UK ","Review of studies from all over the UK","Not Specified","Not Specified","Impact and recovery ","The report does acknowledge that the impacts of scallop dredging can vary between different habitats.  Maps of fishing effort indicate that scallop dredgers tend to avoid areas of rick reefs,. However, rocky reefs may suffer some damage as they are found in close proxmity  to commercial scallops ground,  In lyme Bay there is evidecne that dreging reduced the abundance and size of structually  complex bryozoans, soft corals and sponges. Damage was incremental increasing with the number of dredge tows performed.  This is in contrast to soft sediments where the mahority of damage occurs in the first dredge through a pristine area. The authors therefore concluded that there is considerable value in protecting slow growing, rocky-reef communities even if they have experienced low to moderate fishing in the past.","Literature review","This report does not focus solei on environmental impacts. This is just a section of the report and is a high level literature review. "]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5936, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Mid-water trawl (pair) ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5937, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5938, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5939, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5940, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5941, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Heavy otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5942, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of otter trawls are 3 knots when fishing but increases to 8 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only have a small potentialto occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5943, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were caught in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Light otter trawl ",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5944, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of otter trawls are 3 knots when fishing but increases to 8 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only have a small potentialto occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5945, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Dolphins rather than porpoises seem to be mostly associated with by-catch in trawl fishing, Many trawl fisheries operate at night using lights to lure the target species to the surface, and it is an interesting feature of cetacean entanglement in trawls that it occurs significantly more frequently at night than in the daytime.\n\n  The noise associated with the smaller vessels found in Wales are not thought to cause marine mammals any noise disturbance. Sidescan sonars produce a narrow band of loud high frequency, but this would only result in marine mammals being exposed if they were cuaght in the narrow beam. The same applies even more so to echosounders, which direct sound vertically downwards. \n\nCollision risk is greatest  and the probability of a strike being lethal, increases significantly if the vessel is travelling at speeds exceeding 10 knots. Estimated speed of beam trawls are 4 knots when fishing but increases to above 10 knots when in transit. Lethal ship strikes are therefore only likely to occur when fishing vessels are in transit, and probably pose less of a threat than most other shipping","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Gill nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5946, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Evidence suggests that both dolphins and porpoises are capable of detecting gillnets and that, in a heightened state of awareness, they perceive the threat and thus will avoid nets, or at least become entangled less frequently. However, there is also evidence that harbour porpoises may not detect nets until they are too close to avoid entanglement. Two species above all other cetacean species in Northern Europe, appear to be major victims of by-catch from gillnet fisheries. These are the harbour porpoise and short-beaked common dolphin. Gillnets, tangle nets and trammel nets are all deployed on or near the seabed, targeting demersal species such as cod, turbot, lumpfish, plaice, sole and ray. Probably due to harbour porpoise feeding behaviour on or near the seabed, those gear types are associated with having the highest harbour porpoise mortalities. A disproportionately high number of juvenile porpoises amongst by-catches have been reported in several fisheries, for example the Danish gillnet fishery. In the Western English Channel & Approaches, the only fishery besides the bass fishery in which common dolphin by-catch has been recorded and estimates obtained, is the offshore hake / pollack gillnet fishery. This fishery is prosecuted by both Irish and English vessels, which are usually 15m or more in length. Common dolphin by-catch rates were estimated in this fishery over the years 1992-94 and found to be around 200 animals per year. The UK & Irish hake fishery also had a significant annual by-catch of harbour porpoises, estimated for 1992-94 at 2,200 (95% CI: 900-3500; with c. 700 in the UK and 1,500 in the Irish fisheries). This represented 6.2% of the estimated number of porpoises in the region, a level more than three times the amount that was considered sustainable. More recent estimates of porpoise by-catch from gill and tangle nets in the Celtic Sea between 2005 and 2007 gave annual values of 453 (2005) and 728 (2006) from the UK fishery, and 350 (2005-07) from the Irish fishery (ICES, 2008). For 2008, the by-catch estimates of harbour porpoise in gillnet and tangle net fisheries in the Irish and Celtic Sea areas were 498-1409. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Trammels",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5947, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Evidence suggests that both dolphins and porpoises are capable of detecting gillnets and that, in a heightened state of awareness, they perceive the threat and thus will avoid nets, or at least become entangled less frequently. However, there is also evidence that harbour porpoises may not detect nets until they are too close to avoid entanglement. Two species above all other cetacean species in Northern Europe, appear to be major victims of by-catch from gillnet fisheries. These are the harbour porpoise and short-beaked common dolphin. Gillnets, tangle nets and trammel nets are all deployed on or near the seabed, targeting demersal species such as cod, turbot, lumpfish, plaice, sole and ray. Probably due to harbour porpoise feeding behaviour on or near the seabed, those gear types are associated with having the highest harbour porpoise mortalities. A disproportionately high number of juvenile porpoises amongst by-catches have been reported in several fisheries, for example the Danish gillnet fishery. In the Western English Channel & Approaches, the only fishery besides the bass fishery in which common dolphin by-catch has been recorded and estimates obtained, is the offshore hake / pollack gillnet fishery. This fishery is prosecuted by both Irish and English vessels, which are usually 15m or more in length. Common dolphin by-catch rates were estimated in this fishery over the years 1992-94 and found to be around 200 animals per year. The UK & Irish hake fishery also had a significant annual by-catch of harbour porpoises, estimated for 1992-94 at 2,200 (95% CI: 900-3500; with c. 700 in the UK and 1,500 in the Irish fisheries). This represented 6.2% of the estimated number of porpoises in the region, a level more than three times the amount that was considered sustainable. More recent estimates of porpoise by-catch from gill and tangle nets in the Celtic Sea between 2005 and 2007 gave annual values of 453 (2005) and 728 (2006) from the UK fishery, and 350 (2005-07) from the Irish fishery (ICES, 2008). For 2008, the by-catch estimates of harbour porpoise in gillnet and tangle net fisheries in the Irish and Celtic Sea areas were 498-1409. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Entangling",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5948, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Evidence suggests that both dolphins and porpoises are capable of detecting gillnets and that, in a heightened state of awareness, they perceive the threat and thus will avoid nets, or at least become entangled less frequently. However, there is also evidence that harbour porpoises may not detect nets until they are too close to avoid entanglement. Two species above all other cetacean species in Northern Europe, appear to be major victims of by-catch from gillnet fisheries. These are the harbour porpoise and short-beaked common dolphin. Gillnets, tangle nets and trammel nets are all deployed on or near the seabed, targeting demersal species such as cod, turbot, lumpfish, plaice, sole and ray. Probably due to harbour porpoise feeding behaviour on or near the seabed, those gear types are associated with having the highest harbour porpoise mortalities. A disproportionately high number of juvenile porpoises amongst by-catches have been reported in several fisheries, for example the Danish gillnet fishery. In the Western English Channel & Approaches, the only fishery besides the bass fishery in which common dolphin by-catch has been recorded and estimates obtained, is the offshore hake / pollack gillnet fishery. This fishery is prosecuted by both Irish and English vessels, which are usually 15m or more in length. Common dolphin by-catch rates were estimated in this fishery over the years 1992-94 and found to be around 200 animals per year. The UK & Irish hake fishery also had a significant annual by-catch of harbour porpoises, estimated for 1992-94 at 2,200 (95% CI: 900-3500; with c. 700 in the UK and 1,500 in the Irish fisheries). This represented 6.2% of the estimated number of porpoises in the region, a level more than three times the amount that was considered sustainable. More recent estimates of porpoise by-catch from gill and tangle nets in the Celtic Sea between 2005 and 2007 gave annual values of 453 (2005) and 728 (2006) from the UK fishery, and 350 (2005-07) from the Irish fishery (ICES, 2008). For 2008, the by-catch estimates of harbour porpoise in gillnet and tangle net fisheries in the Irish and Celtic Sea areas were 498-1409. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5949, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Entanglement may occur on the baited hooks or in the line itself. High-seas long lines are a particular problem for seabirds, representing a serious conservation threat for albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters. However, they do not appear to be a major problem for marine mammals around UK.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5950, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Entanglement may occur on the baited hooks or in the line itself. High-seas long lines are a particular problem for seabirds, representing a serious conservation threat for albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters. However, they do not appear to be a major problem for marine mammals around UK.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5951, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Small numbers of small cetaceans such as Bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoise become entangled with the leader ropes rather than the traps themselves. However, not all are killed, for example it was found that in herring weirs only 39% of harbour porpoises caught died. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Cuttle pots",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5952, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Small numbers of small cetaceans such as Bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoise become entangled with the leader ropes rather than the traps themselves. However, not all are killed, for example it was found that in herring weirs only 39% of harbour porpoises caught died. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Fish traps",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5953, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","Small numbers of small cetaceans such as Bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoise become entangled with the leader ropes rather than the traps themselves. However, not all are killed, for example it was found that in herring weirs only 39% of harbour porpoises caught died. ","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5954, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5955, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5956, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5957, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Bottlenose Dolphin","Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin",null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"VLOOKUP(G5958, Lists!$C$87:$D$133, 2,)","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},"Physical damage and disturbance ","Non peer reviewed","Qualitive","No","High",null,"Search","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","World Wide","Europe","Wales",null,"Not Specified","Impact","The main fisheries known to directly impact marine mammals through entanglement are trawls, static fishing gear, driftnets and seine nets. Since the ban on driftnets, most marine mammal mortality in the British Isles has come from either pair trawling or bottom-set gillnets. However, certain species, notably baleen whales such as the minke and humpback whale, may suffer mortality by entanglement in creel lines or mooring ropes. All marine mammal species suffer entanglement from lost or discarded netting.","Review of existing literature, focusing on Wales"]

{"sheet":"References within EvidDb","index":5,"n_rows":205,"n_cols":1,"rows_kept":205,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
["Evidence Database References "]
[]
["Reference"]
["Abookirea A.A., Rose, C.S. 25 Modifications to a plumb staff beam trawl for sampling uneven, complex habitats. Fisheries Research. Vol. 71, 247–254."]
["Adey, Jonathan Max (2007) Aspects of the sustainability of creel fishing for Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), on the west coast of Scotland. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. "]
["Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Research on the physical impacts of pots on SAC features in Northern Ireland."]
["Alexandre, A., Santos, R. and Serrao, E. (25). Effects of clam harvesting on sexual reproduction of the seagrass Zostera noltii. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 298, 115-122"]
["Ardizzone, G.D., Tucci, P., Somaschini, A. And Belluscio, A. 2 Is bottom trawling partly responsible for the regression of Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Mediterranean Sea. In: Kaiser, M.J. And de Groot, S.J. 2 The effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats. Biological, conservation and socio-economic issues. Blackwell science  (ISBN -632-5355-)"]
["Argyll Marine Special Areas of Conservation - FIRTH OF LORN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (25). "]
["Argyll Marine Special Areas of Conservation. Loch Creran Marine Special Area of Conservation Management Plan. "]
["ASMFC. 2000. Evaluating fishing gear impacts to submerged aquatic vegetation and determining mitigation strategies. ASMFC Habitat Management Series No.5. Washington D.C, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 38pp."]
["Atkinson P.W., Clark, N.A., Bell, M.C., Dare, P.J., Clark, J.A., Ireland, P.L. 23 Changes in commercially fished shellfish stocks and shorebird populations in the Wash, England. Biological Conservion. Vol. 114, 127-141"]
["Atkinson, P.W., Maclean, I.M.D., Clark, N.A. 21 Impacts of shellfisheries and nutrient inputs on waterbird communities in the Wash, England. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 47, 191-199"]
["Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (211). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8."]
["Attrill, MJ., Austen, MC., Bayley, DTI., Carr, HL., Downey, K., Fowell, SC., Gall, SC., Hattam, C., Holland, L., Jackson, EL., Langmead, O., Mangi, S., Marshall, C., Munro, C., Rees, S., Rodwell, L., Sheehan, EV., Stevens, J., Stevens, TF., Strong, S. 211. Lyme Bay - a case study: measuring recovery of benthic species; assessing potential \"spillover\" effects and socio-economic changes, 2 years after the closure. Response of the benthos to the zoned exclusion of bottom towed fishing gear and the associated socio-economic effects in Lyme Bay. Final Report 1. June 211. Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from the University of Plymouth-led consortium. Plymouth: University of Plymouth Enterprise Ltd. 18 pages. "]
["Baeta. F., Costa. M. J., Cabral. H., 2009, Trammel nets’ ghost fishing off the Portuguese central coast. Fisheries Research 98 33-39."]
["Ball, B.J., Fox, G., and Munday, B.W. 2. Long- and short-term consequences of a Nephrops trawl fishery on the benthos and environment of the Irish Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 1315-132."]
["Ban, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (21). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:1.116/j.marpol.21.1.1\n"]
["Bartlett, G., Elliot, M., Firth, C., Giles, E., Hawthorne, E., Proctor, N., & Stout J. 24 HUMBER MANAGEMENT SCHEME Annex A – Fisheries. North East Sea Fisheries Committee, Commercial Fisheries."]
["Belda EJ, Sanchez A (2001) Seabird mortality on longline fisheries in the western Mediterranean: factors affecting bycatch and proposed mitigating measures. Biol Conserv 98:357–363"]
["Bell, M.C., Walker, P. 26. Desk study to assess the impact of cockle suction dredging on The Wash and North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site. Report number 67. CEFAS Contract No. C2252"]
["Berggren, P. 1994. Bycatches of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Swedish Skaggerak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas: 1973–1993. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 15): 211–215."]
["Bergman, M.J. and  Hup, M. 1992. Direct effects of beam trawling on macrofauna in a sandy sediment in the southern North Sea. ICES Marine Science Symposium 49: 5–11."]
["Bergman, M.J.N. and van Santbrink, J.W.2 Mortality in megafaunal benthic populations caused by trawl fisheries on the Dutch continental shelf in the North Sea in 1994. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 1321-1331."]
["Bergmann, M. And Moore, P.G. 21 Mortality of Asterias rubens and Ophiura ophiura disgarded in the Nephrops fishery of the Clyde Sea area, Scotland. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 58, 531-542 "]
["Birkett DA, Maggs CA, Dring MJ (1998) Maerl (Volume V) An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science. UK Marine SACs Project."]
["Blaber SJM, Cyrus DP, Albaret J-J, Chong Ving Ching, Day JW, Elliott M, Fonseca MS, Hoss DE, Orensanz J, Potter IC, Silvert W (2) Effects of Fishing on the Structure and Functioning of Estuarine and Nearshore Ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 59-62."]
["Blake, R. W. 1978. On the exploitation of natural population of Nereis virens Sars from the North-East Coast of England. Estuarine & Coastal Marine Science. Vol. 8, 141-148."]
["Blake, R. W. 1979. Exploitation of natural population of Arenicola marina (L) from the North-East Coast of England. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 16, 663-67."]
["Blyth, R.E., Kaiser, M.J., Edwards-Jones, G. and Hart, P.J.B. 24. Implications of a zoned fishery management system for marine benthic communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 41, 951-961. "]
["Blyth-Skyrme, R.E. 2011. Sensitivity assessment of native oyster and blue mussel; a report to Natural England for the MCZ Project. Ichthys Marine Ecological Consulting Ltd. Project reference number: SAE3-2-419, March 211, 32 pp."]
["Boese, B.L. (22). Effects of recreational clam harvesting on eelgrass (Zostera marina) and associated infaunal invertebrates: in situ manipulative experiments. Aquatic Botany. Vol. 73, 63–74"]
["Bordehore C, Ramos-Espla AA, Riosmena-Rodriguez R (23) Comparative Study of Two Mearl Beds with Different Otter Trawling History, Southeast Iberian Peninsula. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. Vol. 13 (S1),  S43-S54"]
["Boulcott, P. and Howell, T. 211. The impact of scallop dredging on rocky-reef substrata. Fisheries Research. Vol. 11, 415-42"]
["Bradshaw, C, Veale, L.O., Hill, A.S. & Brand, A.R. 21. The effect of scallop dredging on Irish Sea benthos: experiments using a closed area. Hydrobiologia. Vol. 465, 129-138"]
["Brosnan, D.M. and Crumrine, L.L. 1994. Effects of human trampling on marine rocky shore communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 177, 79-97."]
["Brown, B. & Wilson, W. H. 1997. The role of commercial digging of mudflats as an agent for change of infaunal intertidal populations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 218, 49-61. "]
["Brown, J., Macfadyen, G., 2007. Ghost fishing in European waters: impacts and management responses. Mar. Policy 31, 488–504."]
["Cabaco, S., Alexandre, A. and Santos, R. (25). Population-level effects of clam harvesting on the seagrass Zostera noltii. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 298, 123-129"]
["CEC 2002. Incidental catches ofsmall cetaceans. Report of the meeting of the subgroup on fishery and the environment (SGFEN) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), Brussels December 2001. SEC (2002) 376. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels"]
["CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) "]
["Coen, L.D. 1995. A review of the potential impacts of mechanical harvesting on subtidal and intertidal shellfish resources. Prepared by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Marine Resources Research Institute"]
["Coleman, R.A., Hoskin, M.G., von Carlshausen, E. and Davis, C.M. (2013) Using a no-take zone to assess the impacts of fishing: Sessile epifauna appear insensitive to environmental disturbances from commercial potting. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 440, 100–107."]
["Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798"]
["Constantino, R., Gaspar, M.B., Tata-Regala, J., Carvalho, S., Curdia, J., Drago, T., Taborda, R., Monteiro, C.C., 29. Clam dredging effects and subsequent recovery of benthic communities at different depth ranges. Marine Environmental Research. Vol. 67 (2), 89. "]
["Cook R, Farinas-Franco JM, Gell FR, Holt RHF, Holt T, et al. (213) The Substantial First Impact of Bottom Fishing on Rare Biodiversity Hotspots: A Dilemma for Evidence-Based Conservation. PLoS ONE 8(8): e6994. doi:1.1371/journal.pone.6994"]
["Cotter, A.J.R., Walker, P., Coates, P., Cook, W. & Dare, P.J. (1997). Trial of a tractor dredger for cockles in Burry Inlet, South Wales.  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54: 72-83"]
["Cryer, M., Whittle, G.N. & Williams, R. (1987). The impact of bait collection by anglers on marine intertidal invertebrates. Biological Conservation 42: 83-93"]
["Currie, D. R. and Parry, G. D. 1996. Effects of scallop dredging on a soft sediment community: A large-scale experimental study. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 134 (1-3), 131-15. (1.3354/meps134131)"]
["Currie, D. R.& Parry, G. D. (1999). Impacts and efficiency of scallop dredging on different soft substrates. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 539-550."]
["Dale, A.C., Boulcott, P., and Sherwin, T.J. 211Sedimentation patterns caused by scallop dredging in a physically dynamic environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. 62, 2433-2441."]
["Dare, P.J., Bell, M.C., Walker, P., Bannister, R.C.A. 24. Historical and current status of cockle and mussel stocks in The Wash. CEFAS Lowestoft, 85pp. "]
["Davison DM, Hughes DJ (1998) Zostera Biotopes (Volume 1) An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science. UK Marine SACs Project."]
["DEFRA (2008) Impact Assessment of Measures to Protect Marine Biodiversity in Lyme Bay. "]
["Defra, 2012. Ecosystem Approach to fisheries; MF1001; Evidence Project Final Report, London. Available at: http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=MF1001_9072_TPS.pdf http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=10372_M1001FinalReportEvid-4March2012final.pdf"]
["DeGange, A.R., Day, R.H., Takekawa, J.E., Mendenhall, V.M. (No other reference information available)"]
["Depestele, J., Ivanovic, A., Degrendele, K., Esmaeili, M., Polet, H., Roche, M., Summerbell, K., Teal, L.R., Vanelslander, B., and F.G. O'Neill, 2015. Measuring and assessing the physical impact of beam trawling. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv056."]
["Dernie, K.M., Kaiser, M.J. and Warwick, R.M. 23. Recovery rates of benthic communities following physical disturbance. Journal of Animal Ecology. Vol. 73, 143-156"]
["Devon Wildlife Trust. 27. Lyme Bay Reefs: A 16 year search for sustainability. "]
["Dolmer P, Kristensen T, Christiansen ML, Petersen MF, Kristensen PS, Hoffmann E (21) Short-term impact of blue mussel dredging (Mytilus edulis L.) on a benthic community. Hydrobiologia. Vol. 465, 115-127."]
["Dolmer, P. and Geitner, K. 24. Integrated Coastal Zone Management of cultures and fishery of mussels in Limfjorden, Denmark. ICES CM 24/V:7. 9pp. Downloaded from: http://www.ices.dk/products/CMdocs/24/V/V74.pdf"]
["Drabsch, S.L., Tanner, J.E. and Connell, S.D. 2001. Limited infaunal response to experimental trawling in previously untrawled areas. ICES Journal of Marine Science 58: 1261-1271."]
["Dunn, E and Steel, C. 2001.  The impact of longline fishing on seabirds in the north-east Atlantic: Recommendations for reducing mortality. Report for RSPB. 110pp"]
["Eckrich, C.E. and Holmquist, J.G. (2). Trampling in a seagrass assemblage: direct effects, response of associated fauna, and the role of substrate characteristics. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 21, 199-29"]
["Eigaard, O., Bastardie, F., Breen, M., Dinesen, G.E., Hintzen, N.T., Laffargue, P., Mortensen, L.O., Rasmus Nielsen, J., Nilsson, H.C., O'Neill, F.G., Polet, H., Reid, D.G., Sala, A., Sköld, M., Smith, C., Sørensen, T.K., Tully, O., Zengin, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D. 2015. Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv099."]
["Eleftheriou, A. and Robertson, M.R. 1992. The effects of experimental scallop dredging on the fauna and physical environment of a shallow sandy community. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 30:  289-299."]
["Engel, J and Kvitek, R. 1998. Effects of Otter Trawling on a Benthic Community in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Conservation Biology. Vol. 12 (6), 124-1214. "]
["English Nature. Bait digging and birds. Birds Network Information Note. "]
["Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013."]
["Eno, N.C., MacDonald, D.S., Kinnear, J.A.M., Amos, S.C., Chapman, C.J., Clark, R.A., Bunker, F.St.P.D and Munro, C. (2001) Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 58, 11-20"]
["Erftemeijer, P.L.A., and Lewis, R.R.R. 26. Environmental impacts of dredging on seagrasses: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. 52, 1553-1572."]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Baines, M.E. 2013. A methodology to assess the sensitivity of marine mammals to different fishing activities and intensities. CCW Policy Research Report No 12/6. 83pp."]
["Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204."]
["FEAST"]
["Fern, P.N., Rostron, D.M. and Siman, H.Y. 2000. Effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 464-474."]
["Fitzsimmons, C., University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Research on the impacts of potting in Northumberland."]
["Foden, J., Rogers, S.I., Jones, A.P. 21. Recovery of UK seabed habitats from benthic fishing and aggregate extraction- towards a cumulative impact assessment. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 411, 259-27 "]
["Fosså, J.H., Mortensen, P.B. and Furevik, D.M. 22. The deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa in Norwegian waters: distribution and fishery impacts. Hydrobiologia. Vol. 471, 1–12."]
["Fowler, S. (1989) Nature Conservation implication of damage to the seabed by commercial fishing operations. Nature Conservancy Council Report No.79, pp 1-33."]
["Fowler, S. L. 21. Investigation into the extent of bait collection and its impacts on features of conservation interest for birds and intertidal species and habitats within the Solent and Poole Bay Natural Area. Final Report to English Nature.  Open Library OL18942327M"]
["Freese, J. L., 21. Trawl-induced damage to sponges observed from a research submersible. Marine Fisheries Review. Vol. 63 (3), 7-13"]
["Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126."]
["Furness. 2003. Impacts of fisheries on seabird communities. Scientia Marina. 67 (Suppl. 2): 33 - 45"]
["Gall, S., Plymouth University PhD student. Research on the impacts of potting in South Devon. Funded by the Devon and Severn IFCA."]
["Garcia Barcelona, S., Ortiz de Urbina, J.M., de la Serna, J.M., Alot, E. and Macías, D. (2010) Seabird bycatch in Spanish Mediterranean large pelagic longline fisheries, 2000‐2008. Aquatic Living Resources DOI: 10.1051/alr/2010022"]
["Goldberg, R., Mercaldo-Allen, R., Rose, J.M., Clark, P., Kuropat, C., Meseck, S., Pereira, J. 212. Effects of hydraulic shellfish dredging on the ecology of a cultivated clam bed. Aquaculture Environment Interactions. Vol. 3, 11-21"]
["Gonzalez-Correa JM, Bayle JT, Sanchez-Lizaso JL, Valle C, Sanchez-Jerez P, Ruiz JM (25) Recovery of deep Posidonia oceanica meadows degraded by trawling. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 32, 65-76. "]
["Goodwin, C., Edwards, H., Breen, J., Picton, B. 211. Rathlin Island - A survey report from the Nationally Important Marine Features Project 29-211. Northern Ireland Environment Agency Research and Development Series No. 11/3"]
["Greathead, C.F., Donnan, D.W., Mair, J.M. and Saunders, G.R. 27. The sea pens Virgularia mirabilis, Pennatula phosphorea and Funiculina quadrangularis: distribution and conservation issues in Scottish waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Vol. 87, 195–113."]
["Grieve C, Brady D.C. and Polet H. (2014) Best practices for managing, measuring and mitigating the benthic impacts of fishing – Part 1. Marine Stewardship Council Science Series 2: 18 – 88."]
["Gubbay, S. & Knapman, P.A. 1999. A review of the effects of fishing within UK European marine sites. English Nature (UK Marine SACs Project) 134"]
["Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 28. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp"]
["Hall, S.J., Harding, M. j. c. (1997). Physical disturbance and marine benthic communities: the effects of mechanical harvesting of cockles on non-target bentic fauna. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 497–517."]
["Hall-Spencer JM, Moore P G (2000b) Scallop dredging has profound, long-term impacts on maerl habitats. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 1407-1415"]
["Hall-Spencer, J., Allain, V., Fossa, J.H., 22. Trawling damage to Northeast Atlantic ancient coral reefs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Vol. 269, 57-511"]
["Hartnoll, R.G. (1998) Circalittoral faunal turf biotopes: An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association of Marine Sciences (UK Marine SAC Project), Oban, Scotland. 109 pages."]
["Hauton, C., Hall-Spencer, J.M., and Moore, P.G., 23. An experimental study of the ecological impacts of hydraulic bivalve dredging on maerl. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 6, 381-392"]
["Haynes, T., Bell, J., Saunders, G., Irving, R., Williams, J. and Bell. G. (2014) Marine Strategy Framework Directive Shallow Sublittoral Rock Indicators for Fragile Sponge and Anthozoan Assemblages Part 1: Developing Proposals for Potential Indicators. JNCC Report No. 524, Nature Bureau and Environment Systems Ltd. for JNCC, JNCC Peterborough."]
["Hiddink JG, Jennings S, Kaiser MJ (27) Assessing and Predicting the Relative Ecological Impacts of Disturbance on Habitats with Different Sensitivities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 44, 45-413. "]
["Hiddink JG, Kaiser MJ, Hinz H, Ridgeway A. Quantification of epibenthic fauna in areas subjected to different regimes of scallop dredging activity in Lyme Bay, Devon. "]
["Hiddink, J.G. 23 Effects of suction-dredging for cockles on non-target fauna in the Wadden Sea. Journal of Sea Research. Vol. 5, 315-323."]
["Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E, and Piet, G.J. 2006. Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63: 721–736."]
["Hill AS, Veale LO, Pennington D, Whyte SG, Brand AR, Hartnoll RG. 1999. Changes in Irish Sea benthos: possible effects of 40 years of dredging. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 1999; 48: 739-750."]
["Hinz H, Tarrent D, Ridgeway A, Kaiser MJ, Hiddink (211) Effects of Scallop Dredging on Temperate Reef Fauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 432, 91-12."]
["Hinz, H., Hiddink, J.G., Forde, J., and Kaiser, M.J. 2008. Large-scale responses of nematode communities to chronic otter-trawl disturbance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65: 723–732."]
["Hinz, H., Murray, L.G., Malcolm, F.R., Kaiser, M.J. 2012. The environmental impacts of three different queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) fishing gears. Marine Environmental Research. Vol. 72, 85-95."]
["Hinz, H., Prieto, V., and Kaiser, M.J. 2009. Trawl disturbance on benthic communities: chronic effects and experimental predictions. Ecological Applications 19: 761–773."]
["Hiscock, K., Sewell, J. & Oakley, J. 25 Marine Health Check 25. A report to gauge the health of the UK's sea-life. Godalming, WWF-UK"]
["Hoffmann E and Dolmer P (2) Effect of Closed Areas on Distribution of Fish and Epibenthos. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 131-1314."]
["Holt, T.J., Rees, E.I., Hawkins, S.J., and Seed, R (1998) Biogenic Reefs (volume IX). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project). 170 Pages."]
["Howarth, L. M., Wood, H. L., Turner, A. P., & Beukers-Stewart, B. D. (211). Complex habitat boosts scallop recruitment in a fully protected marine reserve. Marine Biology, 158(8), 1767–178. doi:1.17/s227-11-169-y"]
["Hulme, S., Lee, V. The effects of an eco-elevator cockle harvester on macrofauna assemblage, cockle populations and sediment parameters within an intertidal sand flat. "]
["ICES (28). WKFMMPA REPORT 28 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 28."]
["ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp."]
["ICES. 2015. Report of the Working Group on Bycatch of Protected Species (WGBYC), 2-6 February 2015, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2015\\ACOM:26. 82 pp."]
["Isles of Scilly IFCA. Qualitative study assessing impact of potting on reef through underwater video."]
["Jackson J.B., Kirby M.X., Berger W.H., Bjorndal K.A., Botsford L.W., Bourque B.J., Bradbury R.H., Cooke R., Erlandson J., Estes J.A., Hughes T.P., Kidwell S., Lange C.B., Lenihan H.S., Pandolfi J.M., Peterson C.H., Steneck R.S., Tegner M.J., Warner R.R. 1999. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Fishery Bulletin. Vol. 97(1), 183-199"]
["Jennings, S., Lee, J and Hiddink, J.G. 2012. Assessing fishery footprints and the trade-offs between landings value, habitat sensitivity and fishing impacts to inform marine spatial planning and the ecosystem approach. ICES Journal of Marine Science 69: 1053-1063."]
["Jennings, S., T.A. Dinmore, D.E. Duplisea, K.J. Warr & J. Lancaster, 21. Trawling disturbance can modify benthic production processes. Journal of Animal Ecology. Vol. 7, 459-475."]
["JNCC and NE (2011) Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features. April 2011."]
["Johnson K.A. 22. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. "]
["Johnson, G. E. L., Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. & Somerfield, P. J. 27. Recovery of meiofauna communities following mudflat disturbance by trampling associated with crab-tiling. Marine Environmental Research. Vol. 64: 49-416."]
["Kaiser MJ. A Summary of the Impacts of Scallop Dredging on Seabed Biota and Habitats. "]
["Kaiser, M. J., Broad, G. and Hall, S. J. 2001. Disturbance of intertidal soft-sediment benthic communities by cockle hand raking. Journal of Sea Research. Vol. 45 (2), 119-13. (1.116/s1385-111(1)52-1)"]
["Kaiser, M. J., Edwards, D. B., Armstrong, P. J., Radford, K., Lough, N. E. L., Flatt, R. P. and Jones, H. D. 1998. Changes in megafaunal benthic communities in different habitats after trawling disturbance. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil. Vol. 55 (3), 353-361. (1.16/jmsc.1997.322)"]
["Kaiser, M.J. & B. E. Spencer, 1994. Fish scavenging behaviour in recently trawled areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 112, 41-49."]
["Kaiser, M.J. and Spencer, B.E. 1996. The effects of beam-trawl disturbance on infaunal communities in different habitats.  Journal of Animal Ecology, 65: 348-358."]
["Kaiser, M.J., Clarke, K.R., Hinz, H., Austen, M.C.V., Somerfield, P.J., Karakassis, I. 2006 Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 311:1-14"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Collie, J.S.,Hall, S.J., Jennings, S. And Roiner. 2002 Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions. Fish and fisheries. Vol. 3, 114-136"]
["Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503."]
["Kinnear J.A.M., Barkel, P.J., Mojsiewicz, W.R., Chapman, C.J., Holbrow, A.J., Barnes, C. and Greathead C.F.F. 1996. Effects of Nephrops creels on the environment. Fisheries Research Services Report No 2/96."]
["Lambert, G. I., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M. J., Hinz, H., & Hiddink, J. G. (211). Quantification and prediction of the impact of fishing on epifaunal communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 43, 71-86."]
["Lambert, G. I., Murray, L.G., Hiddink J. G., Hinz H., Salomonsen H, & Kaiser, M.J. (2015a, b and c). Impact of scallop dredging on benthic communities and habitat features in the Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation. Part I, II and III – Impact on infaunal invertebrates. Fisheries & Conservation report No. 59, 60 and 61.  Bangor University. "]
["Langton, R.W. & Robinson, W.E. (1990). Faunal associations on scallop grounds in the western Gulf of Maine. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 144: 157-171."]
["Liley, D., Cruickshanks, K, Fearnley, H. & Lake, S. 212 The effect of bait collection on waterfowl foraging behaviour in Holes Bay, Poole Harbour. Report for Natural England. Footprint Ecology Ltd., Wareham, Dorset."]
["Lindeboom, H.J. and de Groot, S.J. 1998. The effects of different types of fisheries on the North Sea and Irish Sea benthic ecosystems. RIVO-DLO Report C003/98."]
["Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (213). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 29-212. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council."]
["Løkkeborg, S. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities.FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 472. Rome, FAO. 25. 58p."]
["MacArthur Green. 2013. Evidence review to support the identification of potential conservation measures for selected species of seabirds. Report for Defra MB0138. "]
["Malcolm L. Windsor, Peter Hutchinson, Lars Petter Hansen and David G. Reddin. 2012. Atlantic salmon at sea: Findings from recent research and their implications for management. NASCO document CNL(12)60. Edinburgh, UK. 20pp."]
["Mangano, M. C., Kaiser, M. J., Porporato, E. M. D., Lambert, G. I., Rinelli, P., & Spanò, N. (2014). Infaunal community responses to a gradient of trawling disturbance and a long-term Fishery Exclusion Zone in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 76, 25–35. doi:1.116/j.csr.213.12.14"]
["Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC)."]
["MarLIN"]
["McConnaughey, R. A., Mier, K. L. and Dew, C. B. 2000. An examination of chronic trawling effects on soft-bottom benthos of the eastern Bering Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57(5): 1377-1388."]
["McConnaughey, R.A. and S.E. Syrjala 2014. Short-term effects of bottom trawling and a storm event on soft-bottom benthos in the eastern Bering Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 71: 2469-2483."]
["McLusky, D. S., Anderson, F. E. & Wolfe-Murphy, S. 1983. Distribution and population recovery of Arenicola marina and other benthic fauna after bait digging. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 11, 173-179.  "]
["Mercaldo-Allen, R., Goldberg, R. 211. Review of the Ecological Effects of Dredging in the Cultivation and Harvest of Molluscan Shellfish. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-NE-22"]
["Monteiro, C. C., Gaspar, M. B., Carvalho, S., Constantino, R., & Cu, J. (29). Can we infer dredge fishing effort from macrobenthic community structure? ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 2121–2132."]
["Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D.,Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S., Pouvreau, S. 1999. Incidental catches of marine mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41: 297–307."]
["Murray, S., Wanless, S. And Harris, M.P. 1994 The effects of fixed salmon (Salmo salar) nets on guillemot (Uria aalge) and razorbill (Alca torda) in Northeast Scotland in 1992. Biological Conservation. Vol. 7, 251-256"]
["Neckles HA, Short FT, Barker S, Kopp BS (25) Disturbance of eelgrass Zoestera marina by commercial mussel Mytilus edulis harvesting in Maine: Dragging impacts and habitat recovery. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 285, 57-73."]
["NOAA (1996). Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Final Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement. 3 Volumes. NOAA/NOS/OCRM/Sanctuaries and Reserves Division. Marathon, FL."]
["Orth, R.J., Fishman, J.R., Wilcox, D.J. And Moore, K.A. 22 Identification and management of fishing gear impacts in a recovering seagrass system in the coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Journal of Coastal Research.  Vol. 37 111-129"]
["OSPAR. 2011. Background document for seapen and burrowing megafauna communities. OSPAR Commission. 27pp. see: http://www.ospar.org/documents/dbase/publications/P481_Seapen%2and%2burrowing%2megafauna.pdf"]
["OSPAR. 2009. Background document for littoral chalk communities. OSPAR Commission, London. see: http://www.ospar.org/documents/dbase/publications/P424_LittoralChalk.pdf"]
["Pedersen, S. A., Fock, H., Krause, J., Pusch, C., Sell, A. L., Bo, U., Rice, J. C. (29). Natura 2 sites and fisheries in German offshore waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 155–169."]
["Peterson CH, Summerson HC, Fegley SR. (1987). Ecological consequences of mechanical harvesting of clams. Fishery Bulletin. Vol. 85 (2), 281-298"]
["Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89"]
["Pravoni, F., Raicevich, S., Franchescini, G., Farrace, M.G. and Giovanardi, O. (2000). Rapido trawling in the northern Adriatic Sea: effects on benthic communities in an experimental area. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 517-524."]
["Prena, J., Schwinghammer, P. Rowell, T., Gordon, D. C., Gilkinson, K. D., Vass, W. P. & McKeown, D. L. (1999). Experimental otter trawling on a sandy bottom ecosystem of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland: analysis of trawl bycatch and effects on epifauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 181: 107-124."]
["Queirós, A.M., J.G. Hiddink, M.J. Kaiser & H. Hinz, 26. Effects of chronic bottom trawling disturbance on benthic biomass, production and size spectra in different habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 335(1), 91-13."]
["Rabaut, M., Braeckman, U., Hendrick, F., Vincx, M., & Degraer, S. (28). Experimental beam-trawling in Lanice conchilega reefs: Impact on the associated fauna. Fisheries Research, 9(1-3), 29–216. doi:1.116/j.fishres.27.1.9"]
["Ramsay, K., Kaiser, M.J., and Hughes, R.N.1998 Responses of benthic scavengers to fishing disturbance by towed gear in different habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 224, 73-89."]
["Rees, A., Plymouth University PhD student. Research on the impacts of different levels of potting intensity in Lyme Bay. Funded by the Blue Marine Foundation."]
["Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. (2010) Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities. November 2010."]
["Robinson, S.M.C., Bernier, S. and MacIntyre, A. (2001). The impact of scallop drags on sea urchin populations and benthos in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Hydrobiologia, 465: 103-114"]
["Rogers, S. I. & J. R. Ellis, 2. Changes in the demersal fish assemblages of British coastal waters during the 2th century. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 866–881."]
["Rossi, F., Forster, R.M., Montserrat, F., Ponti, M., Terlizzi, A., Ysebaert, T., & Middelburg, J.J. (27) Human trampling as short-term disturbance on intertidal mudflats: effects on macrofauna biodiversity and population dynamics of bivalves. Marine Biology. Vol. 151, 277-29"]
["Sanchez, P., Demestre, M. Ramon, M. & Kaiser, M. J. (2000). The impact of otter trawling on mud communities in the northwestern Mediterranean. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57: 1352-1358."]
["Schratzberger, M., Dinmore, T.A., and Jennings, S. 22. Impacts of trawling on the diversity, biomass and structure of meiofauna assemblages. Marine Biology. Vol. 14, 83-93."]
["Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (28). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea."]
["Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME."]
["Scottish MPA Project (2013) Fisheries Management Guidance. Maerl Beds: Maerl or coarse shell gravel with burrowing sea cucumbers. July 2013."]
["Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association."]
["Sewell, J., Harris, R., Hinz, H., Votier, S. and Hiscock, K. 2007. An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation Measures. Report number: SR591. ISBN –  93941 69 4"]
["Sheehan, E. V, Stevens, T. F., Gall, S. C., Cousens, S. L., & Attrill, M. J. (213). Recovery of a temperate reef assemblage in a marine protected area following the exclusion of towed demersal fishing. PloS One, 8(12), e83883. doi:1.1371/journal.pone.83883"]
["Sheehan, E.V., Coleman, R.A., Thompson, R. C. & Attrill, M. J. 21. Crab-tiling reduces the diversity of estuarine infauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 411, 137-148."]
["Sheehan, E.V., Thompson, R. C., Coleman, R.A. & Attrill, M. J. 28. Positive feedback fishery: Population consequences of \"crab-tiling\" on the green crab Carcinus maenas. Journal of Sea Research. Vol. 6, 33-39. "]
["Skilleter, G.A., Cameron, B., Zharikov, Y., Boland, D. and McPhee, D.P. (26). Effects of physical disturbance on infaunal and epifaunal assemblages in subtropical, intertidal seagrass beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 38, 61-78"]
["Smith, J.R. and Murray, S.N. 25. The effects of experimental bait collection and trampling on a Mytilus californianus mussel bed in southern California. Marine Biology. Vol. 147, 699–76."]
["Sonntag, N., Schwemmer, H., Fock, H. O., Bellebaum, J., & Garthe, S. (212). Sea birds, set nets and conservation management: assessment of potential and vulnerability of birds to by-catch in gill nets. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69(4), 578–589."]
["Sparks-McConkey, P.J. and Watling, L. 2001. Effects on the ecological integrity of a soft-bottom habitat from a trawling disturbance. Hydrobiologia 456: 73-85."]
["Spencer, B.E., Kaiser, M.J. and Edwards, D.B. 1998. Intertidal clam harvesting: benthic community change and recovery. Aquaculture Research 29(6): 429-427."]
["Stephenson, F., Fitzsimmons, C., Polunin, N.V.C., Mill, A.C., Scott, C.L. (2015). Assessing Long-Term Benthic Impacts Of Potting In Northumberland. Report to Natural England."]
["Swarbrick, J. and Arkley, K. 2002. The evaluation of ghost fishing preventers for shellfish traps, Defra Commission MF 0724 under the programme “Impact of fishing”. Seafish report No SR549. Seafish Industry Authority, Hull. 42 pp."]
["Tasker, M. L., Camphuysen, C. J., Cooper, J., Garthe, S., Montevecchi, W. A., and Blaber, S. J. M. 2000. The impacts of fishing on marine birds. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 531–547."]
["The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf"]
["Thrush, S.F., Hewitt, J.E., Cummings, V.J. & Dayton, P.K. (1995). The impact of habitat disturbance by scallop dredging on marine benthic communities: what can be predicted from the results of experiments?  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 129: 141-150."]
["Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22"]
["Tobin, D., Bower, R., Blasdale, T., Mcleod, M., & Mcleod, M. (213). Scanner Pockmark Site of Community Importance - Fisheries Measures Proposal, 1–15."]
["Townshend, D.J. & O'Connor, D.A. 1993. Some effects of disturbance to waterfowl from baitdigging and wildfowling at Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve, north-east England. Wader Study Group Bull. 68: 47-52."]
["Turner S, Schwarz A-M (26). Management and conservation of seagrass in New Zealand: An introduction. Science for Conservation 264."]
["Van den Heiligenberg, T.C. (1987). Effects of mechanical and manual harvesting of lugworms Arenicola marina L. on the benthic fauna of tidal flats in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Biological Conservation 39: 165-177."]
["Verhulst, S., K. Oosterbeek, A. L. Rutten, and B. J. Ens. 24. Shellfish fishery severely reduces\ncondition and survival of oystercatchers despite creation of large marine protected areas. Ecology and\nSociety. Vol. 9(1), 17. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art17"]
["Vorberg, R. 2. Effects of shrimp fisheries on reefs of Sabellaria spinulosa (polychaeta). ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 1416-142."]
["WAKO II"]
["Warden ML. 2010. Bycatch of wintering common and red-throated loons in gillnets off the USA Atlantic coast, 1996-2007. Aquatic Biology. Vol 10: 167 -181"]
["Watling, L., Findlay, R.H., Mayer, L.M. & Schick, D.F. (2001). Impact of a scallop drag on the sediment chemistry, microbiota, and faunal assemblages of a shallow subtidal marine benthic community. Journal of Sea Research, 46: 309-324."]
["Watson G, Murray JM, Schaefer M, Bonner A and Gillingham (212) Does local marine conservation work? Evaluating management strategies for bait collection in the Solent. A report to Natural England with funding from the Crown Estate's Marine Stewardship fund. "]
["Watson, G. J., Farrell, P., Stanton, S. & Skidmore, L. C. 27. Effects of bait collection on Nereis virens populations and macrofaunal communities in the Solent, UK. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. Vol. 87, 73-716."]
["Wilson, S., Blake, C., Berges, J.A. and Maggs, C.A. 24. Environmental tolerances of free-living coralline algae (maerl): implications for European marine conservation. Biological Conservation Vol. 12, 279-289"]
["Working Group on Characterisation and Risk Assessment. (25). GUIDANCE ON THRESHOLDS AND METHODOLOGY TO BE APPLIED IN IRELAND ’ S RIVER BASIN DISTRICT - Paper by the Working Group on Characterisation and Risk Assessment."]
["WWT Consulting. 2012. review of the Impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report No. 11/6 SO17928 57pp"]
["Young, T. E. (2013) Assessing the impact of potting on chalk reef communities in the Flamborough Head European Marine Site. Report to the North Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority. Unpublished thesis (MSc) Newcastle University. Pp74."]
["Zydelis, R., Bellebaum, J., Osterblom, H., Vetemaa, M., Schirmeister, B., Stipniece, A., Dagys, M., van Eerden, M. And Garthe, S. 2009 Bycatch in gillnet fisheries- An overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biological Conservation. Vol. 142, 1269-1281"]

{"sheet":"All References sourced","index":6,"n_rows":494,"n_cols":4,"rows_kept":494,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,0,2,1],[3,0,3,1],[4,0,4,1]]}
["List of all references sourced for reviewing and adding to Evidence database if relevant"]
[]
["Total",null,487]
["Included within the Evidence database",null,202]
["Not included within the Evidence database",null,285]
[]
[null,"Reference","Included in database","Comments"]
[null,"ABP Research 1999. Good practice guidelines for ports and harbours operating within or near UK marine Special Areas of Conservation. English Nature, UK Marine SACs Project. pp 120.\n","x"]
[null,"Abookirea A.A., Rose, C.S. 25 Modifications to a plumb staff beam trawl for sampling uneven, complex habitats. Fisheries Research. Vol. 71, 247–254.","P"]
[null,"ABPmer, 2015.  Summary of Evidence Sources on Impacts of Potting on Designated Features. Workshop 25th February 2015.  ABPmer. P1-9.","x"]
[null,"Adey, Jonathan Max (2007) Aspects of the sustainability of creel fishing for Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), on the west coast of Scotland. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. ","P"]
[null,"Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Research on the physical impacts of pots on SAC features in Northern Ireland.","P"]
[null,"Alexandre, A., Santos, R. and Serrao, E. (25). Effects of clam harvesting on sexual reproduction of the seagrass Zostera noltii. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 298, 115-122","P"]
[null,"Allison, S.K. 1995. Recovery from small-scale anthropogenic disturbances by northern California salt marsh plant assemblages. Ecological Applications 5(3): 693-702.","x","Not related to this project "]
[null,"Anderson ORJ, Small CJ, Croxall JP, Dunn EK, Sullivan BJ, Yates O and Black A. 2011. Global seabird bycatch in longline fisheries. Endangered Species Research. 14: 91 -106","x"]
[null,"Ardizzone, G.D. and Pelusi, P. 1983. Fish populations exposed to coastal bottom trawling along the Middle Tyrrhenian Sea. Rapport et Prôcess verbeaux de Réunion CIESM 28(5): 107-110.","x","Unable to access paper"]
[null,"Ardizzone, G.D., Tucci, P., Somaschini, A. And Belluscio, A. 2 Is bottom trawling partly responsible for the regression of Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Mediterranean Sea. In: Kaiser, M.J. And de Groot, S.J. 2 The effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats. Biological, conservation and socio-economic issues. Blackwell science  (ISBN -632-5355-)","P"]
[null,"Argyll Marine Special Areas of Conservation - FIRTH OF LORN MARINE SAC MANAGEMENT PLAN (25). ","P"]
[null,"Argyll Marine Special Areas of Conservation. Loch Creran Marine Special Area of Conservation Management Plan. ","P"]
[null,"ASMFC. 2000. Evaluating fishing gear impacts to submerged aquatic vegetation and determining mitigation strategies. ASMFC Habitat Management Series No.5. Washington D.C, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 38pp.","P"]
[null,"Atkinson P.W., Clark, N.A., Bell, M.C., Dare, P.J., Clark, J.A., Ireland, P.L. 23 Changes in commercially fished shellfish stocks and shorebird populations in the Wash, England. Biological Conservion. Vol. 114, 127-141","P"]
[null,"Atkinson, P.W., Maclean, I.M.D., Clark, N.A. 21 Impacts of shellfisheries and nutrient inputs on waterbird communities in the Wash, England. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 47, 191-199","P"]
[null,"Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. (211). The Lyme Bay Experimental Potting Project, University of Plymouth Marine Institute, pp1–8.","P"]
[null,"Attrill, MJ., Austen, MC., Bayley, DTI., Carr, HL., Downey, K., Fowell, SC., Gall, SC., Hattam, C., Holland, L., Jackson, EL., Langmead, O., Mangi, S., Marshall, C., Munro, C., Rees, S., Rodwell, L., Sheehan, EV., Stevens, J., Stevens, TF., Strong, S. 211. Lyme Bay - a case study: measuring recovery of benthic species; assessing potential \"spillover\" effects and socio-economic changes, 2 years after the closure. Response of the benthos to the zoned exclusion of bottom towed fishing gear and the associated socio-economic effects in Lyme Bay. Final Report 1. June 211. Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from the University of Plymouth-led consortium. Plymouth: University of Plymouth Enterprise Ltd. 18 pages. ","P"]
[null,"Auster, P.J., Malatesta, R.J., Langton, R.W., Watling, L., Valentine PC, Carol Lee S. Donaldson, C.L.S., Langton, E.W., Shepard, A.N. & Babb, W.G., 1996. The impact of mobile fishing gear on seafloor habitats in the Gulf of Maine (Northwest Atlantic): implications for conservation of fish populations. Reviews in Fisheries Science 4: 185-202.","x","Within COST-IMPACT Database - Not reviewed as full reference not included"]
[null,"Baeta. F., Costa. M. J., Cabral. H., 2009, Trammel nets’ ghost fishing off the Portuguese central coast. Fisheries Research 98 33-39.","P"]
[null,"Ball B., Munday B. and Tuck, I. 2000. Effects of otter trawling on the benthos and environment in muddy sediments. In: Kaiser, M.J. and de Groot, S.J. (Eds) Effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats: biological, conservation and socio-economic issues. Blackwell Science, Oxford, p 69- 82.","x","Unable to access (book) "]
[null,"Ball, B.J., Fox, G., and Munday, B.W. 2. Long- and short-term consequences of a Nephrops trawl fishery on the benthos and environment of the Irish Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 1315-132.","P"]
[null,"Ban, N. C., Alidina, H. M., & Ardron, J. A. (21). Cumulative impact mapping: advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada’s Pacific waters as a case study. Marine Policy, 34(5), 876–886. doi:1.116/j.marpol.21.1.1\n","P"]
[null,"Bardtrum, J. A. Nissling, Gydemo, R. (2010). Bycatches of birds in waters off Gotland, Central Baltic Sea and potential effects on population levels. Online contribution to the EU Action Plan for reducing incidental catches of seabirds in fishing gears. http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/partners/consultations/seabirds/contributions/","x","Not relevant information"]
[null,"Bartlett, G., Elliot, M., Firth, C., Giles, E., Hawthorne, E., Proctor, N., & Stout J. 24 HUMBER MANAGEMENT SCHEME Annex A – Fisheries. North East Sea Fisheries Committee, Commercial Fisheries.","P"]
[null,"Bartumeus, F., Giuggioli, L,M Louzao, M., Bretagnolle, V., Oro, D., and Levin, S.A. 2010. Fishery discards impact on Seabird Movement Patterns at Regional Scales. Current Biology. 20: 215 - 222","x","Not direct impact"]
[null,"Beek, F.A. van, Rijnsdorp, A.D., and de Clerck, R. 1989. Monitoring juvenile stocks of flatfish in the Wadden Sea and the coastal areas of the south-eastern North Sea. Helgolander Meeresunters 43: 461-477.","x","Not related to this project "]
[null,"Belda EJ, Sanchez A (2001) Seabird mortality on longline fisheries in the western Mediterranean: factors affecting bycatch and proposed mitigating measures. Biol Conserv 98:357–363","P"]
[null,"Bell, M.C., Walker, P. 26. Desk study to assess the impact of cockle suction dredging on The Wash and North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site. Report number 67. CEFAS Contract No. C2252","P"]
[null,"Berggren, P. 1994. Bycatches of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Swedish Skaggerak, Kattegat and Baltic Seas: 1973–1993. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 15): 211–215.","P"]
[null,"Berghahn, R., and Vorberg, R. 1997. Shrimp Fisheries and Nature Conservation in the National Park Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein. UBA-Texte 82/97: 197 pp.","x","a book and do not have access to it"]
[null,"Bergman, M.J. and  Hup, M. 1992. Direct effects of beam trawling on macrofauna in a sandy sediment in the southern North Sea. ICES Marine Science Symposium 49: 5–11.","P"]
[null,"Bergman, M.J.N. and Hup, M. 1992. Direct effects of beam trawling on macro-fauna in a sandy sediment in the southern North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 49: 5-11.","x","Unclear which feature to assign to (abstract only - title  \"sandy sediment\", abstract \"hard-sand sediment\", citation included in sublittoral mud, sand, mixed and coarse sediment MI reports!). "]
[null,"Bergman, M.J.N. and van Santbrink, J.W.2 Mortality in megafaunal benthic populations caused by trawl fisheries on the Dutch continental shelf in the North Sea in 1994. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 1321-1331.","P"]
[null,"Bergmann, M. And Moore, P.G. 21 Mortality of Asterias rubens and Ophiura ophiura disgarded in the Nephrops fishery of the Clyde Sea area, Scotland. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 58, 531-542 ","P"]
[null,"Beukema J.J. and Dekker R., 2014. Variability in predator abundance links winter temperatures and bivalve recruitment: correlative evidence from long-term data in a tidal flat. Marine Ecology Progress Series 513: 1-15.","x","Not related to this project "]
[null,"Beukema, J.J and Dekker, R. 2005. Decline of recruitment success in cockles and other bivalves in the Wadden Sea: possible role of climate change, predation on postlarvae and fisheries. Marine Ecology Progress Series 287: 149-167.","x","Not related to this project "]
[null,"Beukema, J.J. 1995. Long-term effects of mechanical harvesting of lugworms Arenicola marina on the zoobenthic community of a tidal flat in the Wadden Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 33: 219-227.","x","Within COST-IMPACT Database - Not reviewed as full reference not included"]
[null,"BIOMAERL Team. 1999. BIOMAERL: Maerl biodiversity; functional structure and anthropogenic impacts, EC Contract No. MAS3-CT95-0020, 973 pp.","x"]
[null,"BIOMAERL Team. 2001. Conservation and management of NE Atlantic and Mediterranean maerl beds. Paper presented at International Workshop/Conference on ‘The Scientific Basis for Conservation Management of Maerl Grounds’ at the University of Marine Biological Station Millport, Isle of Cumbrae, Scotland. Accessed on 15/01/2011. Available on-line at: http://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/43847/11..Conservation_and_management_of_maerl_beds_2001.pdf.","x","Not relevant to project"]
[null,"BIOTIC website: http://www.marlin.ac.uk/biotic/browse.php?sp=4747 ","x","Not related to this project "]
[null,"BirdLife International (2013) Gillnets are catching significant numbers of some seabird populations. Presented as part of the BirdLife State of the world's birds website. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/casestudy/215. Accessed 26/01/2016","x","A web page, not a priority"]
[null,"BirdLife International (2013) Longline fishing effort overlaps with foraging hotspots for seabirds. Presented as part of the BirdLife State of the world's birds website. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/casestudy/166. Accessed 26/01/2016","x","A web page, not a priority"]
[null,"Birkett DA, Maggs CA, Dring MJ (1998) Maerl (Volume V) An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science. UK Marine SACs Project.","P"]
[null,"Birkett, D.A., Maggs, C.A., Dring, M.J., Boaden, P.J.S. and Seed, R. 1998. Infralittoral Reef Biotopes with Kelp Species (volume VII). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association of Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project). 174p.","x","Report is not primary evidence and only a very broad overview of kelp beds in European coastal waters is given"]
[null,"Blaber SJM, Cyrus DP, Albaret J-J, Chong Ving Ching, Day JW, Elliott M, Fonseca MS, Hoss DE, Orensanz J, Potter IC, Silvert W (2) Effects of Fishing on the Structure and Functioning of Estuarine and Nearshore Ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 59-62.","P"]
[null,"Blake, R. W. 1978. On the exploitation of natural population of Nereis virens Sars from the North-East Coast of England. Estuarine & Coastal Marine Science. Vol. 8, 141-148.","P"]
[null,"Blake, R. W. 1979. Exploitation of natural population of Arenicola marina (L) from the North-East Coast of England. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 16, 663-67.","P"]
[null,"Blyth, R.E., Kaiser, M.J., Edwards-Jones, G. and Hart, P.J.B. 24. Implications of a zoned fishery management system for marine benthic communities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 41, 951-961. ","P"]
[null,"Blyth-Skyrme, R.E. 2011. Sensitivity assessment of native oyster and blue mussel; a report to Natural England for the MCZ Project. Ichthys Marine Ecological Consulting Ltd. Project reference number: SAE3-2-419, March 211, 32 pp.","P"]
[null,"Boese, B.L. (22). Effects of recreational clam harvesting on eelgrass (Zostera marina) and associated infaunal invertebrates: in situ manipulative experiments. Aquatic Botany. Vol. 73, 63–74","P"]
[null,"Bolam, S. G., Coggan, R. C., Eggleton, J., Diesing, M. & Stephens, D. (2014). Sensitivity of macrobenthic secondary production to trawling in the English sector of the Greater North Sea: A biological trait approach. Journal of Sea Research 85, 162–177.","x"]
[null,"Bolam, S.G., Coggan, R.C., Eggleton, J. Diesing, M and Stephens, D. 2014. Sensitivity of microbenthic secondary production to trawling in the English sector of the Greater North Sea: A biological trait approach. Journal of Sea Research 85: 162-177.","x","This paper doesn't talk about features, rather the species - this project is only considering habitats "]
[null,"Boorman, L.A. 2003 Saltmarsh Review. An overview of coastal saltmarshes, their dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation and management. ","x"]
[null,"Bordehore C, Ramos-Espla AA, Riosmena-Rodriguez R (23) Comparative Study of Two Mearl Beds with Different Otter Trawling History, Southeast Iberian Peninsula. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. Vol. 13 (S1),  S43-S54","P"]
[null,"Bordehore, C., Borg, J.A., Lanfranco, E., Ramos-Espla, A.A., Rizzo, M. and Schembri, P. 2000.  Trawling as a major threat to Mediterranean maerl beds, presented at the First Mediterranean Symposium on Marine vegetation, Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas [UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan], Ajacio, Corsica, France 2-3 October 2000.","x","Not primary data and insufficient information given"]
[null,"Borg, J.A., Lanfranco, E., Mifsud, J.R., Rizzo, M. and Schembri, P.J. 1998. Does fishing have an impact on Maltese maerl grounds? ICES Conference on the Ecosystem Effects of Fishing, Hiraklion, Crete. ","x","Unable to access"]
[null,"Boulcott, P. and Howell, T. 211. The impact of scallop dredging on rocky-reef substrata. Fisheries Research. Vol. 11, 415-42","P"]
[null,"Boyes et al. 2006. Unlicensed Activities - a review to consider the threats to marine biodiversity. DEFRA. ","x"]
[null,"Bradshaw C., Veale L.O. & Brand A.R. 2002. The role of scallop-dredge disturbance in long-term changes in Irish Sea benthic communities: a re-analysis of an historical dataset. Journal of Sea Research 47(2): 161-184.","x","Can only access abstract. In abstract compares mobile, robust and scavenging taxa with slow-moving or sessile, fragile taxa. Does not mention habitat"]
[null,"Bradshaw, C, Veale, L.O., Hill, A.S. & Brand, A.R. 21. The effect of scallop dredging on Irish Sea benthos: experiments using a closed area. Hydrobiologia. Vol. 465, 129-138","P"]
[null,"Bradstock and Gordon 1983","x","Cannot find full ref"]
[null,"Bregnballe, T and Frederiksen, M. (2006) Net‐entrapment of great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis in relation to individual age and population size. Wildlife Biology 12, 143–150","x"]
[null,"British Sea Fishing, 2015. Pulse Trawling. Webpage: britishseafishing.co.uk/pulse-trawling. Accessed 23 October 2015.","x","Doesn't contain relevant information"]
[null,"Brosnan, D.M. and Crumrine, L.L. 1994. Effects of human trampling on marine rocky shore communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 177, 79-97.","P"]
[null,"Brothers NP, Cooper J and Lølleborg S. 1999. The incidental catch of seabirds by longline fisheries: Worldwide review and technical guidelines for mitigation. FAO","x"]
[null,"Brown, B. & Wilson, W. H. 1997. The role of commercial digging of mudflats as an agent for change of infaunal intertidal populations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 218, 49-61. ","P"]
[null,"Brown, J., Macfadyen, G., 2007. Ghost fishing in European waters: impacts and management responses. Mar. Policy 31, 488–504.","P"]
[null,"Brylinsky, M., Gibson, J. and Gordon Jr., D.C. 1994. Impacts of flounder trawls on the intertidal habitat and community of the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51: 650-661.","x","Can only access abstract. Data collected in Canada. "]
[null,"Bullimore, B. 1985. An investigation into the effects of scallop dredging within the Skomer Marine Reserve. Skomer Marine reserve Subtidal Monitoring Project. Report to the Nature Conservancy Council.","x","Unable to access - in MBA library"]
[null,"Cabaco, S., Alexandre, A. and Santos, R. (25). Population-level effects of clam harvesting on the seagrass Zostera noltii. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 298, 123-129","P"]
[null,"Caddy, J.F. 1973. Underwater observations on the tracks of dredges and trawls and some effects of dredging on a scallop ground. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30: 173-180.","x","Can only access abstract and insufficient information is given. "]
[null,"Caswell, W., Brault, S., Read, A.J.,Smith, T.D. 1998. Harbor porpoise and fisheries: An uncertainty analysis of incidental mortality. Ecological Applications, 8: 1226–1238.","x","Can't access"]
[null,"Catchpole, T.L., Revill, A.S., Innes, J. & Pascoe, S. 2008. Evaluating the efficiacy of technical measures: A case study of selection device legislation in the UK Crangon crangon (brown shrimp) fishery. ICES Journal of MarineScience 65: 267-275.","x","Doesn't contain relevant information on habitats"]
[null,"CEC 2002. Incidental catches ofsmall cetaceans. Report of the meeting of the subgroup on fishery and the environment (SGFEN) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), Brussels December 2001. SEC (2002) 376. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels","P"]
[null,"CEC 2003. Impact of pelagic trawls on cetaceans. Tendering specifications. Open call for tenders. Reference no. FISH/2003/09.","x","Not a priority"]
[null,"CEEF 2002. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1 - effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington, 33 pp. (available online, November 2015: http://www.arrancoast.com/science/effects_of_trawling_and_dredging_on_seafloor_habitat.pdf) ","P"]
[null,"Chicharo, L., Regala, J., Gaspar, M., Alves, F. & Chicharo, A. (2002). Macrofauna spatial differences within clam dredge-tracks and their implications for short-term fishing effect studies. Fisheries Research. 54: 349-353.","x","Rejected FIED. Reason = Inadequate description of gear type"]
[null,"Churchill, J.H. 1989. The effect of commercial trawling on sediment resuspension and transport over the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf. Journal of Continental Shelf Research 9: 841-864.","x","Can only access abstract. Abstract refers to the effects of trawling on sediment and not fisheries. "]
[null,"Clark, R.B. 1977. Ecological impact of bait digging. Report of a pilot study. CST Report No.133","x"]
[null,"Clarke, D.G. and D.H Wilber. 2000. Assessment of potential impacts of dredging operations due to sediment resuspension. DOER Tech. Notes Collection (ERDC TN-DOER-E9). U.S. Army Corps Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. May 2000, 14pp.","x","This is about dredging rather than fishing. "]
[null,"Coen, L.D. 1995. A review of the potential impacts of mechanical harvesting on subtidal and intertidal shellfish resources. Prepared by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Marine Resources Research Institute","P"]
[null,"Coffen-Smout, S.S. and Rees, E.I.S. 1999. Burrowing behaviour and dispersion of cockles Cerastoderma edule L. following simulated fishing disturbance. Fisheries Research 40(1): 65-72.","x"]
[null,"Coleman, R.A., Hoskin, M.G., von Carlshausen, E. and Davis, C.M. (2013) Using a no-take zone to assess the impacts of fishing: Sessile epifauna appear insensitive to environmental disturbances from commercial potting. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 440, 100–107.","P"]
[null,"Collie, J.S., Escanero, G.A. and Valentine, P.C. 1997. Effects of bottom fishing on the benthic megafauna of Georges Bank. Marine Ecology Progress Series 155: 159-172.","x","Rejected FIED. Reason = Inadequate description of gear type"]
[null,"Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Kaiser, M.J. And Poiner, I.R. 2 A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of animal ecology. Vol. 69, 785-798","P"]
[null,"Collie, J.S., Hermsen, J.M. and Valentine, P.C. 2009. Recolonization of gravel habitats on Georges Bank (northwest Atlantic). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 56(19): 1847-1855.","x"]
[null,"Commission of the European Community (CEC). 2007. The Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats - EUR27 [online]. Brussels: European Commission DG Environment. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm","x"]
[null,"Constantino, R., Gaspar, M.B., Tata-Regala, J., Carvalho, S., Curdia, J., Drago, T., Taborda, R., Monteiro, C.C., 29. Clam dredging effects and subsequent recovery of benthic communities at different depth ranges. Marine Environmental Research. Vol. 67 (2), 89. ","P"]
[null,"Cook R, Farinas-Franco JM, Gell FR, Holt RHF, Holt T, et al. (213) The Substantial First Impact of Bottom Fishing on Rare Biodiversity Hotspots: A Dilemma for Evidence-Based Conservation. PLoS ONE 8(8): e6994. doi:1.1371/journal.pone.6994","P"]
[null,"Cook, W., Jones, E., Wyn, G. and Sanderson, W.G. 2002. Experimental studies on the effects of shore crab collection using artificial shelters on an intertidal sandflat habitat. CCW.","x","Unable to access"]
[null,"Cooke, A. and McMath, A. 2001. Sensitivity and mapping of inshore marine biotopes in the southern Irish Sea (SensMap): development of a protocol for assessing and mapping the sensitivity of marine species and benthos to maritime activities.","x"]
[null,"Cotter, A.J.R., Walker, P., Coates, P., Cook, W. & Dare, P.J. (1997). Trial of a tractor dredger for cockles in Burry Inlet, South Wales.  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54: 72-83","P"]
[null,"Cotter, J. Lart, W. de Rozarieux, N. Kingston, A. Caslake, R. Le Quesne, W. Jennings, S. Caveen, A. Brown, M. (2015) A development of ecological risk screening with an application to fisheries off SW England ICES J. Mar. Sci. (March/April) 72 (3): 1092-1104. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsu167","x","Not added as information not approiate for the database"]
[null,"Couperus, A.S. 1997. By-catch of marine mammals and discards in pelagic fisheries (MAMDIS). Final report. CFP 94/018. Agricultural Research Department, Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research.","x","Can't access"]
[null,"Cryer, M., Whittle, G.N. & Williams, R. (1987). The impact of bait collection by anglers on marine intertidal invertebrates. Biological Conservation 42: 83-93","P"]
[null,"Currie, D. R. and Parry, G. D. 1996. Effects of scallop dredging on a soft sediment community: A large-scale experimental study. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 134 (1-3), 131-15. (1.3354/meps134131)","P"]
[null,"Currie, D. R.& Parry, G. D. (1999). Impacts and efficiency of scallop dredging on different soft substrates. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 539-550.","P"]
[null,"Dale, A.C., Boulcott, P., and Sherwin, T.J. 211Sedimentation patterns caused by scallop dredging in a physically dynamic environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. 62, 2433-2441.","P"]
[null,"Dang, H., Zhou, H., Yang, J., Ge, H., Jiao, N., Luan Cunningham, P.N., Hawkins, S.J., Jones, H.D. & Burrows, M.T., 1984. The geographical distribution of Sabellaria alveolata (L.) in England, Wales and Scotland, with investigations into the community structure of and the effects of trampling on Sabellaria alveolata colonies. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, Contract Report no. HF3/11/22.","x"]
[null,"Dare, P.J., Bell, M.C., Walker, P., Bannister, R.C.A. 24. Historical and current status of cockle and mussel stocks in The Wash. CEFAS Lowestoft, 85pp. ","P"]
[null,"Davison DM, Hughes DJ (1998) Zostera Biotopes (Volume 1) An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science. UK Marine SACs Project.","P"]
[null,"Dayton, P.K., Thrush, S.F.,Agardy, M.T., Hofman, R.J. 1995. Environmental effects of marine fishing. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 5: 205–232.","x"]
[null,"Dayton, P.K., Thrust, D.F., Agardi, M.T. and Hofman, R.J. 1995. Environmental effects of marine fishing. Aquatic conservation: marine and freshwater ecosystems 5: 225-232.","x"]
[null,"De Grave, S. and Whitaker, A. 1999. Benthic community re-adjustment following dredging of a muddy-maerl matrix. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38: 102-108.","x","Can only access abstract. Report refers to dredging rather than fishing. "]
[null,"De Grave, S., Fazakerley, H., Kelly, L., Guiry, M.D., Ryan, M. and Walshe, J. 2000. A study of selected maerl beds in Irish waters and their potential for sustainable extraction. Report by the Marine Institute. Available on-line at: http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=Maerl+ground+conservation:+impact+of+mussel+aquaculture+on+benthic+faunal+biodiversity+in+Ria+de+Vigo&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart.","x","Describes the spatial distribution and volume of maerl resource in irish Waters. Impacts described relate mainy to extraction of maerl, but refers to some 90s papers re effects trawling (Bergman and Hup, 1992 - in this list; and Jones, 1992 a NZ paper)"]
[null,"De Groot, S.J. 1995. On the penetration of the beam trawl into the sea bed. ICES C.M. 1995/B:36.","x","Unable to access paper"]
[null,"DeAlteris, J., Skrobe, L. and Lipsky, C. 1999. The significance of seabed disturbance by mobile fishing gear relative to natural processes: a case study in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. In: Benaka, L.R. (Ed.) Fish Habitat: Essential fish habitat and rehabilitation. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 22, Bethesda, Maryland.","x"]
[null,"DEFRA (2008) Impact Assessment of Measures to Protect Marine Biodiversity in Lyme Bay. ","P"]
[null,"Defra, 2004. Review of Marine Nature Conservation. Working Group Report to Government. London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.","x"]
[null,"Defra, 2012. Ecosystem Approach to fisheries; MF1001; Evidence Project Final Report, London. Available at: http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=MF1001_9072_TPS.pdf http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=10372_M1001FinalReportEvid-4March2012final.pdf","P"]
[null,"Defra, 2013. Revised Approach to the Management of Commercial Fisheries in European Marine Sites - Overarching Policy and Delivery Document. London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Available online at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/345970/REVISED_APPROACH_Policy_and_Delivery.pdf. Accessed 16 November 2015.","x"]
[null,"DeGange, A.R., Day, R.H., Takekawa, J.E., Mendenhall, V.M. (No other reference information available)","P"]
[null,"Degraer, S.; Wittoeck, J.; Appeltans, W.; Cooreman, K.; Deprez, T.; Hillewaert, H.; Hostens, K.; Mees, J.; Vanden Berghe, E.; Vincx, M. 2006. The macrobenthos atlas of the Belgian part of the North Sea. Belgian Science Policy. D/2005/1191/3. ISBN 90-810081-6-1. 164 pp.","x"]
[null,"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). 2004. Review of Marine Nature Conservation. Working Group report to Government, Defra, London.","x"]
[null,"Depestele J, Courtens W., Degraer S., Haelters J., Hostens K., Houziaux J-S., Merckx B., Polet H., Rabaut M., Stienen E.W.M., Vandendriessche S., Verfaillie E. & Vincx M. 212. An integrated impact assessment of trammel net and beam trawl fisheries \"WAKO II\" - Final Report. Brussels : Belgian Science Policy Office 212 – 233 p (Research Programme Science for a Sustainable Development)","x"]
[null,"Depestele, J., Ivanovic, A., Degrendele, K., Esmaeili, M., Polet, H., Roche, M., Summerbell, K., Teal, L.R., Vanelslander, B., and F.G. O'Neill, 2015. Measuring and assessing the physical impact of beam trawling. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv056.","P"]
[null,"Dernie, K.M., Kaiser, M.J. and Warwick, R.M. 23. Recovery rates of benthic communities following physical disturbance. Journal of Animal Ecology. Vol. 73, 143-156","P"]
[null,"Desroy, N., Dubois S.F., Fournier, J., Ricquiers, L., Le Mao, P,. Guerin, L., Gerla D., Rougerie, M., Legendre, A. 2011. the conservation statu of Sabellaria alveolata (L) (Polychaeta Sabellariidae) reefs in the Bay of Mont-Saint-Michel.","x","Not relevant"]
[null,"Devon Wildlife Trust. 27. Lyme Bay Reefs: A 16 year search for sustainability. ","P"]
[null,"Diesing, M., Schwarzer, K., Zeiler, M., and Klein, H. 2006. Comparison of marine sediment extraction sites by means of shoreface zonation. Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue 39: 783-788.","x"]
[null,"Diesing, M., Stephens, D., and Aldridge, J. 2013. A proposed method for assessing the extent of the seabed significantly affected by demersal fishing in the Greater North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70(6): 1085–1096","x","Natural disturbance rather than the effect of fishing "]
[null,"Dignan, S.P., Bloor, I.S.M., Murray, L.G. and Kaiser, M.J., 2014. Environmental impacts of demersal otter trawls targeting queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis) in the Isle of Man territorial sea. Fisheries & Conservation Report No. 35, Bangor University. pp. 25.","x","Does specify habitat"]
[null,"Doeksen A. 2006. Ecological perspectives of the North Sea C. crangon fishery: An inventory of its effects on the marine ecosystem. BSc Thesis. Wageningen University. Wageningen. 133 pp.","x"]
[null,"Dolmer P, Kristensen T, Christiansen ML, Petersen MF, Kristensen PS, Hoffmann E (21) Short-term impact of blue mussel dredging (Mytilus edulis L.) on a benthic community. Hydrobiologia. Vol. 465, 115-127.","P"]
[null,"Dolmer, P. and Geitner, K. 24. Integrated Coastal Zone Management of cultures and fishery of mussels in Limfjorden, Denmark. ICES CM 24/V:7. 9pp. Downloaded from: http://www.ices.dk/products/CMdocs/24/V/V74.pdf","P"]
[null,"Drabsch, S.L., Tanner, J.E. and Connell, S.D. 2001. Limited infaunal response to experimental trawling in previously untrawled areas. ICES Journal of Marine Science 58: 1261-1271.","P"]
[null,"Dunn, E and Steel, C. 2001.  The impact of longline fishing on seabirds in the north-east Atlantic: Recommendations for reducing mortality. Report for RSPB. 110pp","P"]
[null,"Dyrynda P. and Lewis, K. 1995. Ecological studies within the Crymlyn Burrows SSSI (Swansea bay, Wales): impacts of mechanised cockle harvesting. Marine Environment Research Group, University of Wales. 15 pp.","x","Unable to access report. Information from MI report (muddy sands and sandy muds): \"The immediate effects of suction dredging (for the harvesting of intertidal cultivated/harvested shellfish, such as clams and cockles), are quite severe, as the entire upper layers of the substratum and fauna are removed (Kaiser and Beadman, 2002).  The greatest visible effect of suction dredging or mechanical raking on the sediment is the creation of depressions or trenches which may take days to months to restore depending on sediment type and location (Dyrynda and Lewis, 1995; Hall and Harding, 1997). These trenches may encourage larval settlement by providing an environment subject to lower current velocities (Snelgrove and Butman, 1994). However, Thrush et al. (1996) report that defaunated sediments become destabilized leading to faunal emigration which greatly delayed recolonization.\""]
[null,"Eckrich, C.E. and Holmquist, J.G. (2). Trampling in a seagrass assemblage: direct effects, response of associated fauna, and the role of substrate characteristics. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 21, 199-29","P"]
[null,"EIFCA, 2015. Eastern IFCA Shrimp Industry Workshop Report - 10th July 2015. Available online at http://www.eastern-ifca.gov.uk/documents/2015_07_30_Shrimp_Workshop_Report.pdf.  Accessed 13 August 2015.","x"]
[null,"Eigaard, O., Bastardie, F., Breen, M., Dinesen, G.E., Hintzen, N.T., Laffargue, P., Mortensen, L.O., Rasmus Nielsen, J., Nilsson, H.C., O'Neill, F.G., Polet, H., Reid, D.G., Sala, A., Sköld, M., Smith, C., Sørensen, T.K., Tully, O., Zengin, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D. 2015. Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv099.","P"]
[null,"Eleftheriou, A. and Robertson, M.R. 1992. The effects of experimental scallop dredging on the fauna and physical environment of a shallow sandy community. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 30:  289-299.","P"]
[null,"Elliot, M., Nedwell, S., Jones, N.V., Read, S.J., Cutts, N.D. and Hemingway, K.L. 1998. Intertidal sand and mudflats and subtidal mobile sandbanks (Vol. II). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity for conservation management of marine SACs. Prepared by the Scottish Association for Marine Science for the UK Marine SACs Project.","x"]
[null,"Elliott, M. 1998. Summary of the effects of commercial fisheries on estuarine ecosystems: A European perspective. Unpublished report to SCOR working group 105, Halifax NS, March 1998. 57pp.","x"]
[null,"Elliott, M., Nedwell, S., Jones, N.V., Read, S.J., Cutts, N.D.,  Hemingway K.L., 1998. Intertidal Sand and Mudflats & Subtidal Mobile Sandbanks (volume II). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs.151 pp.","x"]
[null,"Ellis, J.R., Maxwell, T., Schratzberger, M., and Rogers, S, I. 2010. The benthos and fish of offshore sandbanks habitats in the southern North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91(06): 1319–1335.","x","Not relevant"]
[null,"Emerson, C.W., Grant, J. and Rowell, T.W. 1990. Indirect effects of clam digging on the viability ofsoft-shell clams, Mya arenaria L. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 27(1): 109-118.","x","Not directly assessing effect of clam digging (laboratory experiments of effect of non-lethal burial on clam living depth)"]
[null,"Engel, J and Kvitek, R. 1998. Effects of Otter Trawling on a Benthic Community in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Conservation Biology. Vol. 12 (6), 124-1214. ","P"]
[null,"English Nature. Bait digging and birds. Birds Network Information Note. ","P"]
[null,"Eno, N. C., MacDonald, D. S., Kinnear, J. A. M., Amos, C. S., Chapman, C. J., Clark, R. A., Bunker, F. St P. D., and Munro, C. 2001. Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna. 2001. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58: 11–20.","x"]
[null,"Eno, N.C., Frid, C.L.J., Hall, K., Ramsay, K., Sharp, R.A.M., Brazier, D.P., Hearn, S., Dernie, K.M., Robinson, K.A., Paramor, O.A.L. and Robinson, L.A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of habitats to fishing: from seabed maps to sensitivity maps. Journal of Fish Biology; 2013.","P"]
[null,"Eno, N.C., MacDonald, D.S., Kinnear, J.A.M., Amos, S.C., Chapman, C.J., Clark, R.A., Bunker, F.St.P.D and Munro, C. (2001) Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 58, 11-20","P"]
[null,"Erftemeijer, P.L.A., and Lewis, R.R.R. 26. Environmental impacts of dredging on seagrasses: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. 52, 1553-1572.","P"]
[null,"Esmaeili, M. and Ivanovic, A., 2014. Numerical modelling of fishing ground gear component on the seabed. Ocean Engineering 91: 316-328.","x","Not relevant - habitat not specifed and can only access abstract"]
[null,"European Parliament.  2011. Policy Department B. Structural and cohesion policies. The North Sea Brown Shrimp Fisheries. http://www.eastern-ifca.gov.uk/documents/North%20sea%20brown%20shrimp%20fishery%20report%202011.pdf. ","x"]
[null,"Evans, P.G.H. and Baines, M.E. 2013. A methodology to assess the sensitivity of marine mammals to different fishing activities and intensities. CCW Policy Research Report No 12/6. 83pp.","P"]
[null,"Evans, P.G.H. and Hintner, K. (2012) A Review of the Direct & Indirect Impacts of Fishing Activities on Marine Mammals in Welsh waters. CCW Policy Research Report No. 104: 1-204.","P"]
[null,"Fangel, K., Aas, O., Volstand, J.H., Baerum, K.M., Christensen-Dalsgaards, S., Nedreaas, K., Overvik, M., Wold, L.C., and Anker-Nilssen. T. 2015. Assesing incidental bycatch of seabirds in Norwegian coastal commerical fisheries: Empirical and methodological lessons.  Glocal Ecology and Conservation. 4: 127 - 136","x"]
[null,"FAO, 2015. Bottom Otter Trawls. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. [Online] Available from: http://www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/306/en. [Accessed: 10th August 2015].","x","Not suitable"]
[null,"FAO. (2008). Report of the FAO Workshop on Vulnerable Ecosystems and Destructive Fishing in Deep-sea Fisheries. Rome. 26-29 June 2007. FAO Fisheries Report. No. 829, FAO 2008. 18pp. ","x","Not added as not related to matrix sub-feature"]
[null,"FAO. 2015 http://www.fao.org/fishery/fishtech/1021/en [6 August 2015]. ","x","Not suitable"]
[null,"FEAST","P"]
[null,"Fern, P.N., Rostron, D.M. and Siman, H.Y. 2000. Effects of mechanical cockle harvesting on intertidal communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 464-474.","P"]
[null,"Fitzpatrick, S. and Bouchez, B. 1998.  Effects of recreational disturbance on the foraging behaviour of waders on a rocky beach. Bird Study (1998) 45, 157-171","x"]
[null,"Fitzsimmons, C., University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Research on the impacts of potting in Northumberland.","P"]
[null,"Foden, J., Rogers, S.I., Jones, A.P. 21. Recovery of UK seabed habitats from benthic fishing and aggregate extraction- towards a cumulative impact assessment. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 411, 259-27 ","P"]
[null,"Fonseca et al. 1994","x","Cannot find full ref"]
[null,"Fonseca, M.S., Thayer, G.W., Chester, A.J. and Foltz, C. 1984. Impact of scallop harvesting on eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows: implications for management. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 4: 286-293.","x"]
[null,"Fonteyne, R. 1994. Physical impact of a 4 m beam trawl. In Environmental impact of bottom gears on benthic fauna in relation to natural resources management and protection of the North Sea, pp. 21–58. Ed. by S. J. de Groot and H. J. Lindeboom. NIOZ Rapport 1994–11, RIVO-DLO report C026/94, 257 pages.. Fishing News Books, 399 pages.","x","In a book - can't access "]
[null,"Fonteyne, R., 2000. Physical impact of beam trawls on seabed sediments. In: Kaiser MJ and de Groot, SJ (eds) Effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats: biological conservation and socio-economic issues. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 3-14.","x","In a book - can't access "]
[null,"Fonteyne. R., Polet, H. 2002. Reducing the benthos by-catch in flatfish beam trawling by means of technical modifications. Fisheries Research 55(1-3): 219-230.","x"]
[null,"Fosså, J.H., Mortensen, P.B. and Furevik, D.M. 22. The deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa in Norwegian waters: distribution and fishery impacts. Hydrobiologia. Vol. 471, 1–12.","P"]
[null,"Fowler S.L. 1999. Guidelines for managing the collection of bait and other shoreline animals within UK European marine sites. English Nature (UK Marine SACs Project). 132 pages. ","x"]
[null,"Fowler, S. (1989) Nature Conservation implication of damage to the seabed by commercial fishing operations. Nature Conservancy Council Report No.79, pp 1-33.","P"]
[null,"Fowler, S. L. 21. Investigation into the extent of bait collection and its impacts on features of conservation interest for birds and intertidal species and habitats within the Solent and Poole Bay Natural Area. Final Report to English Nature.  Open Library OL18942327M","P"]
[null,"Fowler, S.L. 1992. Survey of bait collection in Britain. JNCC Report 107","x"]
[null,"Fowler, S.L. 1999. Guidelines for managing the collection of bait and other shoreline animals within UK European marine sites. English Nature (UK Marine SACs Project). 132 pages.","x"]
[null,"Frederiksen M, Wanless S, Harris MP, Rothery P, Wilson LJ. 2004. The role of industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of North Sea black-legged kittiwakes. Journal of Applied Ecology. 41.1129 -1139","x","Not a direct impact. Rather the role of the sandeel fishery  on kittiwake populations."]
[null,"Freese, J. L., 21. Trawl-induced damage to sponges observed from a research submersible. Marine Fisheries Review. Vol. 63 (3), 7-13","P"]
[null,"Freese, L., Auster, P. J., Heifetz, J., & Wing, B. L. (1999). Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 182, 119-126.","P"]
[null,"Frid, C.L.J. and Clark, R.A. 2000. Long term changes in North Sea benthos: discerning the role of fisheries. In: Kaiser, M.J. and de Groot, S.J. (Eds.) Effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats. Oxford, Blackwells Scientific.","x","In a book - can't access "]
[null,"Furness. 2003. Impacts of fisheries on seabird communities. Scientia Marina. 67 (Suppl. 2): 33 - 45","P"]
[null,"Gall, S., Plymouth University PhD student. Research on the impacts of potting in South Devon. Funded by the Devon and Severn IFCA.","P"]
[null,"Garcia Barcelona, S., Ortiz de Urbina, J.M., de la Serna, J.M., Alot, E. and Macías, D. (2010) Seabird bycatch in Spanish Mediterranean large pelagic longline fisheries, 2000‐2008. Aquatic Living Resources DOI: 10.1051/alr/2010022","P"]
[null,"Gee, K. 1993. The impact of recreation on the intertidal habitats of the Menai Strait proposed Marine Nature reserve:an assessment of sustainability. ","x"]
[null,"Gibbs et al. 1980","x","Cannot find full ref"]
[null,"Gilkinson, K., Paulin, M., Hurley, S., Schwinghamer, P. 1998. Impacts of trawl door scouring on infaunal bivalves: results of a physical trawl door model/dense sand interaction. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 224: 291-312","x"]
[null,"Gittenberger, A. and van Loon, W.M.G.M. 2011. Common Marine Macrozoobenthos Species in the Netherlands, their Characterisitics and Sensitivities to Environmental Pressures. GiMaRIS Report No 2011-08.","x","Not relevant"]
[null,"Glorius, S., Craeymeersch, J., van der Hammen, T., Rippen, A., Cuperus, J., can der Weide, B., Steenbergen, J. & Tulp, I., 2015. Effecten van garnalenvisserij in Natura 2000 gebieden. Rapport C013/15. IMARES Wageningen UR. ","x"]
[null,"Goldberg, R., Mercaldo-Allen, R., Rose, J.M., Clark, P., Kuropat, C., Meseck, S., Pereira, J. 212. Effects of hydraulic shellfish dredging on the ecology of a cultivated clam bed. Aquaculture Environment Interactions. Vol. 3, 11-21","P"]
[null,"Gonzalez-Correa JM, Bayle JT, Sanchez-Lizaso JL, Valle C, Sanchez-Jerez P, Ruiz JM (25) Recovery of deep Posidonia oceanica meadows degraded by trawling. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 32, 65-76. ","P"]
[null,"Goodwin, C., Edwards, H., Breen, J., Picton, B. 211. Rathlin Island - A survey report from the Nationally Important Marine Features Project 29-211. Northern Ireland Environment Agency Research and Development Series No. 11/3","P"]
[null,"Gordon Jr., D.C., Gilkinson, K.D., Kenchington, E.L.R., Prena, J., Bourbannais, C., MacIsaac, K., McKeown, D.L. and W.P. Vass 2002. Summary of the Grand Banks otter trawling experiment (1993-1995): effects on benthic habitat and communities. Canadian Technical Report on Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, no. 2416, 72 pp.","x"]
[null,"GOV. UK https://www.gov.uk/marine-conservation-byelaws#current-mmo-byelaws [last accessed August 2015]","x"]
[null,"Grall, J. and Glémarec, M. 1997b. Biodiversité des fonds de maerl en Bretagne: approche fonctionelle et impacts anthropogeniques, Vie et Milieu 47(4), 339-349.","x"]
[null,"Grall, J. and Hall-Spencer, J.M. 2003. Problems facing maerl conservation in Brittany. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13: S55-S64.","x","Unable to access paper"]
[null,"Gray, J. S., Dayton, P., Thrush, S. and Kaiser, M. J. 2006. On effects of trawling, benthos and sampling design. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 52,840–843.","x","Can't access the paper and the details within the abstract are not sufficient for the database"]
[null,"Greathead, C.F., Donnan, D.W., Mair, J.M. and Saunders, G.R. 27. The sea pens Virgularia mirabilis, Pennatula phosphorea and Funiculina quadrangularis: distribution and conservation issues in Scottish waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Vol. 87, 195–113.","P"]
[null,"Green, M., Hill, J.M., Pearce, B., Woodcock, T., Earnshaw, S., & Ball, K. 2011. Pre-assessment report for the east coast brown and pink shrimp fisheries - the Wash, the Humber and the north Norfolk coast. Prepared for Lynn Shellfish Ltd, John Lake Shellfish Ltd and Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA). Marine Ecological Surveys Limited, 3 Palace Yard Mews, Bath, BA1 2NH.","x","Not relevant"]
[null,"Grieve C, Brady D.C. and Polet H. (2014) Best practices for managing, measuring and mitigating the benthic impacts of fishing – Part 1. Marine Stewardship Council Science Series 2: 18 – 88.","P"]
[null,"Grieve C., Brady, D.C., and Polet, H. 2014.  Best practices for managing, measuring and mitigating the benthic impacts of fishing – Part 1. Marine Stewardship Council Science Series 2: 18 – 88.","x","Review"]
[null,"Grieve C., Brady, D.C., and Polet, H. 2014.  Review of habitat dependent impacts of mobile and static fishing gears that interact with the sea bed. Best practices for managing, measuring and mitigating the benthic impacts of fishing - Part 1. Marine Stewardship Council Science Series 2: 18 - 88. Available online at www.msc.org/business-support/science-series/volume-02/benthic-impacts. Accessed 17 November 2015.","x","Review"]
[null,"Groot, S.J. de. 1995. On the penetration of the beam trawl into the sea bed. ICES C.M. 1995/B:36.","x","Unable to access paper"]
[null,"Gruet, Y. 1971. Morphologie, croissance et faune associeé des récifs de Sabellaria alveolata (Linné) de la Bernerie-en-Retz (Loire Atlantique). Tethys 3: 321–380.","x"]
[null,"Gubbay, S. & Knapman, P. A. 1999. A review of the effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites. English Nature (UK Marine SACs Project). Pages 134.\n","x"]
[null,"Gubbay, S. & Knapman, P.A. 1999. A review of the effects of fishing within UK European marine sites. English Nature (UK Marine SACs Project) 134","P"]
[null,"Guillen et al. 1994","x","Cannot find full ref"]
[null,"Hall, K., Paramor, O.A.L., Robinson, L.A., Winrow-Giffin, A., Frid, C.L.J., Eno, N.C., Dernie, K.M., Sharp, R.A.M., Wyn, G.C. & Ramsay, K. 28. Mapping the sensitivity of benthic habitats to fishing in Welsh Waters: development of a protocol. CCW (Policy Research) Report No: 8/12. 85pp","P"]
[null,"Hall, S.J. 1994. Physical disturbance and marine benthic communities: life in unconsolidated sediments. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 32: 179-239.","x"]
[null,"Hall, S.J., Basford, D.J. and Roberts, M.R. 1990. The impact of hydraulic dredging for razor clams Ensis sp. on an infaunal community. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 27: 119-125.","x"]
[null,"Hall, S.J., Harding, M. j. c. (1997). Physical disturbance and marine benthic communities: the effects of mechanical harvesting of cockles on non-target bentic fauna. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 497–517.","P"]
[null,"Hall-Spencer JM, Moore P G (2000b) Scallop dredging has profound, long-term impacts on maerl habitats. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 1407-1415","P"]
[null,"Hall-Spencer, J. M., Froglia, C., Atkinson, R. J. A. & Moore, P. G. (1999). The impact of Rapido trawling for scallops, Pecten jacobaeus (L.), on the benthos of the Gulf of Venice.","x","Rejected FIED. Reason = Matrix"]
[null,"Hall-Spencer, J., Allain, V., Fossa, J.H., 22. Trawling damage to Northeast Atlantic ancient coral reefs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Vol. 269, 57-511","P"]
[null,"Hall-Spencer, J.M. 1995. The effects of scallop dreding on maerl beds in the Firth of Clyde. Porcupine Newsletter 6(1): 16-27.","x","unable to access. "]
[null,"Hall-Spencer, J.M. and Moore, P.G. 2000a. Impact of scallop dredging on maerl grounds. In: Kaiser, M.J. and de Groot, S.J. (Eds.) Effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats: biological, conservation and socio-economic issues. Oxford:Blackwell Science Ltd. pp 105-117.","x","Unable to access (book) - look in MI report for further detail if required"]
[null,"Hall-Spencer, J.M., Grall, J., Moore, P.G. and Atkinson, R.J.A. 2003. Bivalve fishing and maerl bed conservation in France and the UK - retrospecetive and prospect. Aquatic Conservation and Freshwater Ecosystems 13: S33- S41.","x","Includes review of impacts of bivalve dredging on maerl - citing earlier primary data \"Maerl habitat complexity is much reduced by bivalve dredging. Physical irregularities are flattened, the\nmaerl is compacted and disturbed silt settles over a wide area smothering algae, which require light for\nphotosynthesis (Hall-Spencer JM, Moore PG. 2000c). Grounds that are extensively dredged have reduced population densities of surface megafauna (Hall-Spencer and Moore, 2000b, c) and a much lower diversity of colonial suspension feeders (De Grave and Whitaker, 1999a) and molluscs (Hall-Spencer, 1998)."]
[null,"Han, Q., Bouma, T. J., Brun, G.G., Suykerbuyk, W. and van Katwijk, M.M. 2012. Resilience of Zostera noltii to burial or erosion disturbances. Marine Ecology Progress Series 449: 133-143.","x"]
[null,"Hartnoll, R.G. (1998) Circalittoral faunal turf biotopes: An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association of Marine Sciences (UK Marine SAC Project), Oban, Scotland. 109 pages.","P"]
[null,"Hauton, C., Hall-Spencer, J.M., and Moore, P.G., 23. An experimental study of the ecological impacts of hydraulic bivalve dredging on maerl. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 6, 381-392","P"]
[null,"Haynes, T., Bell, J., Saunders, G., Irving, R., Williams, J. and Bell. G. (2014) Marine Strategy Framework Directive Shallow Sublittoral Rock Indicators for Fragile Sponge and Anthozoan Assemblages Part 1: Developing Proposals for Potential Indicators. JNCC Report No. 524, Nature Bureau and Environment Systems Ltd. for JNCC, JNCC Peterborough.","P"]
[null,"HFK Engineering BV, 2010. SumWing®. Fishing with less fuel. HFK Engineering BV.","x","Not relevant"]
[null,"Hiddink JG, Jennings S, Kaiser MJ (27) Assessing and Predicting the Relative Ecological Impacts of Disturbance on Habitats with Different Sensitivities. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol. 44, 45-413. ","P"]
[null,"Hiddink JG, Kaiser MJ, Hinz H, Ridgeway A. Quantification of epibenthic fauna in areas subjected to different regimes of scallop dredging activity in Lyme Bay, Devon. ","P"]
[null,"Hiddink, J.G. 23 Effects of suction-dredging for cockles on non-target fauna in the Wadden Sea. Journal of Sea Research. Vol. 5, 315-323.","P"]
[null,"Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Queirós, A.M., Duplisea, D.E, and Piet, G.J. 2006. Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63: 721–736.","P"]
[null,"Hill AS, Veale LO, Pennington D, Whyte SG, Brand AR, Hartnoll RG. 1999. Changes in Irish Sea benthos: possible effects of 40 years of dredging. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 1999; 48: 739-750.","P"]
[null,"Hill, A.S., Brand, A.R., Veale, L.O. and Hawkins, S.J. 1997. Assessment of the effects of scallop dredging on benthic communities. Contract CSA 2332. Final Report to MAFF.","x","Within COST-IMPACT Database - Not reviewed as full reference not included"]
[null,"Hill, S., Burrows, M.T. and Hawkins, S.J. 1998. Intertidal Reef Biotopes (volume VI). An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project). 84 Pages.","x"]
[null,"Hinz H, Tarrent D, Ridgeway A, Kaiser MJ, Hiddink (211) Effects of Scallop Dredging on Temperate Reef Fauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 432, 91-12.","P"]
[null,"Hinz, H., Hiddink, J.G., Forde, J., and Kaiser, M.J. 2008. Large-scale responses of nematode communities to chronic otter-trawl disturbance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65: 723–732.","P"]
[null,"Hinz, H., Murray, L.G., Malcolm, F.R., Kaiser, M.J. 2012. The environmental impacts of three different queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) fishing gears. Marine Environmental Research. Vol. 72, 85-95.","P"]
[null,"Hinz, H., Prieto, V., and Kaiser, M.J. 2009. Trawl disturbance on benthic communities: chronic effects and experimental predictions. Ecological Applications 19: 761–773.","P"]
[null,"Hiscock, K., Sewell, J. & Oakley, J. 25 Marine Health Check 25. A report to gauge the health of the UK's sea-life. Godalming, WWF-UK","P"]
[null,"Hoffmann E and Dolmer P (2) Effect of Closed Areas on Distribution of Fish and Epibenthos. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 131-1314.","P"]
[null,"Holt, T.J, et al. 1995. The sensitivity of marine communities to man-induced changes - a scoping report. CCW contract science report 65\n","x"]
[null,"Holt, T.J., Hartnoll, R.G. and Hawkins, S.J. 1997. The sensitivity and vulnerability to man-induced change of selected communities: intertidal brown algal shrubs, Zostera beds and Sabellaria spinulosa reefs. English Nature, Peterborough.","x"]
[null,"Holt, T.J., Jones, D.R., Hawkins, S.J. and Hartnoll, R.G. 1995. The sensitivity of marine communities to man induced change - a scoping report. Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor, Contract Science Report, No. 65.","x"]
[null,"Holt, T.J., Rees, E.I., Hawkins, S.J. and Seed, R. 1998. Biogenic reefs (Volume IX). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project), 174 pp.","x"]
[null,"Holt, T.J., Rees, E.I., Hawkins, S.J., and Seed, R (1998) Biogenic Reefs (volume IX). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project). 170 Pages.","P"]
[null,"Howarth, L. M., Wood, H. L., Turner, A. P., & Beukers-Stewart, B. D. (211). Complex habitat boosts scallop recruitment in a fully protected marine reserve. Marine Biology, 158(8), 1767–178. doi:1.17/s227-11-169-y","P"]
[null,"Hulme, S., Lee, V. The effects of an eco-elevator cockle harvester on macrofauna assemblage, cockle populations and sediment parameters within an intertidal sand flat. ","P"]
[null,"Humborstad, O.-B., Nøttestad, L., Løkkeborg, S. & Rapp, H.T. 2004. RoxAnn bottom classification system, sidescan sonar and video-sledge: spatial resolution and their use in assessing trawling impacts. ICES Journal of Marine Science 61: 53–63.","x","Assesses the seabed characterisation tools on assessing trawling impacts, rather than the trawling impacts on the habitat type"]
[null,"ICES (28). WKFMMPA REPORT 28 Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Management in Marine Protected Areas (WKFMMPA) 2-4 June, 28.","P"]
[null,"ICES 2011. Working Group on Crangon Fisheries and Life History (WGCRAN). ICES CM 2011/SSGEF:11. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). 42 pp.","x"]
[null,"ICES Advisory Committee. 2013. Report of the workshop to review and advise on seabird bycatch. ","x"]
[null,"ICES, 2007. Report of the Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 11-18 April, 2007. ICES CM 2007/ACE:04. Copenhagen, Denmark: ICES Headquarters. 162 pages WGECO Report 2007 | 89.","x"]
[null,"ICES, 2009. Answer to the Netherlands’ request on Electric Pulse Trawl. ICES Advice 2009, Book 1, Section 1.5.6.3.","x"]
[null,"ICES, 2009. Report of the working group on the Ecosyteme Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). 15-21 April 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2009/ACOM:20.\n190 pp.","P"]
[null,"ICES, 2014. Plaice in Subarea IV (North Sea) (updated). Advice, November 2014. Available online at http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Advice/2014/2014/ple-nsea.pdf. Accessed 14 November 2015.","x"]
[null,"ICES. 2015. Report of the Working Group on Bycatch of Protected Species (WGBYC), 2-6 February 2015, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2015\\ACOM:26. 82 pp.","P"]
[null,"Isles of Scilly IFCA. Qualitative study assessing impact of potting on reef through underwater video.","P"]
[null,"Ismial 1985","x","Cannot find full ref"]
[null,"Ivanović, A. and O’Neill, F.G., 2015. Towing cylindrical fishing gear components on cohesive soils. Computers and Geotechnics, 56: 212–219.","x","Considers how models can be used"]
[null,"Ivanović, A., Neilson, R.D. and O’Neill, F.G., 2011. Modelling the physical impact of trawl components on the seabed and comparison with sea trials. Ocean Engineering, 38: 925–933. ","x"]
[null,"Jackson J.B., Kirby M.X., Berger W.H., Bjorndal K.A., Botsford L.W., Bourque B.J., Bradbury R.H., Cooke R., Erlandson J., Estes J.A., Hughes T.P., Kidwell S., Lange C.B., Lenihan H.S., Pandolfi J.M., Peterson C.H., Steneck R.S., Tegner M.J., Warner R.R. 1999. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Fishery Bulletin. Vol. 97(1), 183-199","P"]
[null,"Jackson, A. and Hiscock, K., 2008. Sabellaria spinulosa. Ross worm. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ","x","Not relevant"]
[null,"Jennings, S. and Kaiser, M. J. 1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology 34: 201-352.","x"]
[null,"Jennings, S. and Lee, J. (2011). Defining fishing grounds with vessel monitoring system data. ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, 51–63.","x","Not appropraite information for this database"]
[null,"Jennings, S., Lee, J and Hiddink, J.G. 2012. Assessing fishery footprints and the trade-offs between landings value, habitat sensitivity and fishing impacts to inform marine spatial planning and the ecosystem approach. ICES Journal of Marine Science 69: 1053-1063.","P"]
[null,"Jennings, S., Nicholson, M.D., Dinmore, T.A., and Lancaster, J.E. 2002. Effect of chronic trawling disturbance on the production of infaunal communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 243: 251-260.","x"]
[null,"Jennings, S., T.A. Dinmore, D.E. Duplisea, K.J. Warr & J. Lancaster, 21. Trawling disturbance can modify benthic production processes. Journal of Animal Ecology. Vol. 7, 459-475.","P"]
[null,"Jensen A.C., Collins K.J., Lockwood A.P.M., Mallinson J.J. & Turnpenny W.H. 1994. Colonization and fishery potential of a coal-ash artificial reef, Poole Bay, United Kingdom. Bulletin of Marine Science 55: 1263-1276.","x"]
[null,"JNCC and NE (2011) Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features. April 2011.","P"]
[null,"Johnson K.A. 22. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. ","P"]
[null,"Johnson, G. 1984. Bait collecting in a proposed marine nature reserve.","x"]
[null,"Johnson, G. E. L., Attrill, M. J., Sheehan, E. V. & Somerfield, P. J. 27. Recovery of meiofauna communities following mudflat disturbance by trampling associated with crab-tiling. Marine Environmental Research. Vol. 64: 49-416.","P"]
[null,"Johnson, K.A. (2002) A Review of National and International Literature on the Effects of fishing on Benthic Habitats. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","x"]
[null,"Jones, A. 1992. An assessment of the implications of bait digging for the nature conservation interests of the Welsh shore of the Severn estuary/Bristol estuary. CCW South Wales Report CCW/SW/12","x"]
[null,"Kaiser MJ, Galanidi M, Showler DA, Elliott AJ, Caldow RWG, Reed EIS, Stillman RA and Sutherland WJ. 2006. Distribution and behaviour of Common Scoter Melanitta nigra relative to prey resources and environmental parameters","x","Not relevant information"]
[null,"Kaiser MJ. A Summary of the Impacts of Scallop Dredging on Seabed Biota and Habitats. ","P"]
[null,"Kaiser, M. J., Broad, G. and Hall, S. J. 2001. Disturbance of intertidal soft-sediment benthic communities by cockle hand raking. Journal of Sea Research. Vol. 45 (2), 119-13. (1.116/s1385-111(1)52-1)","P"]
[null,"Kaiser, M. J., Edwards, D. B., Armstrong, P. J., Radford, K., Lough, N. E. L., Flatt, R. P. and Jones, H. D. 1998. Changes in megafaunal benthic communities in different habitats after trawling disturbance. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil. Vol. 55 (3), 353-361. (1.16/jmsc.1997.322)","P"]
[null,"Kaiser, M.J. & B. E. Spencer, 1994. Fish scavenging behaviour in recently trawled areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 112, 41-49.","P"]
[null,"Kaiser, M.J. and Spencer, B.E. 1996. Behavioural responses of scavengers to beam trawl disturbance. Aquatic Pre-dators and Their Prey In: Greenstreet, S.P.R. and Tasker, M.L. (Eds.), pp. 116±123. Fishing News Books, Oxford.","x"]
[null,"Kaiser, M.J. and Spencer, B.E. 1996. The effects of beam-trawl disturbance on infaunal communities in different habitats.  Journal of Animal Ecology, 65: 348-358.","P"]
[null,"Kaiser, M.J., Bullimore, B., Newman, P., Lock, K., and Gilbert, S.1996 Catches in 'ghost fishing' set nets. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 145, 11-16.","x"]
[null,"Kaiser, M.J., Clarke, K.R., Hinz, H., Austen, M.C.V., Somerfield, P.J. and Karakassis, I. 2006. Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 311: 1-14.","x"]
[null,"Kaiser, M.J., Clarke, K.R., Hinz, H., Austen, M.C.V., Somerfield, P.J., Karakassis, I. 2006 Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 311:1-14","P"]
[null,"Kaiser, M.J., Collie, J.S., Hall, S.J., Jennings, S. and Poiner, I.R. 2001. Impacts of fishing gear on marine benthic habitats.  Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem 13 Reykjavik, Iceland, 1-4 October 2001.","x"]
[null,"Kaiser, M.J., Collie, J.S.,Hall, S.J., Jennings, S. And Roiner. 2002 Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions. Fish and fisheries. Vol. 3, 114-136","P"]
[null,"Kaiser, M.J., Hill, A.S., Ramsay, K., Spencer, B.E., Brand, A.R., Veale, L.O., Prudden, K., Rees, E.I.S., Munday, B.W., Ball, B. and Hawkins, S.J. 1996. Benthic disturbance by fishing gear in the Irish Sea: a comparison of beam trawling and scallop dredging. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 6(4): 269-285.","x","Access to abstract only. Whilst part of the study is desk-based (assssment fishing effort) there is an experimental component comparing beam and scallop trawling with mlti variate analysis of the impact on the benthic communities (similar impact - both causing a reduction in most epifaunal species). Link to abstract: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0755(199612)6:4%3C269::AID-AQC202%3E3.0.CO;2-C/abstract"]
[null,"Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E., and Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 494–503.","P"]
[null,"Kamenos, N.A., Moore, P.G. and Hall-Spencer, J.M. 2004a. The importance of maerl grounds for the recruitment of queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis) and other invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 274: 183-189. ","x"]
[null,"Kamenos, N.A., Moore, P.G. and Hall-Spencer, J.M. 2004b. Maerl grounds provide both refuge and high growth potential for juvenile queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 313: 241-254.","x"]
[null,"Kamenos, N.A., Moore, P.G. and Hall-Spencer, J.M. 2004c. Small-scale distribution of juvenile gadoids in shallow inshore waters; what role does maerl play? ICES Journal of Marine Science 61: 422-429.","x"]
[null,"Kenchington, E.L.R., Prena, J., Gilkinson, K.D., Gordon Jr, D.C., Macisaac, K., Bourbonnais, C., Schwinghamer, P.J., Rowell, T.W., Mckeown, D.L. and  Vass, W.P. 2001. Effects of experimental otter trawling on the macrofauna of a sandy bottom ecosystem on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58(6): 1043-1057.","x"]
[null,"Kim S-Y and Monaghan P.2006. Interspecific differences in foraging preferences, breeding performance and demography in herring (Larus argentatus) and lesser black-backed gulls (Larus fuscus) at a mixed colony","x","Not relevant information"]
[null,"Kinnear J.A.M., Barkel, P.J., Mojsiewicz, W.R., Chapman, C.J., Holbrow, A.J., Barnes, C. and Greathead C.F.F. 1996. Effects of Nephrops creels on the environment. Fisheries Research Services Report No 2/96.","P"]
[null,"Koslow, J. A., Gowlett-Holmes, K. Lowry, J. K., O’Hara, T., Poore, G. C. B. & Williams, A. (2001). Seamount benthic macrofauna off southern Tasmania: community structure and impacts of trawling. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 213: 111 – 125.","x","Ref within COST-IMPACT Database but not reviewed yet as unsure of matrix feature"]
[null,"Kraan, C., Piersma, T., Dekinga, A., Koolhaas, A. and van der Meer, J. 2007. Dredging for edible cockles (Cerastoderma edule) on intertidal flats: short-term consequences of fisher patch-choice decisions for target and non-target benthic fauna. ICES Journal of Marine Science 64: 1735-1742.","x"]
[null,"Krost, P., Bernhard, M., Werner, F. and Hukriede, W. 1990. Otter trawl tracks in Kiel Bay (Western Baltic) mapped by side-scan sonar. Meeresforschung 32: 344-353.","x","Unable to access"]
[null,"Kyte, M., Averill, P. and Hendershott, T. 1975. The impact of the hydraulic escalator shellfish harvester on an intertidal soft-shell clam flat in the Harraseeket River, Maine. Project Completion Report, Maine Dept. Marine Resources, Augusta, ME, 54 p.","x"]
[null,"Lambert, G. I., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M. J., Hinz, H., & Hiddink, J. G. (211). Quantification and prediction of the impact of fishing on epifaunal communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 43, 71-86.","P"]
[null,"Lambert, G. I., Murray, L.G., Hiddink J. G., Hinz H., Salomonsen H, & Kaiser, M.J. (2015a, b and c). Impact of scallop dredging on benthic communities and habitat features in the Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation. Part I, II and III – Impact on infaunal invertebrates. Fisheries & Conservation report No. 59, 60 and 61.  Bangor University. ","P"]
[null,"Lancaster, J. & Frid, C., 2002. The fate of discarded juvenile brownshrimps (Crangon crangon) in the Solway Firth UK fishery. Fisheries Research 58: 95-107.","x","not relevent"]
[null,"Langton, R.W. & Robinson, W.E. (1990). Faunal associations on scallop grounds in the western Gulf of Maine. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 144: 157-171.","P"]
[null,"Lanieri, K., Louzao, M., Martinez-Abrain, A., Arcos, J.M., Belda, E.J., Guallart, J., Sanchez, A., Gimenez, M., Maestre, R., Oro, D. 2010. Trawling regime influences longline seabird bycatch in the Mediterranean: new insights from a small scale fishery. Marine Ecological Progress Series. 420: 241 - 252","x","Not a direct impact.  "]
[null,"Lart, W. et al. 2003. Evaluation and improvement of shellfish dredge design and fishing effort in relation to technical conservation measures and environmental impact: [ECODREDGE FAIR CT98-4465] Seafish Report CR 198-200","x","Not added as species specific rather than habitat. Scallop are not a protected species under the habitats directive"]
[null,"Last, K.S., Hendrick, V.J., Beveridge, C.M., and Davies, A.J., 2011. Measuring the effects of suspended particulate matter and smothering on the behaviour, growth and survival of key species found in areas associated with aggregate dredging. Report for the MALSF, Project MEPF 08/P76. Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, 69p.","x","not fishing"]
[null,"Le V dit Durell SEA, Stillman RA, triplet P, Aulert C, dit Biot DO, Bouchet A, Duhamel S, Mayto S and Goss-Custard JD.2005. Modelling the efficacy of proposed mitigation areas for shorebirds: a case study on the Seine estuary, France","x","Not relevant information"]
[null,"Leitao, F.M.S. and Gaspar, M.B. 2007. Immediate effect of intertidal non-mechanised cockle harvesting on macrobenthic communities: a comparative study. Scientia Marina 71(4): 723-733.","x"]
[null,"Lewis, C.F., Slade, S.L., Maxwell, K.E., Matthews, T.R. (2009). Lobster trap impact on coral reefs: effects of wind-driven trap movement. New Zeal. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 43 (1), 271–282.","x","Not added as not related to matrix sub-feature"]
[null,"Liddard, M., Gladwin, D.J., Wege, D.C and Nelson-Smith, A. 1989. Impact of boulder-turning on sheltered sea-shores. Nature Conservancy Council. School of Biological Sciences University  College of Swansea. SA2 8PP 25pp","x"]
[null,"Liddiard, M., Gladwin, D.J.,Wege, D.C. and Nelson-Smith, A. 1989. Impact of boulder-turning on sheltered sea-shores. CSD Report No.919","x"]
[null,"Liley, D., Cruickshanks, K, Fearnley, H. & Lake, S. 212 The effect of bait collection on waterfowl foraging behaviour in Holes Bay, Poole Harbour. Report for Natural England. Footprint Ecology Ltd., Wareham, Dorset.","P"]
[null,"Lindeboom H, de Groot S. 1998. IMPACT-II. The effects of different types of fisheries on the North Sea and Irish Sea benthic ecosystems. 1998. NIOZ – Rapport 1998-IMRIVO-DLO-Report C003/g. 404 pp.","x","Can't access the paper and can't find authors email to get a hard copy (also it may be a book?)"]
[null,"Lindeboom, H.J. and de Groot, S.J. 1998. The effects of different types of fisheries on the North Sea and Irish Sea benthic ecosystems. RIVO-DLO Report C003/98.","P"]
[null,"Lindholm J., Gleason M., Kline D., Clary, L., Rienecke S., Bell M, Kitaguchi, B., 2013. Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 2009-2012 Final Report. Report to the California Ocean Protection Council. January 31, 2013.","x"]
[null,"Lindholm, J., Geason, M., Kline, D., Clary, L., Rienecke, S., Bell, M., Kitaguchi, B. (213). Central Coast Trawl Impact and Recovery Study: 29-212. Final Report to the California Ocean Protection Council.","P"]
[null,"Linnane, A., 2000. A Review of Potential Techniques to Reduce the Environmental Impact of Demersal Trawls. Irish Fisheries Investigations (New Series) No. 7 - 2000. Dublin.","x"]
[null,"Løkkeborg, S. 2004. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 427. 78 pp.","x","haven't included because although it is a good background document, the doesn't say anything specific. More talks about how to carry out surveys etc. "]
[null,"Løkkeborg, S. 2005. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 472. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, 58 pp.","x"]
[null,"Løkkeborg, S. Impacts of trawling and scallop dredging on benthic habitats and communities.FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 472. Rome, FAO. 25. 58p.","P"]
[null,"Lyngby, J.E. and Mortensen, S.M. 1996. Effects of dredging activities on growth of Laminaria saccharina. Marine Ecology, Publicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli I 17: 345-354.","x","Access to abstract only - field and laboratory experiments of effects of fine-grained deposits on Laminaria. Not a direct assessment of dredging impacts. Abstract: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1996.tb00513.x/abstract"]
[null,"Lythgoe. J., and Lythgoe, G. 1971. Fishes of the sea: The coastal waters of the British Isles, Northern Europe and the Mediterranean, A photographic guide in colour. Blandford Press, London, England.  ","x"]
[null,"MacArthur Green. 2013. Evidence review to support the identification of potential conservation measures for selected species of seabirds. Report for Defra MB0138. ","P"]
[null,"MacDonald, D.S., Little, M., Eno, C.N. and Hiscock, K. 1996. Disturbance of benthic species by fishing activities: a sensitivity index. Aquatic Conservation: marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 6(4): 257-268.","x"]
[null,"Magorrian et al. 1995","x","Cannot find full ref"]
[null,"Malcolm L. Windsor, Peter Hutchinson, Lars Petter Hansen and David G. Reddin. 2012. Atlantic salmon at sea: Findings from recent research and their implications for management. NASCO document CNL(12)60. Edinburgh, UK. 20pp.","P"]
[null,"Mander, M.R., Turner, J.T., & Howard, S.P. 1998. Eastern Sea Fisheries District Research Report 1998. Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee.","x"]
[null,"Mangano, M. C., Kaiser, M. J., Porporato, E. M. D., Lambert, G. I., Rinelli, P., & Spanò, N. (2014). Infaunal community responses to a gradient of trawling disturbance and a long-term Fishery Exclusion Zone in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 76, 25–35. doi:1.116/j.csr.213.12.14","P"]
[null,"Mardle, S., Pascoe, S., Boncoeur, J., Le Gallic, B., Garcia-Hoyo, J.J., Herrero, I., Jimenez-Toribio, R., Conrtes, C., Padilla, N., Nielsen, J.R. & Mathiesen, C., 2002. Objetives of fisheries management: case studies from the UK, France, Spain and Denmark. Marine Policy 26: 415–428.","x"]
[null,"Marine Scotland (2011) Consultation on fisheries management in Luce bay special area of conservation (SAC).","P"]
[null,"MarLIN","P"]
[null,"Mccarthy, G. and Preslli, F.P. 2007. An assessment of the impacts of commercial fishing and recreational fishing and other activities to eelgrass in Conneticut's waters and recommendations for management. Department of Environmental Protection and Department of Agriculture.","x"]
[null,"McConnaughey, R. A., Mier, K. L. and Dew, C. B. 2000. An examination of chronic trawling effects on soft-bottom benthos of the eastern Bering Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57(5): 1377-1388.","P"]
[null,"McConnaughey, R.A. and S.E. Syrjala 2014. Short-term effects of bottom trawling and a storm event on soft-bottom benthos in the eastern Bering Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 71: 2469-2483.","P"]
[null,"McLaughlin, E., Portig, A. and Johnson, M.P. 2007. Can traditional harvesting methods for cockles be accommodated in a Special Area of Conservation? ICES Journal of Marine Science 64: 309-317.","x"]
[null,"McLusky, D. S., Anderson, F. E. & Wolfe-Murphy, S. 1983. Distribution and population recovery of Arenicola marina and other benthic fauna after bait digging. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 11, 173-179.  ","P"]
[null,"McMath, A., Cooke, A., Jones, M., Emblow, C.S., Wyn, G., Roberts, S., Costello, M.J., Cook, B. and Sides, E.M. 2000. Sensitivity Mapping Of inshore marine biotopes in the southern Irish Sea (SensMap): Final report. Report by the Countryside Council for Wales (CCW), Ecological Consultancy Services Ltd (Ecoserve), Dúchas, the Heritage Service.","x"]
[null,"Mercaldo-Allen, R., Goldberg, R. 211. Review of the Ecological Effects of Dredging in the Cultivation and Harvest of Molluscan Shellfish. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-NE-22","P"]
[null,"MMO, 2015a. Managing fisheries in Marine Protected Areas webpage. Marine Management Organisation. Available online at hwww.gov.uk/government/collections/fisheries-in-european-marine-sites-implementation-group. Accessed 16 November 2015.","x"]
[null,"MMO, 2015b. Feasibility study on applying a spatial footprint approach to quantifying fishing pressure - Draft Final Report MMO Project No: 1108. Marine Management Organisation. ","x"]
[null,"MMO, 2015b. Fishing data collection, coverage, processing and revisions. First published 16 July 2014. Last updated 26 November, 2015. Available online at www.gov.uk/guidance/fishingactivityandlandingsdatacollectionandprocessing. Accessed 12 December 2015.","x"]
[null,"Monteiro, C. C., Gaspar, M. B., Carvalho, S., Constantino, R., & Cu, J. (29). Can we infer dredge fishing effort from macrobenthic community structure? ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 2121–2132.","P"]
[null,"Moore, G. and Jennings, S. 2000. Commercial fishing: The wider ecological impacts. The British Ecological Society. Ecological Issues Series. Blackwell Science Ltd.","x"]
[null,"Moore, J. 1991. Studies on the impact of hydraulic cockle dredging on intertidal sediment flat communities. Final report. CSD Report No.1256","x"]
[null,"Moore, J. 1991. Studies on the Impact of Hydraulic Cockle Dredging on Intertidal Sediment Flat Communities: Final Report Nature Conservancy Council. CSD Report, No. 1256, Peterborough, 46, pp.","x"]
[null,"Moran, M.J. and Stephenson, P.C. 2000. Efects of otter trawling on macrobenthos of demersal scalefish fisheries on the continental shelf of north-western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 510-516.","x"]
[null,"Morello, E.B., Froglia, C., Atkinson, R.J.A. and Moore, P.G. 2006. Medium-term impacts of hydraulic clam dredgers on a macrobenthic community of the Adriatic Sea (Italy). Marine Biology 149(2): 401-413.","x"]
[null,"Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D.,Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S., Pouvreau, S. 1999. Incidental catches of marine mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41: 297–307.","P"]
[null,"Morris, E., Goudge, H., Sharp, R and Brazier, D.P. 2011. Collection activity in the Menai Strait and pilot methods to assess frequency of boulder turnining acitivty. CCW Marine Monitoring Report No. 94","x"]
[null,"Morris, E.S. and Goudge, H. 2006. Literature review and bibliography of the biotic and abiotic characteristics of the maritime environment of the Menai Strait and Conwy Bay area. CCW Policy Research Report No.06/3\n","x"]
[null,"MSC, 2007. Certification report for NESFC lobster fishery. Client: North East Sea Fisheries Committee. Ref: 802020 v5. 89 pp.","x","Not appropraite information for this database"]
[null,"Murray S, Wanless S and Harris MP. 1994. The effects of fixed salmon nets on guillemot and razorbill in North East Scotland in 1992. ","x"]
[null,"Murray, S., Wanless, S. And Harris, M.P. 1994 The effects of fixed salmon (Salmo salar) nets on guillemot (Uria aalge) and razorbill (Alca torda) in Northeast Scotland in 1992. Biological Conservation. Vol. 7, 251-256","P"]
[null,"Napier, I.R. 2012. Potential Marine Protected Areas Around Shetland. NAFC Marine Centre University of the Highlands and Islands. 14 pp.","x","Not appropraite information for this database"]
[null,"Natural England. Information on Flamborough SPA bird species - Cormorant","x","Can't access reference"]
[null,"Natural England. Information on Flamborough SPA bird species - Gannet","x"]
[null,"Natural England. Information on Flamborough SPA bird species - Guillemot","x"]
[null,"Natural England. Information on Flamborough SPA bird species - Herring gull","x"]
[null,"Natural England. Information on Flamborough SPA bird species - Kittiwake","x"]
[null,"Natural England. Information on Flamborough SPA bird species - Puffin","x"]
[null,"Natural England. Information on Flamborough SPA bird species - Razorbill","x"]
[null,"Natural England. Information on Flamborough SPA bird species -Shag","x"]
[null,"Neckles HA, Short FT, Barker S, Kopp BS (25) Disturbance of eelgrass Zoestera marina by commercial mussel Mytilus edulis harvesting in Maine: Dragging impacts and habitat recovery. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 285, 57-73.","P"]
[null,"NOAA (1996). Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Final Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement. 3 Volumes. NOAA/NOS/OCRM/Sanctuaries and Reserves Division. Marathon, FL.","P"]
[null,"Northridge, S.P. 2003. Investigations into cetacean bycatch in a pelagic trawl fishery in the English channel: preliminary results. Paper submitted by the Sea Mammal Research Unit. SC/55/SM26. Report of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission, Cambridge, UK","x","Can't access"]
[null,"NSAC, 2015. Use of pulse trawls in the North Sea. Approved 23.09.2015. Available online at www.nsrac.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/7-1415-20150923-Use-of-Pulse-Trawls-in-the-North-Sea.pdf. Accessed 31 October 2015.","x"]
[null,"O’Neill F.G. and Summerbell K., 2011. The mobilisation of sediment by demersal otter trawls. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62: 1088–1097.","x"]
[null,"O'Neill F.G. and Summerbell K., 2011. The mobilisation of sediment by demersal otter trawls. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62: 1088-1097.","x"]
[null,"O'Neill, F. & Ivanovic, A., 2015. The physical impact of towed demersal fishing gears on soft sediments. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv125.","x"]
[null,"Orth, R.J., Fishman, J.R., Wilcox, D.J. And Moore, K.A. 22 Identification and management of fishing gear impacts in a recovering seagrass system in the coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Journal of Coastal Research.  Vol. 37 111-129","P"]
[null,"OSPAR, 2014. OSPAR request on mapping of bottom fishing intensity using VMS data. Special request, Advice September 2014. Version 2, 26-09-2014. Available online at http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Advice/2014/Special%20Requests/OSPAR_mapping_bottom_fishing_intensity.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2015.","x"]
[null,"OSPAR. 2009. Background document for littoral chalk communities. OSPAR Commission, London. see: http://www.ospar.org/documents/dbase/publications/P424_LittoralChalk.pdf","P"]
[null,"OSPAR. 2011. Background document for seapen and burrowing megafauna communities. OSPAR Commission. 27pp. see: http://www.ospar.org/documents/dbase/publications/P481_Seapen%2and%2burrowing%2megafauna.pdf","P"]
[null,"Palanques, A., Guillen, J. and Puig, P. 2001. Impact of bottom trawling on water turbidity and muddy sediment of an unfished continental shelf. Limnology and Oceanography 46(5): 1100-1110.","x"]
[null,"Paschen M, Richter U and Köpnick W. 1999. Trawl Penetration in the Seabed (TRAPESE). Draft Final","x"]
[null,"Paschen, M., Richter, U. & Köpnick, W., 2000. Trawl Penetration in the Seabed (TRAPESE). Research project financed by the European Community, Directorate General XIV - Fisheries. ","x"]
[null,"Pedersen, S. A., Fock, H., Krause, J., Pusch, C., Sell, A. L., Bo, U., Rice, J. C. (29). Natura 2 sites and fisheries in German offshore waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 155–169.","P"]
[null,"Perkins, E.J. 1988. The impact of suction dredging upon the population of cockles Cerastoderma edule in Auchencairn Bay. Report to the Nature Conservancy Council, South-west Region, Scotland, No. NC 232 I.","x"]
[null,"Peterson CH, Summerson HC, Fegley SR. (1987). Ecological consequences of mechanical harvesting of clams. Fishery Bulletin. Vol. 85 (2), 281-298","P"]
[null,"Peterson et al. 1987","x","Cannot find full ref"]
[null,"Piersma, T., Koolhaas, A., Dekinga, A., Beukema, J.J., Dekker, R. and Essink, K. 2001. Longterm indirect effects of mechanical cockle-dredging on intertidal bivalve stocks in the Wadden Sea. Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 976-990.","x"]
[null,"Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82-89","P"]
[null,"Pitcher et al. 1996","x","Cannot find full ref"]
[null,"Poiner et al. 1998","x","Cannot find full ref"]
[null,"Polet, H. 2003. Evaluation of by-catch in the Belgian brown shrimp (Crangon Crangon L.) fishery and of technical means to reduce discarding. Phd thesis, University of Ghent, Belgium.","x"]
[null,"Polet, H., and Depestele, J. 2010. Impact assessment of the effects of a selected range of fishing gears in the North Sea. Report commissioned by Stichting Noordzee en WNF.","x"]
[null,"Pranovi, F., Raicevich, S., Franceschini, G., Farrace, M.G. and Giovanardi. O. 2000. Rapido trawling in the northern Adriatic Sea: Effects on benthic communities in an experimental area. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 517-524.","x"]
[null,"Pravoni, F., Raicevich, S., Franchescini, G., Farrace, M.G. and Giovanardi, O. (2000). Rapido trawling in the northern Adriatic Sea: effects on benthic communities in an experimental area. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 517-524.","P"]
[null,"Prena, J., Schwinghammer, P. Rowell, T., Gordon, D. C., Gilkinson, K. D., Vass, W. P. & McKeown, D. L. (1999). Experimental otter trawling on a sandy bottom ecosystem of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland: analysis of trawl bycatch and effects on epifauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 181: 107-124.","P"]
[null,"Queirós, A.M., J.G. Hiddink, M.J. Kaiser & H. Hinz, 26. Effects of chronic bottom trawling disturbance on benthic biomass, production and size spectra in different habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 335(1), 91-13.","P"]
[null,"Quirijns, F., Strietman, W.J., van Marlen, B., Rasenberg, M. & S.R. Smith, 2015. Flatfish pulse fishing. Research results and knowledge gaps II. IMARES Report number C091/15. June 2015. 39 pages. Available online at http://www.pulsefishing.eu/sites/pulsefishing.eu/files/pf_research/paper/C091.15%20Rapport%20Flatfish%20pulse%20fishing...gapsII-SS-lcs.pdf. Accessed 17 November 2015,","x"]
[null,"Rabaut, M., Braeckman, U., Hendrick, F., Vincx, M., & Degraer, S. (28). Experimental beam-trawling in Lanice conchilega reefs: Impact on the associated fauna. Fisheries Research, 9(1-3), 29–216. doi:1.116/j.fishres.27.1.9","P"]
[null,"Rabaut, M., Guilini, K., Van Hoey, G., Vincx, M. & Degraer, S., 2007. A bio-engineered soft-bottom environment: The impact of Lanice conchilega on the benthic species-specific densities and community structure, Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 2007: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.041.","x"]
[null,"Rabaut, M., Vincx, M., Hendrickx, F., Degraer, S. 2009. The resistance of Lanice conchilega reefs to physical disturbance. In: (Ed.) Rabaut, M. Lanice conchilega, fisheries and marine conservation: Towards an ecosystem approach to marine management. pp. 79-90.","x"]
[null,"Ramsay, K., Kaiser, M.J., and Hughes, R.N.1998 Responses of benthic scavengers to fishing disturbance by towed gear in different habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 224, 73-89.","P"]
[null,"Rayment, W.J. 2006. Fabulina fabula and Magelona mirabilis with venerid bivalves in infralittoral compacted fine sand. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. [cited 29/10/2015]. Available from: <http://www.marlin.ac.uk/habitatreproduction.php?habitatid=142&code=>","x"]
[null,"Reed, B.J. and Hovel, K.A. 2006. Seagrass habitat disturbance: how loss and fragmentation of eelgrass Zostera marina influences epifaunal abundance and diversity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 326:133-143.","x"]
[null,"Rees, A., Plymouth University PhD student. Research on the impacts of different levels of potting intensity in Lyme Bay. Funded by the Blue Marine Foundation.","P"]
[null,"Rees, E.I.S. 1996. Environmental Effects of Mechanised Cockle Fisheries: A Review of Research Data. Report to the Marine Environmental Protection Division, MAFF. School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, UK.","x"]
[null,"Rees, H.L., Dare, P.J. 1993. Sources of mortality and associated life-cycle traits of selected benthic species: a review. Fisheries Research Data Report, Number 33.","x"]
[null,"Report EC-Study Contract No. 96-006. Rostock, Germany: University of Rostock,150pp.","x"]
[null,"Riemann, B. and Hoffman, E. 1991. Ecological consequences of dredging and bottom trawling in the Limfjord, Denmark. Marine Ecology Progress Series 69: 171- 178.","x","Effect of mussel dredging and bottom trawling on water quality parameters: suspended partiuclate matter, oxygen levels and nutrients. "]
[null,"Riesen, W. & Reise, K. 1982. Macrobenthos of the subtidal Wadden Sea: Revisited after 55 years, Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 35: 409-423.","x"]
[null,"Rijnsdorp, A.D. and Van Leeuwen, P.I. 1996. Changes in growth of North Sea plaice since 1950 in relation to density, eutrophication, beam-trawl effort, and temperature. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 53(6): 1199-1213.","x","Not direct effects of fishing. Correlated historic changes in plaice size classes (otilith analysis) with plaice density, eutrophication and seabed disturbance (beam trawling)"]
[null,"Rijnsdorp, A.D., 2015. Pulse fishing: scientific research and research agenda. What do we know, what do we not know? Presentation at the International Dialogue Meeting on Pulse Fisheries, Scheveningen, 2 July 2015. Available online at www.pulsefishing.eu/sites/pulsefishing.eu/files/150702%20Presentation%20Adriaan%20Rijnsdorp_0.ppt. Accessed 17 November 2015.","x"]
[null,"Rijnsdorp, A.D., Buijs, A.M., Storbeck, F. and Visser, 1996. Micro-scale distribution of beam trawl effort in the southern North Sea between 1993 and 1996 in relation to the trawling frequency of the sea bed and the impact on benthic organisms. ICES C.M. 1996/Mini 11.","x"]
[null,"Riley, K. 2008. Foraminiferans and Thyasira sp. in deep circalittoral soft mud. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. ","x"]
[null,"Riul, P., Targino, C.H., Farias, J.D.N., Visscher, P.T. and Horta, P.A. 2008. Decrease in Lithothamnion sp. (Rhodophyta) primary production due to the deposition of a thin sediment layer. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88(01): 17-19.","x"]
[null,"Roberts, C., Smith, C., Tillin, H. Tyler-Walters, H. (2010) Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities. November 2010.","P"]
[null,"Roberts, R., Bigham, P., Pritchard, T., Marston, P. 2006. A review of pressures and management measures in the locality of the Menai Strait and Conwy Bay : current status linkages and gaps. CCW Policy Research Report No.06/4","x"]
[null,"Robins, M. (1991) Synthetic gill nets and seabirds. Worldwide Fund for Nature/Royal Society for The Protection of Birds, Godalming. 68p.","x","Can't access reference"]
[null,"Robinson, R.F. and Richardson, C.A. 1998. The direct and indirect effects of suction dredging on a razor clam (Ensis arcuatus) population. ICES Journal of Marine Science 55(5): 970-977.","x"]
[null,"Robinson, S.M.C., Bernier, S. and MacIntyre, A. (2001). The impact of scallop drags on sea urchin populations and benthos in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Hydrobiologia, 465: 103-114","P"]
[null,"Rogers, S. I. & J. R. Ellis, 2. Changes in the demersal fish assemblages of British coastal waters during the 2th century. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 866–881.","P"]
[null,"Rossi, F., Forster, R.M., Montserrat, F., Ponti, M., Terlizzi, A., Ysebaert, T., & Middelburg, J.J. (27) Human trampling as short-term disturbance on intertidal mudflats: effects on macrofauna biodiversity and population dynamics of bivalves. Marine Biology. Vol. 151, 277-29","P"]
[null,"Rostron, D. 1993. The effects of Tractor towed cockle dredging on the invertebrate fauna of Llandhidrian Sands, Burry Inlet. Subsea Survey. Report to Countryside Council for Wales.","x"]
[null,"Rostron, D.M. 1995. The effects of mechanised cockle harvesting on the invertebrate fauna of Llanrhidian sands. In: Burry Inlet and Loughor Estuary Symposium, March 1995. Part 2. Burry Inlet and Loughor Estuary Liaison Group, P111- 117.","x"]
[null,"Rothschild, B.J., Ault, J.S., Goulletquer, P. and Heral, M. 1994. Decline of the Chesapeake Bay oyster population a Centaury of habitat destruction and overfishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 3(1-2): 29-39.","x"]
[null,"Royal Haskoning. 2006.   Enforcement of marine nature conservation legislation - examining the scope for improvement. DEFRA","x"]
[null,"Sabatini, M. and Ballerstedt, S. 2008. Nucula nitidosa. A bivalve mollusc. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom","x"]
[null,"Sainsbury 1987","x","Cannot find full ref"]
[null,"Sanchez, P., Demestre, M. Ramon, M. & Kaiser, M. J. (2000). The impact of otter trawling on mud communities in the northwestern Mediterranean. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57: 1352-1358.","P"]
[null,"Saunders, C., Selwyn, J., Richardson, S.\nMay, V.,  Heeps, C. 2000. Natura 2000 : a review of the effects of recreational interactions within UK European marine sites. Countryside Council for Wales (UK Marine SACs Project) 264pp.\n","x"]
[null,"Schratzberger, M., Dinmore, T.A., and Jennings, S. 22. Impacts of trawling on the diversity, biomass and structure of meiofauna assemblages. Marine Biology. Vol. 14, 83-93.","P"]
[null,"Schroeder, S., Gustow, L., Gusky, M. (28). FishPact - Impacts of bottom trawl fisheries, as well as sand and gravel mining operations on the seabed structure and benthos in the protected areas of the German EEZ of the North Sea.","P"]
[null,"Schwinghamer, P., Gordon, Jn D.C., Rowell, T.W., Prena, J., McKeown, D.L., Sonnichsen, G. and Guigne, J.Y. 1998. Effects of experimental otter trawling on surficial sediment properties of a sandy-bottom ecosystem on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Conservation Biology 12: 1215-1222.","x"]
[null,"Schwinghamer, P., Guigne, J.Y. and Siu, W.C. 1996. Quantifying the impact of trawling on benthic habitat structure using high resolution acoustic and chaos theory. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 53: 288-296.","x"]
[null,"Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) (2). SOUND OF ARISAIG mSAC MANAGEMENT SCHEME.","P"]
[null,"Scottish MPA Project (2013) Fisheries Management Guidance. Maerl Beds: Maerl or coarse shell gravel with burrowing sea cucumbers. July 2013.","P"]
[null,"Seafish (2014) Ecological Risk Assessment of the effects of fishing for South West fisheries; ICES Divisions VII e,f,g & h Seafish Report SR 670 [http://seafish.org/media/Publications/SR670ERAEFFinal_report1.pdf] [Date accessed: 07-Jan-16]","x","Same methodology and information as Cotter et al 2015"]
[null,"Seafish, 2015. Basic Fishing Methods. A comprehensive guide. http://www.seafish.org/media/Publications/BMF_Screen_Version.pdf","x"]
[null,"SeaFish, 2015. Seafish Gear Database, Beam Trawl – Sumwing. Available online at http://www.seafish.org/geardb/gear/beam-trawl-sumwing/ Accessed 16 November 2015.","x"]
[null,"Service and Magorrian 1997","x","Cannot find full ref"]
[null,"Seven partners: RSPB, BWI, LPO, SEO, SPEA, UMinho and WavEC . Future of the Atlantic marine Environment (2009-1/089; 2010-2012)","x","Not relevant information"]
[null,"Sewell, J., & Hiscock, K. (2005). Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for nature conservation agencies. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Biological Association.","P"]
[null,"Sewell, J., Harris, R., Hinz, H., Votier, S. and Hiscock, K. (2007) An assessment of the impact of selected fishing activities on European Marine Sites and a review of mitigation measures, SR591. A report by prepared for SeaFish (UK) by the Marine Biological Association and the University of Plymouth. ISBN‐0 903941 69 4, p.219","x"]
[null,"Sewell, J., Harris, R., Hinz, H., Votier, S. and Hiscock, K. 2007. An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation Measures. Report number: SR591. ISBN –  93941 69 4","P"]
[null,"Sewell, J., Harris, R., Hinz, H., Votier, S. and Hiscock, K. 2007. An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation Measures. Report number: SR591. ISBN – 0 903941 69 4","x"]
[null,"Sheehan, E. V, Stevens, T. F., Gall, S. C., Cousens, S. L., & Attrill, M. J. (213). Recovery of a temperate reef assemblage in a marine protected area following the exclusion of towed demersal fishing. PloS One, 8(12), e83883. doi:1.1371/journal.pone.83883","P"]
[null,"Sheehan, E.V. 2007. Ecological impact of the Carcinus maenas (L.) fishery ‘crab-tiling’ on estuarine fauna. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Plymouth.","x"]
[null,"Sheehan, E.V., Coleman, R.A., Thompson, R. C. & Attrill, M. J. 21. Crab-tiling reduces the diversity of estuarine infauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 411, 137-148.","P"]
[null,"Sheehan, E.V., Thompson, R. C., Coleman, R.A. & Attrill, M. J. 28. Positive feedback fishery: Population consequences of \"crab-tiling\" on the green crab Carcinus maenas. Journal of Sea Research. Vol. 6, 33-39. ","P"]
[null,"Sheehan, E.V., Thompson, R.C., Coleman, R.A., Attrill, M.J. (2008). Positive feedback fishery: populatio consequences of 'crab-tiling' on the green crab Carcinus maenas. Journal of Sea Research 60: 303-309.","x","Study to compare green crab populations between estuaries that are tiled and non-tiled. However, study method did not use tiling, used baited bags - so indirectly looking at effects of tiling"]
[null,"Skilleter, G.A., Cameron, B., Zharikov, Y., Boland, D. and McPhee, D.P. (26). Effects of physical disturbance on infaunal and epifaunal assemblages in subtropical, intertidal seagrass beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol. 38, 61-78","P"]
[null,"Smith, J.R. and Murray, S.N. 25. The effects of experimental bait collection and trampling on a Mytilus californianus mussel bed in southern California. Marine Biology. Vol. 147, 699–76.","P"]
[null,"SMRU 2001. Reduction of porpoise bycatch in bottom set  gillnet fisheries. Report to the European Commission, DG Fisheries. Study contract 97/095. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University College Cork/Cornish Fish Producers’ Association/Irish South & West Fishermen’s Organisation.","x","Can't access"]
[null,"Soetart, M., Decostere, A., Polet, H., Verschueren, B. & Chiers, K., 2013. Electrotrawling: a promising alternative fishing technique warranting further exploration. Fish and Fisheries doi: 10.1111/faf.12047.","x"]
[null,"Sonntag, N., Schwemmer, H., Fock, H. O., Bellebaum, J., & Garthe, S. (212). Sea birds, set nets and conservation management: assessment of potential and vulnerability of birds to by-catch in gill nets. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69(4), 578–589.","P"]
[null,"Sousa, W. 1979. Disturbance in Marine Intertidal Boulder Fields: The Nonequilibrium Maintenance of Species Diversity.  Ecology, 60: 6, 1225 - 1239 ","x"]
[null,"Sparks-McConkey, P.J. and Watling, L. 2001. Effects on the ecological integrity of a soft-bottom habitat from a trawling disturbance. Hydrobiologia 456: 73-85.","P"]
[null,"Spencer, B.E., Kaiser, M.J. and Edwards, D.B. 1998. Intertidal clam harvesting: benthic community change and recovery. Aquaculture Research 29(6): 429-427.","P"]
[null,"Stephenson, F., Fitzsimmons, C., Polunin, N.V.C., Mill, A.C., Scott, C.L. (2015). Assessing Long-Term Benthic Impacts Of Potting In Northumberland. Report to Natural England.","P"]
[null,"Swarbrick, J. and Arkley, K. 2002. The evaluation of ghost fishing preventers for shellfish traps, Defra Commission MF 0724 under the programme “Impact of fishing”. Seafish report No SR549. Seafish Industry Authority, Hull. 42 pp.","P"]
[null,"Tasker, M. L., Camphuysen, C. J., Cooper, J., Garthe, S., Montevecchi, W. A., and Blaber, S. J. M. 2000. The impacts of fishing on marine birds. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 531–547.","P"]
[null,"Teal, L.R., Depestele, J., O’Neill, B., Craeymaersch, J., van Denderen, D., Parker, R., Perdon, J., Polet, H., Rasenberg, M., Vanelslander, B. & Rijnsdorp, A.D., 2014. Effects of beam and pulse trawling on the benthic ecosystem. IMARES  Report number C098/14. Wageningen: Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies. 53 pages.","x"]
[null,"Thaxter CB, Ross-Smith VH, Clark NA, Conway GJ, Wade H, Masden EA, Rehfisch MM, Bouten W and Burton NHK. Measuring the interaction between marine features of Special Protection Areas with offshore wind farm development zones through telemetry: second year report","x","Not relevent information"]
[null,"Thaxter, C.B. Lascelles, B., Sugar, K, Cook, A.S.C.P., Roos, S., Bolton, M., Langston, R.H.W., and Burton, N.H.K. 2012. Seabird foraging ranges as a preliminary tool for identifying candidate Marine Protected Areas.  Biological Conservation. 156 53-61","x","Not relevant information"]
[null,"The N2K Group, European Economic Interest Group. Undated. Overview of the potential interactions and impacts of commercial fishing methods on marine habitats and species protected under the EU Habitats Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/Fisheries%20interactions.pdf","P"]
[null,"Thrush, S. F. and Dayton, P. K. 2002. Disturbance to marine benthic habitats by trawling and dredging: Implications for Marine Biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33(1): 449-473.","x"]
[null,"Thrush, S.F., Hewitt, J.E., Cummings, V.J. & Dayton, P.K. (1995). The impact of habitat disturbance by scallop dredging on marine benthic communities: what can be predicted from the results of experiments?  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 129: 141-150.","P"]
[null,"Thrush, S.F., Whitlatch, R.B., Pridmore, R.D., Hewitt, J.E., Cummings, V.J. and Wilkinson, M.R. 1996. Scale dependent recolonization: the role of sediment stability in a dynamic sandflat habitat. Ecology 77: 2472-2487.","x"]
[null,"Tillin, H., Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S. and Kaiser, M.J. 2006.  Chronic bottom trawling alters the functional composition of benthic invertebrate communities on a sea-basin scale. Marine Ecology Progress Series 318: 21-45.","x"]
[null,"Tillin, H.M. & Tyler-Walters, H. 2014. Assessing the sensitivity of subtidal sedimentary habitats to pressures associated with marine activities: Phase 2 Report - Literature review and sensitivity assessments for ecological groups for circalittoral and offshore Level 5 biotopes. JNCC Report 512B","x"]
[null,"Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C., Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from Amber, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22","P"]
[null,"Tobin, D., Bower, R., Blasdale, T., Mcleod, M., & Mcleod, M. (213). Scanner Pockmark Site of Community Importance - Fisheries Measures Proposal, 1–15.","P"]
[null,"Townshend, D.J. & O'Connor, D.A. 1993. Some effects of disturbance to waterfowl from baitdigging and wildfowling at Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve, north-east England. Wader Study Group Bull. 68: 47-52.","P"]
[null,"Tuck, I.D., Bailey, N., Harding, M., Sangster, G., Howell, T., Graham, N. and Breen, M. 2000. The impact of water jet dredging for razor clams, Ensis spp., in a shallow sandy subtidal environment. Journal of Sea Research 43: 65-81.","x"]
[null,"Tuck, I.D., Hall, S.J., Robertson, M.R., Armstrong, E. and Basford, D.J. 1998. Effects of physical trawling disturbance in a previously unfished sheltered Scottish sea loch. Marine Ecology Progress Series 162: 227-242.","x"]
[null,"Tudela, S. 2004. Ecosystem effects of fishing in the Mediterranean: an analysis of the major threats of fishing gear and practices to biodiversity and marine habitats. Studies and Reviews. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. No. 74. Rome, FAO. 44p.","x"]
[null,"Tulp, I., T. Leijzer en E. van Helmond .2010. Overzicht Wadvisserij, deelproject A, bijvangst garnalenvisserij eindrapportage. Imares, rapport nr: C102/10.","x"]
[null,"Turenhout, M., 2015. Dutch demersal fisheries. Presentation at the International Dialogue Meeting on Pulse Fisheries, Scheveningen, 2 July 2015. Available online at www.pulsefishing.eu/sites/pulsefishing.eu/files/150702%20Presentation%20Mike%20Turenhout.ppt. Accessed 17 November 2015.","x"]
[null,"Turner S, Schwarz A-M (26). Management and conservation of seagrass in New Zealand: An introduction. Science for Conservation 264.","P"]
[null,"Tyler?Walters H. and Hiscock K. 2005. Impact of human activities on benthic biotopes and species. Final report to the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN). Contract no. CDEP 84/5/244. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, 163 pp.","x"]
[null,"Tyler-Walters, H and Ballerstedt, S. 2007. Flustra foliacea. Hornwrack. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. [cited 02/11/2015]. Available from: http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesfullreview.php?speciesID=3342","x"]
[null,"Tyler-Walters, H. 2005. Assessment of the potential impacts of coasteering on rocky intertidal habitats in Wales. CCW Regional Report CCW/WW/05/1\n","x"]
[null,"UK Good Practice guide for scallop fishermen. Seafish & Woolmer, A. 2009. [http://scallop-association.org.uk/images/Seafish-RFSL-RFlleafletv5.pdf] [Accessed on: 14-Dec-15]","x","Not added as not appropriate "]
[null,"UK Government, 2014. Revised approach to the management of commercial fisheries in European Marine Sites: overarching policy and delivery. [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/345970/REVISED_APPROACH_Policy_and_Delivery.pdf][Date Accessed: 16-Dec-15]","x","Not appropraite information for this database"]
[null,"Van den Heiligenberg, T.C. (1987). Effects of mechanical and manual harvesting of lugworms Arenicola marina L. on the benthic fauna of tidal flats in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Biological Conservation 39: 165-177.","P"]
[null,"van Denderen , P.D., Hintzen, N.T., Rijnsdorp A. D., Ruardij, P., and van Kooten, T. Habitat-Specific effects of fishing disturbance on benthic species richness in marine soft sediments. Ecosystems 17: 1216–1226.","x"]
[null,"Van Dolah, R.F., Wendt, P.H. and Levisen, M.V. 1991. A study of the effects of shrimp trawling on benthic communities in two South Carolina sounds. Fisheries Research 12(2): 139-156.","x","Within COST-IMPACT Database - Not reviewed as full reference not included"]
[null,"Van Dolah, R.F., Wendt, P.H. and Nicholson, N. 1987. Effects of a research trawl on a hard-bottom assemblage of sponges and corals. Fisheries Research 5: 39–54.","x","Within COST-IMPACT Database - Not reviewed as full reference not included"]
[null,"Veale, L.O., Hill, A.S., Brand, A.R. 2000. An in situ study of predator aggregations on scallop (Pecten maximus (L.)) dredge discards using a static time-lapse camera system. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 255: 111-121.","x"]
[null,"Verhulst, S., K. Oosterbeek, A. L. Rutten, and B. J. Ens. 24. Shellfish fishery severely reduces\ncondition and survival of oystercatchers despite creation of large marine protected areas. Ecology and\nSociety. Vol. 9(1), 17. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art17","P"]
[null,"Verschueren, B., 2015. Pulse Fishing in Practice. Presentation at the International Dialogue Meeting on Pulse Fisheries, Scheveningen, 2 July 2015. Available online at http://www.pulsefishing.eu/sites/pulsefishing.eu/files/150702%20Presentation%20Bart%20Verschueren_0.pdf. Accessed 17 November 2015.","x"]
[null,"Verschueren, B., Vanelslander, B. and Polet, H., 2012. Verduurzaming van de garnalenvisserij met de garnalenpuls: Eindrapport. ILVO Mededeling No. 116. October 2012. Instituut voor Landbouw en Visserijonderzoek.","x"]
[null,"Vinther, M. 1999. Bycatches of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena L.) in Danish set-net fisheries. J.Cetacean Res. Manage., 1(2): 123–135.","x"]
[null,"Vorberg, R. 2. Effects of shrimp fisheries on reefs of Sabellaria spinulosa (polychaeta). ICES Journal of Marine Science. Vol. 57, 1416-142.","P"]
[null,"Vorberg, R., 2000. Effects of shrimp fisheries on reefs of Sabellaria spinulosa (Polychaeta) ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 1416-1420.","x"]
[null,"WAKO II","P"]
[null,"Warden ML. 2010. Bycatch of wintering common and red-throated loons in gillnets off the USA Atlantic coast, 1996-2007. Aquatic Biology. Vol 10: 167 -181","P"]
[null,"Watling, L., Findlay, R.H., Mayer, L.M. & Schick, D.F. (2001). Impact of a scallop drag on the sediment chemistry, microbiota, and faunal assemblages of a shallow subtidal marine benthic community. Journal of Sea Research, 46: 309-324.","P"]
[null,"Watson G, Murray JM, Schaefer M, Bonner A and Gillingham (212) Does local marine conservation work? Evaluating management strategies for bait collection in the Solent. A report to Natural England with funding from the Crown Estate's Marine Stewardship fund. ","P"]
[null,"Watson, G. J., Farrell, P., Stanton, S. & Skidmore, L. C. 27. Effects of bait collection on Nereis virens populations and macrofaunal communities in the Solent, UK. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. Vol. 87, 73-716.","P"]
[null,"Webster, F.J., Dibden, C.J., Weir, K.E. and Chubb, C.F. (2002) Towards an assessment of the natural and human use impacts on the marine environment of the Abrolhos Islands VOLUME 1 Summary of existing information and current levels of human use. Fisheries Research Report No. 134, Volume 1, 2002","x","Not added as not related to matrix sub-feature"]
[null,"Weimerskirch, H., Capdeville, D. and Duhamel, G. (2000) Factors affecting the number and mortality of seabirds attending trawlers and long‐liners in the Kerguelen area. Polar Biology 23, 236–249.","x","Not relevant.  The factors affecting the number and the mortality rates of seabirds attending long-liners and trawlers fishing in the Kerguelen area were studied during four successive seasons (1994-1997), based on observations carried out on-board by dedicated observers. Twenty-four species of seabirds were observed attending fishing vessels, representing an average of 591 birds/census. The total numbers attending varied mainly according to the year, the cloud cover and the presence of offal from long-liners. The dumping offal increased the numbers of birds attending the vessel, especially when the offal could be easily handled by birds. The activity of the vessels also affected the numbers attending, birds being more abundant during line setting and trawl hauling. White-chinned petrels were the most abundant ship-following seabirds, followed by black browed albatrosses, giant petrels and cape petrels. The number of white-chinned petrels, black-browed and grey-headed albatrosses attending fishing vessels increased in the time between spring and autumn, whereas it was the reverse situation for giant petrels and cape petrels. Four species of seabirds were caught by fishing gear, mainly by long-lines: white-chinned petrels, and black-browed, grey-headed and wandering albatrosses. Taking into account the number of birds from each species attending long-liners and known to be potential by-catch, some species appear to be more susceptible to being caught than others. White-chinned and greyheaded albatrosses are caught in much higher proportions than the numbers present, whereas black-browed albatrosses are caught in lower numbers. Giant petrels are abundant around long-liners but were never caught. In long-liners, most birds were killed when the lines were set during the day or when the deployment of the scaring device was not successful, with an overall figure of 0.47 birds/1000 hooks. Only one albatross was caught when the lines were set during the night. White-chinned petrels represented 92.2% of all birds killed by long-liners. The number of birds caught varied significantly among months and among years. The type of bait used also affected the catch rate. The catch rate was related to the number of birds attending the long-liner only for black browed albatrosses. Most birds killed by trawlers were entangled by the netsonde cable. The efficiency of mitigation measures in order to reduce seabird mortality is discussed and it is stressed that night setting is the most efficient way to reduce mortality and should be enforced everywhere when possible. However, further methods should be developed to reduce the mortality of species active at night, especially white-chinned petrels whose populations in the Indian Ocean may by threatened by long-line fisheries."]
[null,"West, I.F., Molloy, J., Donoghue,M.F., Pugsley, C. 1999. Seabird  and marine mammal bycatch reduction through fishing industry funded research: The New Zealand conservation services levy program. Marine Technology Society Journal, 33(2): 13–18.","x"]
[null,"Wilson, S., Blake, C., Berges, J.A. and Maggs, C.A. 24. Environmental tolerances of free-living coralline algae (maerl): implications for European marine conservation. Biological Conservation Vol. 12, 279-289","P"]
[null,"Working Group on Characterisation and Risk Assessment. (25). GUIDANCE ON THRESHOLDS AND METHODOLOGY TO BE APPLIED IN IRELAND ’ S RIVER BASIN DISTRICT - Paper by the Working Group on Characterisation and Risk Assessment.","P"]
[null,"WWT Consulting. 2012. review of the Impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project. Report No. 11/6 SO17928 57pp","P"]
[null,"Wynberg, R.P. and Branch, G.M. 1994. Disturbance associated with bait-collecting for sandprawns (Callianassa kraussi) and mudprawns (Upogebia africana): long term effects on the biota of intertidal sandflats. Journal of Marine Research 52: 523-558.","x","Within COST-IMPACT Database - Not reviewed as full reference not included"]
[null,"Young, T. E. (2013) Assessing the impact of potting on chalk reef communities in the Flamborough Head European Marine Site. Report to the North Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority. Unpublished thesis (MSc) Newcastle University. Pp74.","P"]
[null,"Zydelis R, Small C and French G. 2013. The incidental catch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries: A global review. Biological Conservation. 162: 76 - 88","x"]
[null,"Zydelis, R., Bellebaum, J., Osterblom, H., Vetemaa, M., Schirmeister, B., Stipniece, A., Dagys, M., van Eerden, M. And Garthe, S. 2009 Bycatch in gillnet fisheries- An overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biological Conservation. Vol. 142, 1269-1281","P"]

{"sheet":"Lists","index":7,"n_rows":136,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":136,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
[null,"Gear types",null,null,null,"Component features",null,"Mobile species"]
[null,"1_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)",null,null,null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines",null,"F_Estuarine fish community"]
[null,"2_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)",null,null,null,"Brittlestar beds",null,"F_River and sea lamprey"]
[null,"3_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",null,null,null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)",null,"F_Salmon"]
[null,"4_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl ",null,null,null,"Coastal lagoons",null,"F_Twaite and Allis shad"]
[null,"5_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls",null,null,null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",null,"B_Benthic feeding seabirds"]
[null,"6_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl ",null,null,null,"Intertidal bedrock reef",null,"B_Estuarine Birds"]
[null,"7_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl",null,null,null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",null,"B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds"]
[null,"8_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine",null,null,null,"Intertidal gravel and sand",null,"B_Surface feeding birds"]
[null,"9_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine",null,null,null,"Intertidal mixed sediments",null,"M_Grey and Common Seal"]
[null,"10_Towed (demersal/pelagic)",null,null,null,"Intertidal mud",null,"M_Harbour Porpoise  and Bottlenose Dolphin"]
[null,"11_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)",null,null,null,"Intertidal mud and sand",null,"M_Otter Lutra lutra"]
[null,"12_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) ",null,null,null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)"]
[null,"13_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls",null,null,null,"Intertidal sea caves"]
[null,"14_Dredges (towed)–Scallops",null,null,null,"Kelp forest communities"]
[null,"15_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters",null,null,null,"Maerl"]
[null,"16_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",null,null,null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments"]
[null,"17_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)",null,null,null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears"]
[null,"18_Dredges (other)–Tractor",null,null,null,"Peat and clay exposures"]
[null,"19_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)",null,null,null,"Reedbeds"]
[null,"20_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)",null,null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef"]
[null,"21_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",null,null,null,"Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite"]
[null,"22_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots",null,null,null,"Seagrass (SACs)"]
[null,"23_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps",null,null,null,"Seagrass (SPAs)"]
[null,"24_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets",null,null,null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases"]
[null,"25_Static - fixed nets –Trammels",null,null,null,"Subtidal bedrock reef"]
[null,"26_Static - fixed nets –Entangling",null,null,null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef"]
[null,"27_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)",null,null,null,"Subtidal gravel and sand"]
[null,"28_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)",null,null,null,"Subtidal mixed sediments"]
[null,"29_Lines–Longlines (demersal)",null,null,null,"Subtidal mud"]
[null,"30_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)",null,null,null,"Subtidal muddy sand"]
[null,"31_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)",null,null,null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock"]
[null,"32_Lines–Jigging/trolling",null,null,null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)"]
[null,"33_Seine nets and other –Purse seine",null,null,null,"Subtidal sea caves"]
[null,"34_Seine nets and other –Beach seines/ring nets",null,null,null,"Tideswept communities"]
[null,"35_Seine nets and other –Shrimp push-nets"]
[null,"36_Seine nets and other –Fyke and  stakenets"]
[null,"37_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"]
[null,"38_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"]
[null,"39_Miscellaneous–Crab tiling"]
[null,"40_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"]
[]
[null,"Matrix gear 1","Matrix gear 2","List for pivot table",null,"Feature in database","List for pivot table","to maintain current classification"]
[10,"Towed (demersal)","Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"CONCATENATE(A44,\"_\",B44, \"–\",C44)","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Annual_vegetation_of_driftlines",{"$f":"F2","v":"Annual vegetation of driftlines"},{"$f":"G44","v":"Annual vegetation of driftlines"}]
[11,"Towed (demersal)","Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"CONCATENATE(A45,\"_\",B45, \"–\",C45)","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Benthic_feeding_seabirds",{"$f":"H6","v":"B_Benthic feeding seabirds"},"Benthic feeding seabirds"]
[12,"Towed (demersal)","Beam trawl (pulse/wing)","12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",null,"Brittlestar beds",{"$f":"F3","v":"Brittlestar beds"},{"$f":"G46","v":"Brittlestar beds"}]
[13,"Towed (demersal)","Heavy otter trawl ","13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl ",null,"Brittlestar_beds",{"$f":"F3","v":"Brittlestar beds"},"Brittlestar beds"]
[14,"Towed (demersal)","Multi-rig trawls","14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls",null,"Coarse sediment (high energy)",{"$f":"F4","v":"Coarse sediment (high energy)"},"Coarse sediment (high energy)"]
[15,"Towed (demersal)","Light otter trawl ","15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl ",null,"Coarse_sediment_high_energy",{"$f":"F4","v":"Coarse sediment (high energy)"},"Coarse sediment (high energy)"]
[16,"Towed (demersal)","Pair trawl","16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl",null,"Coastal_lagoons",{"$f":"F5","v":"Coastal lagoons"},"Coastal lagoons"]
[17,"Towed (demersal)","Anchor seine","17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine",null,"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)",{"$f":"F6","v":"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)"},"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)"]
[18,"Towed (demersal)","Scottish/fly seine","18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine",null,"Estuarine_Birds",{"$f":"H7","v":"B_Estuarine Birds"},"Estuarine Birds"]
[19,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(A53,\"_\",B53)","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Estuarine_fish_community",{"$f":"H2","v":"F_Estuarine fish community"},"Estuarine fish community"]
[20,"Towed (pelagic)","Mid-water trawl (single)","20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)",null,"Estuarine_rock_boulder_cobble_and_bedrock",{"$f":"F6","v":"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)"},"Estuarine rock (boulder, cobble and bedrock)"]
[21,"Towed (pelagic)","Mid-water trawl (pair) ","21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) ",null,"Grey and Common Seal",{"$f":"H10","v":"M_Grey and Common Seal"},"Grey and Common Seal"]
[22,"Towed (pelagic)","Industrial trawls","22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls",null,"Grey_and_Common_Seal",{"$f":"H10","v":"M_Grey and Common Seal"},"Grey and Common Seal"]
[23,"Dredges (towed)","Scallops","23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops",null,"Harbour Porpoise and Bottlenose Dolphin",{"$f":"H11","v":"M_Harbour Porpoise  and Bottlenose Dolphin"},"Harbour Porpoise and Bottlenose Dolphin"]
[24,"Dredges (towed)","Mussels, clams, oysters","24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters",null,"Peat and clay exposures",{"$f":"F19","v":"Peat and clay exposures"},"Intertidal and subtidal chalk reef"]
[25,"Dredges (towed)","Pump scoop (cockles, clams)","25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",null,"Intertidal mud and sand",{"$f":"F12","v":"Intertidal mud and sand"},"Intertidal mud and sand"]
[26,"Dredges (other)","Suction (cockles)","26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)",null,"Intertidal sand (high energy)",{"$f":"F13","v":"Intertidal sand (high energy)"},"Intertidal sand (high energy)"]
[27,"Dredges (other)","Tractor","27_Dredges (other)–Tractor",null,"Peat and clay exposures",{"$f":"F19","v":"Peat and clay exposures"},"Intertidal and subtidal chalk reef"]
[28,"Intertidal handwork","Hand working (access from vessel)","28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)",null,"Intertidal_bedrock_reef",{"$f":"F7","v":"Intertidal bedrock reef"},"Intertidal bedrock reef"]
[29,"Intertidal handwork","Hand work (access from land)","29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)",null,"Intertidal_boulder_and_cobble_reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef","Intertidal boulder and cobble reef"]
[30,"Static - pots/traps","Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)","30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",null,"Intertidal_gravel_and_sand","Intertidal gravel and sand","Intertidal gravel and sand"]
[31,"Static - pots/traps","Cuttle pots","31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots",null,"Intertidal_mixed_sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments","Intertidal mixed sediments"]
[32,"Static - pots/traps","Fish traps","32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps",null,"Intertidal_mud","Intertidal mud","Intertidal mud"]
[33,"Static - fixed nets ","Gill nets","33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets",null,"Intertidal_mud_and_sand","Intertidal mud and sand","Intertidal mud and sand"]
[34,"Static - fixed nets ","Trammels","34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels",null,"Intertidal_sand_high_energy","Intertidal sand (high energy)","Intertidal sand (high energy)"]
[35,"Static - fixed nets ","Entangling","35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling",null,"Intertidal_sea_caves","Intertidal sea caves","Intertidal sea caves"]
[36,"Passive - nets","Drift nets (pelagic)","36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)",null,"Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities","Kelp forest communities"]
[37,"Passive - nets","Drift nets (demersal)","37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)",null,"Kelp_forest_communities",{"$f":"F15","v":"Kelp forest communities"},"Kelp forest communities"]
[38,"Lines","Longlines (demersal)","38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)",null,"Maerl",{"$f":"F16","v":"Maerl"},"Maerl"]
[39,"Lines","Longlines (pelagic)","39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)",null,"Mixed sediments ",{"$f":"F29","v":"Subtidal mixed sediments"},"Subtidal mixed sediments"]
[40,"Lines","Handlines (rod/gurdy)","40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)",null,"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears",{"$f":"F18","v":"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears"},"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears"]
[41,"Lines","Jigging/trolling","41_Lines–Jigging/trolling",null,"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments",{"$f":"F17","v":"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments"},"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments"]
[42,"Seine nets and other","Purse seine","42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine",null,"Mussel_bed_on_boulder_and_cobble_skears",{"$f":"F18","v":"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears"},"Mussel beds on boulder and cobble skears"]
[43,"Seine nets and other","Beach seines/ring nets","43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets",null,"Mussel_beds_on_mixed_and_sandy_sediments",{"$f":"F17","v":"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments"},"Mussel beds on mixed and sandy sediments"]
[44,"Seine nets and other","Shrimp push-nets","44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets",null,"Otter Lutra lutra",{"$f":"H12","v":"M_Otter Lutra lutra"},"Otter Lutra lutra"]
[45,"Seine nets and other","Fyke and  stakenets","45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets",null,"Pursuit and plunge diving birds",{"$f":"H8","v":"B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds"},"Pursuit and plunge diving birds"]
[46,"Miscellaneous","Commercial diving","46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving",null,"Pursuit_and_plunge_diving_birds",{"$f":"H8","v":"B_Pursuit and plunge diving birds"},"Pursuit and plunge diving birds"]
[47,"Miscellaneous","Bait dragging","47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging",null,"Reedbeds",{"$f":"F20","v":"Reedbeds"},"Reedbeds"]
[48,"Miscellaneous","Crab tiling","48_Miscellaneous–Crab tiling",null,"River_and_sea_lamprey",{"$f":"H3","v":"F_River and sea lamprey"},"River and sea lamprey"]
[49,"Bait collection","Digging wth forks","49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks",null,"Rocky Reefs",{"$f":"F26","v":"Subtidal bedrock reef"},"Subtidal bedrock reef"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Sabellaria spp reef",{"$f":"F21","v":"Sabellaria spp reef"},"Sabellaria spp reef"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Sabellaria_spp_reef",{"$f":"F21","v":"Sabellaria spp reef"},"Sabellaria spp reef"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Salmon",{"$f":"H4","v":"F_Salmon"},"Salmon"]
[null,null,"Scallop Dredge",{"$f":"D57","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Saltmarsh_spp_Salicornia_and_Seablite",{"$f":"F22","v":"Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite"},"Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite"]
[null,null,"Towed (Demersal)",null,null,"Seagrass ",{"$f":"F23","v":"Seagrass (SACs)"},"Seagrass (SACs)"]
[null,null,"Beam trawl (whitefish)",{"$f":"D44","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Seagrass (SACs)",{"$f":"F23","v":"Seagrass (SACs)"},"Seagrass (SACs)"]
[null,null,"Heavy otter trawl ",{"$f":"D47","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Seagrass_SACs",{"$f":"F23","v":"Seagrass (SACs)"},"Seagrass (SACs)"]
[null,null,"Scallops",{"$f":"D57","v":"23_Dredges (towed)–Scallops"},null,"Seagrass_SPAs",null,{"$f":"F24","v":"Seagrass (SPAs)"}]
[null,null,"Beam trawl (pulse/wing)",{"$f":"D46","v":"12_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (pulse/wing)"},null,"Submarine_structures_made_by_leaking_gases",{"$f":"F25","v":"Submarine structures made by leaking gases"},"Submarine structures made by leaking gases"]
[null,null,"Scottish/fly seine",{"$f":"D52","v":"18_Towed (demersal)–Scottish/fly seine"},null,"Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef","Subtidal bedrock reef"]
[null,null,"Light otter trawl ",{"$f":"D49","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef"]
[null,null,"Longlines (pelagic)",{"$f":"D73","v":"39_Lines–Longlines (pelagic)"},null,"Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand"]
[null,null,"Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)",{"$f":"D64","v":"30_Static - pots/traps–Pots/creels (crustacea/gastropods)"},null,"Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments"]
[null,null,"Cuttle pots","31_Static - pots/traps–Cuttle pots",null,"Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud"]
[null,null,"Fish traps","32_Static - pots/traps–Fish traps",null,"subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand"]
[null,null,"Gill nets","33_Static - fixed nets –Gill nets",null,"Subtidal mussel beds on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock"]
[null,null,"Trammels","34_Static - fixed nets –Trammels",null,"Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)"]
[null,null,"Entangling","35_Static - fixed nets –Entangling",null,"Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves"]
[null,null,"Mid-water trawl (single)",{"$f":"D54","v":"20_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (single)"},null,"Subtidal_bedrock_reef",{"$f":"F26","v":"Subtidal bedrock reef"},"Subtidal bedrock reef"]
[null,null,"Mid-water trawl (pair) ",{"$f":"D55","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Subtidal_boulder_and_cobble_reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef","Subtidal boulder and cobble reef"]
[null,null,"Industrial trawls",{"$f":"D56","v":"22_Towed (pelagic)–Industrial trawls"},null,"Subtidal_gravel_and_sand","Subtidal gravel and sand","Subtidal gravel and sand"]
[null,null,"Beam trawl (shrimp)",{"$f":"D45","v":"11_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (shrimp)"},null,"Subtidal_mixed_sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments","Subtidal mixed sediments"]
[null,null,"Multi-rig trawls",{"$f":"D48","v":"14_Towed (demersal)–Multi-rig trawls"},null,"Subtidal_mud","Subtidal mud","Subtidal mud"]
[null,null,"Pair trawl",{"$f":"D50","v":"16_Towed (demersal)–Pair trawl"},null,"Subtidal_muddy_sand","Subtidal muddy sand","Subtidal muddy sand"]
[null,null,"Longlines (demersal)",{"$f":"D72","v":"38_Lines–Longlines (demersal)"},null,"Subtidal_mussel_bed_on_rock","Subtidal mussel bed on rock",{"$f":"G108","v":"Subtidal mussel bed on rock"}]
[null,null,"Drift nets (pelagic)",{"$f":"D70","v":"36_Passive - nets–Drift nets (pelagic)"},null,"Subtidal_sand_high_energy","Subtidal sand (high energy)","Subtidal sand (high energy)"]
[null,null,"Drift nets (demersal)",{"$f":"D71","v":"37_Passive - nets–Drift nets (demersal)"},null,"Subtidal_sea_caves","Subtidal sea caves","Subtidal sea caves"]
[null,null,"Purse seine",{"$f":"D76","v":"42_Seine nets and other–Purse seine"},null,"Surface feeding birds",{"$f":"H9","v":"B_Surface feeding birds"},"Surface feeding birds"]
[null,null,"Beach seines/ring nets",{"$f":"D77","v":"43_Seine nets and other–Beach seines/ring nets"},null,"Surface_feeding_birds",{"$f":"H9","v":"B_Surface feeding birds"},"Surface feeding birds"]
[null,null,"Anchor seine",{"$f":"D51","v":"17_Towed (demersal)–Anchor seine"},null,"Tideswept communities",{"$f":"F35","v":"Tideswept communities"},"Tideswept communities"]
[null,null,"Heavy Otter Trawl",{"$f":"D47","v":"13_Towed (demersal)–Heavy otter trawl "},null,"Tideswept_communities",{"$f":"F35","v":"Tideswept communities"},"Tideswept communities"]
[null,null,"Mussel, Clams, Oysters",{"$f":"D58","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Twaite_and_Allis_shad",{"$f":"H5","v":"F_Twaite and Allis shad"},"Twaite and Allis shad"]
[null,null,"Light Otter Trawl",{"$f":"D49","v":"15_Towed (demersal)–Light otter trawl "},null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock",{"$f":"F32","v":"Subtidal mussel bed on rock"}]
[null,null,"Tractor",{"$f":"D61","v":"27_Dredges (other)–Tractor"},null,"Harbour Porpoise  and Bottlenose Dolphin",{"$f":"H11","v":"M_Harbour Porpoise  and Bottlenose Dolphin"}]
[null,null,"Beam trawl",{"$f":"D44","v":"10_Towed (demersal)–Beam trawl (whitefish)"},null,"Subtidal mussel bed on rock",{"$f":"F32","v":"Subtidal mussel bed on rock"}]
[null,null,"Digging wth forks",{"$f":"D83","v":"49_Bait collection–Digging wth forks"},null,"Seagrass (SPAs)"]
[null,null,"Bait dragging",{"$f":"D81","v":"47_Miscellaneous–Bait dragging"},null,"Annual vegetation of driftlines",{"$f":"F2","v":"Annual vegetation of driftlines"}]
[null,null,"Suction (cockles)",{"$f":"D60","v":"26_Dredges (other)–Suction (cockles)"},null,"Benthic feeding seabirds",{"$f":"H6","v":"B_Benthic feeding seabirds"}]
[null,null,"Mussels, clams, oysters",{"$f":"D58","v":"24_Dredges (towed)–Mussels, clams, oysters"},null,"Coastal lagoons",{"$f":"F5","v":"Coastal lagoons"}]
[null,null,"Hand work (access from land)",{"$f":"D63","v":"29_Intertidal handwork–Hand work (access from land)"},null,"Estuarine Birds",{"$f":"H7","v":"B_Estuarine Birds"}]
[null,null,"Hand working (access from vessel)",{"$f":"D62","v":"28_Intertidal handwork–Hand working (access from vessel)"},null,"Estuarine fish community",{"$f":"H2","v":"F_Estuarine fish community"}]
[null,null,"Pump scoop (cockles, clams)",{"$f":"D59","v":"25_Dredges (towed)–Pump scoop (cockles, clams)"},null,"Intertidal bedrock reef",{"$f":"F7","v":"Intertidal bedrock reef"}]
[null,null,"Handlines (rod/gurdy)",{"$f":"D74","v":"40_Lines–Handlines (rod/gurdy)"},null,"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef",{"$f":"F8","v":"Intertidal boulder and cobble reef"}]
[null,null,"Jigging/trolling",{"$f":"D75","v":"41_Lines–Jigging/trolling"},"check","Intertidal gravel and sand",{"$f":"F9","v":"Intertidal gravel and sand"}]
[null,null,"Commercial diving",{"$f":"D80","v":"46_Miscellaneous–Commercial diving"},null,"Intertidal mixed sediments",{"$f":"F10","v":"Intertidal mixed sediments"}]
[null,null,"Crab tiling",{"$f":"D82","v":"48_Miscellaneous–Crab tiling"},null,"Intertidal mud",{"$f":"F11","v":"Intertidal mud"}]
[null,null,"Fyke and  stakenets",{"$f":"D79","v":"45_Seine nets and other–Fyke and  stakenets"},null,"Intertidal sea caves",{"$f":"F14","v":"Intertidal sea caves"}]
[null,null,"Shrimp push-nets",{"$f":"D78","v":"44_Seine nets and other–Shrimp push-nets"},null,"River and sea lamprey",{"$f":"H3","v":"F_River and sea lamprey"}]
[null,null,"Towed (demersal/pelagic)",{"$f":"D53","v":"19_Towed (demersal/pelagic)"},null,"Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite",{"$f":"F22","v":"Saltmarsh spp, Salicornia and Seablite"}]
[null,null,"Mid-water trawl (pair)",{"$f":"D55","v":"21_Towed (pelagic)–Mid-water trawl (pair) "},null,"Submarine structures made by leaking gases",{"$f":"F25","v":"Submarine structures made by leaking gases"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Twaite and Allis shad",{"$f":"H5","v":"F_Twaite and Allis shad"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Harbour Porpoise","M_Harbour Porpoise"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Bottlenose Dolphin","M_Bottlenose Dolphin"]